雷电游戏的设计与实现-外文翻译

1外文原文Softwareengineeringcomputersoftwareguidingthedevelopmentandmaintenanceofanengineeringdisciplines.Usingtheconcepts,principles,techniquesandmethodstothedevelopmentandmaintenanceofsoftware,putthroughthetestoftimeandprovedcorrectmanagementskillsandbeabletopresentthebesttechnicalmethods,totheeconomicdevelopmentofhigh-qualitysoftwareandeffectiveinmaintainingit,whichissoftwareengineering.Peoplehadtosoftwareengineeringundermanydefinitions,thefollowingaretwotypicalforthedefinition.1968inthefirstNATOmeetinghadgivensoftwareengineeringanearlydefinition:SoftwareEngineeringistotheeconomytogetareliablesenseoftheactualmachine,effectiveoperationsofthesoftware,andtheestablishmentanduseofsoundengineeringprinciples.ThisdefinitionnotonlypointsoutthesoftwareengineeringgoaliseconomictodevelophighqualityThesoftware,andemphasizedthatthesoftwareprojectisanengineeringdiscipline,itshouldestablishandperfecttheuseofengineeringprinciples.1993IEEEfurthergivenamorespecificandcomprehensivedefinition:SoftwareEngineering:Systematic,standardized,measurablewaysforsoftwaredevelopment,operationandmaintenanceprocess,whichisusedinsoftwareengineering;thestudymentionedchannels.”Usually,thesoftwareresolvedtheissueisverycomplicated;itisnoproblemasawhole,theoverallconsideration.Peoplehavetotheproblemdecomposition,thedecompositionofmakingeachpartisunderstandable,andthepartbetweensimplecommunicationrelations.Thismethoddoesnotreducetheoverallcomplexity,butitcanbecomemanageable.Attentiontothemanysoftwarecomplexityisnotthemainproblemoftheinherentcomplexityof,butbytheneedtoaddressalotofthedetails.Themajorityofsoftwaretosimulatetherealworldofapart,forexample,Readersof2thelibraryhandlesthedemandortrackingbankmoneycirculationprocess.Intherealworldevolving,thesoftwarequicklyinordernottobeeliminated,alongwithsimulatedchangesintherealworld.Therefore,inthedeliveryofsoftwaresystemsisstillneededafterthemoveconsumptioncosts,intheworktogethertosolvetheseproblems.Toco-operateeffectively,wemustclearlydefinetheresponsibilitiesofeachpersonandmutualcommunicationmethods.Infactonlytheaboverequirementsarenotenough,eachpersonmuststrictlyactinaccordancewiththeregulations.Toforcepeopletocomplywiththerequirements,shouldutilizestandardsandprotocols.Usually,toolscanbeusedtosupportthesestandardsandprotocols.Inshort,disciplineisthesuccessfulcompletionofsoftwaredevelopmentprojectsasakey.Softwareisdesignedtosupporttheworkofusers.Thesoftwareshouldbeabletofunctioneffectivelyassistuserstocompletetheirwork.Ifusersarenotsatisfiedwiththesoftware,thesystemcanbedisposedofandattheveryleast,immediatelyputthenewdemand.Therefore,theonlywaytousethecorrectstructuralsystemisnotenough;wemustalsocorrectthestructuralsystem.Effectivesupportmeansthatusersmustcarefullyexamineusers,inordertodeterminetheappropriatefunctionalrequirements,availabilityrequirementsandotherqualityrequirements(suchasreversing,reliability,responsetime,etc.).Effectivelysupportusersalsomeanthatsoftwaredevelopmentshouldbenotonlytothesoftwareproducts,andshouldwriteusermanualsandtrainingmaterials,inaddition,wemustalsopayattentiontotheestablishmentofthenewsystemenvironment.Forexample,anewlibraryautomationsystemwillaffectthelibraryworkflow,andshouldthereforeappropriatetrainingusers;theyareusedtomakenewworkflow.Developmentofthecomputersystemsintheearlyera(20thcenturyuntilthemid-1960s),commonhardwarepervasive,andsoftwareisspecifictoeachapplicationandspecializedprepared.Thenthesoftwarewhichusuallysmallerprocedures,authorsandusersoften3withone(orgroup)people.Thisindividualsoftwareenvironment.SoftwareDesignusuallymakespeoplesmindsistheoneimpliedintheprocess,inadditiontotheprocedurelist,nootherinformationdocumentpreservation.Fromthe20thcenturytothemid-1960s,themid-1970scomputersystemisthesecondgenerationdevelopmentperiod,thisperiodisanimportantfeatureofasoftwarefactory,theextensiveuseofsoftwareproducts.However,softwarefactoryisbasicallystillontheearlyformationofindividualsoftwaredevelopmentsidefat.Withthecomputerincreasinglywidespreadapplication,softwarevolumeexpandeddramatically.Theproceduresfounderrorsmusttrytocorrect;withthenewuserneedstoberevisedaccordingly;hardwareoroperatingsystemupdate,usuallyneedtoreviseprocedurestoadapttothenewenvironment.Allthesesoftware1646maintenancework,analarmingproportionofconsumptionofresources.Moreseriously,manyindividualproceduresultimatelymakethembecomethepreserve.softwarecrisisonsucha!1968NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization,acomputerscientistatthefederalconveninganinternationalmeetingtodiscussthesoftwarecrisis,Atthismeetingsemi-officialuseofsoftwareengineeringtheterm,anewprojectwasbornonthissubject.Softwarereferstothecrisisincomputersoftwaredevelopmentandmaintenanceprocessencounteredaseriesofseriousproblems.Theseproblemsmustnotonlyisnotonlynormaloperationofthesoftwarethathas,infact,almostallsoftwareexiststovaryingdegreesthesequestions:howtodevelopsoftwaretomeettheincreasingdemandforthesoftware;howtopreservetheever-increasingnumberoftheexistingsoftware.Sincethesoftwareisalong-termcrisisandnotobviouscharacteristicsymptoms,inrecentyears,itwassuggestedthatthesoftwarecrisisrenameddepressionoraffliction”.However,softwarecrisisofthewordstresstheseriousnessoftheproblem,butalsoforthevastmajorityofworkersarefamiliarwiththesoftware.Softwarecrisis,theonefeatureofthesoftwareitself,andtheothersoftware4developmentandmaintenanceofthemainmethodsarenotquiterighton.Softwareisdifferentfromhardware;itisthecomputersystemoflogiccomponentsratherthanphysicalcomponents.DuetothelackofsoftwareVisibilitywritescodeinthecomputerandthetestbeforethesoftwaredevelopmentprocessisverydifficult.Inaddition,Softwareinthecourseofoperationbecauseofthelongtimeuseofthebaduse,iftheoperationwerefoundwrong,islikelytobeencounteredinthedevelopmentofaperiodoftheintroductionofthetestingphasecouldnotdetecttheerror.Therefore,SoftwareMaintenanceusuallymeanstocorrectormodifytheoriginaldesign,whichobjectivelymakesoftwaremoredifficulttomaintain.Softwareisdifferentfromthenormalprocedures,itsanotablefeatureisalarge,complexityoftheprocedureswithproceduresandthesizeoftheincreaseexponentiallyincreased.Towithinaspecifiedperiodoftimetodeveloplarge-scalesoftware,manypeoplemustworktogether,buthowtoensurethateveryonecompletedworktogetherwillbeabletoformahigh-qualitylarge-scalesoftwaresystems,Moreextremeisacomplexanddifficultissue,involvingnotonlymanytechnicalissues,suchasanalysisanddesignmethods,Formsdescription,versioncontroland,moreimportantly,wemusthavestrictandscientificmanagement.Softwareitselfisanduseofcomputersystemsinthelong-termpractice,indeedaccumulateandsumupalotofsuccessfulexperiences.Ifthepersistentuseofpracticetestsprovedtobethecorrectapproach,manydifficultiescanbeovercome.Thepastalsohavesomeofthesuccessfulexamples.However,aconsiderablenumberofsoftwareprofessionalsasmembersofthesoftwaredevelopmentandmaintenanceofanumberofmuddledconcepts,intheprocessofpracticemoreorlessusedthewrongmethodsandtechniquesthismayenablesoftwaredevelopmentasthemainreasonforthecrisis.Atpresent,theapplicationofthenewsystemovertheneedsofhumanresourcescanprovidetheveryleast;supplyofsoftwareisbecomingincreasinglyserious.Therefore,5softwareengineeringisanimportantissue.Forthedevelopmentandmaintenanceofsoftwarebetterandmoreeffectivemethodsandtools.Inordertoeliminatesoftwarecrisis,thefirstinthecomputersoftwareshouldhaveacorrectunderstanding.Shouldcompleteeliminationofthecomputersystemsearlystagesofthedevelopmentofthesoftwareisproceedingmisconceptions.Asoftwaremustbeacompleteconfigurationcomponent,infact,isasoftware,data,andrelateddocumentationcompleteset.Withinthistotal,theprocessisscheduledtocompletethefunctionsandperformanceoftheexecutableinstructionsout;Dataisappropriateprocedurestoprocessinformationdatastructure;Documentationisdevelopment,useandmaintenanceproceduresfordatatransmissionneeds.Moreimportantly,wemustfullyunderstandthatsoftwaredevelopmentisnotsomemysteriousindividualworkskillsitshouldbeawell-organizedandtightlymanagedandallpersonnel,coordinatedjointlycompletedprojects.Mustfullyabsorbandusehumanforalongtimeengagedinvariousprojectsaccumulatedeffectiveprinciples,concepts,techniquesandmethods,inparticulartodrawdozensofyearsinhumancomputerhardwareresearchanddevelopmentlessons.Shouldpromotetheuseofthepracticesummedupthesuccessofthesoftwaretechnologyandmethods,researchandexplorebetterandmoreeffectivetechnologiesandmethods,removedassoonaspossibleinthecomputersystemearlystagesofthedevelopmentofsomeformoferroneousconceptsandpractices.Inshort,inordertosolvesoftwarecrisis,wemusthavethetechnicalmeasures(methodsandtools),aswellasthenecessaryorganizationalmanagementmeasures.Andthesoftwareisfromthemanagementandtwotechnicalresearcheshowbetterto.6中文翻译软件工程是指导计算机软件开发和维护的一门工程学科。采用工程的概念、原理、技术、和方法来开发与维护软件，把经过时间考验而证明正确的管理技术和当前能够得到的最好的技术方法结合起来，以经济地开发出高质量的软件并有效地维护它，这就是软件工程。人们曾经给软件工程下过许多定义，下面给也两个典型的定义。1968年在第一届NATO会议上曾经给出了软件工程的一个早期定义：“软件工程就是为了经济地获得可靠的且能在实际机器上有效地运行的软件，而建立和使用完善的工程原理。”这个定义不仅指出了软件工程的目标是经济地开发出高质量的软件，而且强调了软件工程是一门工程学科，它应该建立并使用完善的工程原理。1993年IEEE进一步给出了一个更全面具体的定义：“软件工程：把系统的，规范的，可度量的途径应用于软件开发、运行和维护过程，也就是把工程应用于软件；研究中提到的途径。”通常，软件所解决的问题十分复杂，以致不能把问题作为一个整体通盘考虑。人们不得不把问题分解，使得分解出的每个部分是可理解的，而且各部分之间保持简单的通信关系。用这种方法并不能降低问题的整体复杂性，但是却可使它变成可以管理的。注意，许多软件的复杂性主要不是由问题的内在复杂性造成的，而是由必须处理的大量细节造成的。绝大多数软件都模拟了现实世界的某一部分，例如，处理读者对图书馆提出的需求或跟踪银行内钱的流通过程。现实世界在不断变化，软件为了不被很快淘汰，必须随着所模拟的现实世界一起变化。因此，在软件系统交付使用后仍然需要动耗成本，而且在开发过程中必须考虑软件将来的变化。软件处理的问题十分庞大，必须多人协同工作才能解决这类问题。为了有效地合作，必须明确地规定每个人的责任和相互通信的方法。事实上仅有上述规定还不够，每个人还必须严格地按规定行事。为了迫使大家遵守规定，应该运用标准和规程。通常，可以用工具来支持这些标准和规程。总之，纪律是成功完成软件开发项目的一个关键。开发软件的目的是支持用户的工作。软件提供的功能应该能有效地协助用户完成他们的工作。如果用户对软件不满意，可以弃用该系统，至少也会立即提出新的需求。因此，仅仅用正确的方法构系统还不够，还必须构造出正确的系统。有效地支持用户意味着必须仔细地研究用户，以确定适当的功能需求、可用性要求及其他质量要求（倒如，可靠性、响应时间等）。有效地支持用户还意味着，软件开发不仅应该提交该软件产品，而且应该写出用户手册和培训材料，此外，还必须注意建立使用新系统的环境。例如，一个新的图书馆自动化系统将影响图书馆的工作流程，因此应该适当地培训用户，使他们习惯于新的工作流程。在计算机系统发展的早期时代（20世纪60年代中期以前）,通用硬件相当普遍,软件却是为每个具体应用而专门编写的.这时的软件通常就是规模较小的程序,编写者和使用者往往是同一个(或同一组)人.这种个体化的软件环境,使得软件设计通常是人们头脑中进行的一个隐含的过程,除了程序清单之外,没有其他文档资料保存下来.7从20世纪60年代中期到70年代中期是计算机系统发