17高考英语第二轮热点专题复习阅读理解 (1)17

高考英语第二轮热点专题复习阅读理解(附参考答案)考情动态分析多年来阅读理解一直是高考英语测试的重头戏。近几年的高考考试说明反复强调：阅渎是我国学生接触英语的最主要途径，也是高中外语教学的重点，在试卷设计和试题难度方面应该予以重视。这一观点在近几年的高考试题中得到了充分的体现。全卷l 50分，阅读理解占40分，更何况其他题型如完形填空、短文改错甚至单项选择等都是对阅读理解能力的间接考查。没有人会怀疑今后相当长的时间内阅读理解能力仍将是高考考查的重点。可以毫不夸张地说，做好阅读理解题，是获得高考英语高分的关键！ 1高考对阅读理解的要求 (1)考试大纲对阅读理解的要求： 要求考生能读懂一般性话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短文章。考生应能： 理解主旨大意； 寻找具体信息； 识别不同文体特征； 根据上下文提供的语境推测生词词义； 作出简单的判断和推理； 理解文章的基本逻辑结构； 把握作者的意图和态度； 理解文章的文化信息。 (2)新课程标准对阅读理解的目标要求： 新课程标准在语言技能部分中对“读”的八级目标是这样要求的： 能识别不同文体的特征； 能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长旬； 能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度； 能根据学习任务的需要从多种媒体中获取信息并进行加工处理； 能在教师的帮助下欣赏浅显的英语文学作品； 除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到30万词以上。2近几年高考阅读理解的题型设置、命题特点及预测 (1)题型设置阅读理解是历年高考英语的必考题型，在整个试卷中占的分值最大。一般是45篇短文，共20小题，每小题2分，满分40分。阅读理解的主要考查题型有：细节理解：主要考查对支持文章主题细节的理解，以考查考生准确理解细节的能力。一篇文章必须通过许多细节的信息来解释或表达主题，体现主题思想。弄懂这些细节对于理解全文的作用是不容忽视的。因此要在阅读时准确把握所提供的信息。这类考题是比较直接的，理解字面意思就可答题，有时则是比较间接的要通过归纳、综合才能得出答案。词义理解：主要考查对文章中某些单词或词组的扩展意义的理解，以考查考生根据上下文对词义理解的能力。此题型要求考生正确理解文章中个别关键词句的含义其中有词语替换或句型转换的表层理解题也有联系全文意义来判断有关词句含义及寓意的深层理解题。一般情况下考生认真辨析各项含义后即可选出正确答案：但也有些试题要求联系全文意思才能判断其含义及寓意做题时耍反复推敲，特别要理解该词在文章中前后句的意思。推理判断：主要考查对文章某个细节或事实的延伸理解，以考查考生根据文章事实作出推理判断的能力。此题型要求考生纵观全文在汇集全文提供的各项信息的基础上，进行正确的逻辑推理判断作者的意向人物的动机、目的、性格特征事件的前因后果语言中的语气等。此类题属于深层理解题，要做好此类题必须透彻理解全文，认真探究句意，注意逻辑关系及有关的生活常识。每篇文章都有一定的写作目的作者往往期待读者渎了文章后知道该怎样去做某些事情或按某种方式去思考问题。这层意思通常并不是在文章中明确表达出来而是隐含在文章中。考生要在通渎全文的基础上去领会作者的言外之意对原文中没有提及的情况进行推理想像对题目中提出的各种可能性进行推敲，从而得出与原文所给信息相吻合的、合乎逻辑的最佳答案。主旨大意：主要考查对文章的主题思想、大意的理解，以考查考生整体理解文章、把握文章主旨大意的能力。此题分为两大类型：一类是要求考生在理解全文后归纳短文要点，概括中心思想。这时要特别注意文章的第一句或最后一句或者第一段。第一段往往是故事的梗概，表达了主题思想。另一类是概括文章的话题或议题，即高度概括文章所涉及的中心内容。话题往往可用很少几个词加以概括。困难的是有时为了行文需要，可能涉及数个话题。这时要注意分析比较，弄清哪是最重要的中心话题，哪是次要话题。图形识别：主要考查根据文章内容对地图、图表的理解，以考查对图形的理解能力。 (2)命题特点阅读材料的选择贴近生活，广泛多样近六年阅读短文题材一览表(以全国卷I为例)ABCDE03科普类新闻报道广告类人物类文化类04史地类科普类广告类文化类科普类05(I)广告类故事类哲理类科普类文化类06(I)文化类文化类广告类社会类哲理类07(I)哲理类文化类广告类社会类哲理类08(I)故事类科普类科普类广告类社会类 从短文的选材上看，文章的内容都非常贴近生活，非常现代，重视实用，特别强调时代气息。重视语言文化背景，所涉及的内容非常广泛，有一定的知识性、趣味性和思想性，体裁多样。重在语言知识的实际的应用。近五六阅读理解试题词汇量的相关数据：高考年份总词量短文词量试题词量读速要求NMET20032193145473962.7NMET20042354156379168NMET2005(I)2273139088364.9NMET2006(I)1995132566856.94NMET2007(I)2000140259857.3NMET2008(I)2095139170459.9从上表可以看出，高考阅读量与阅读速度近五年来保持基本稳定，基本上符合全日制普通高级中学英语教学大纲上“二级目标与要求”所规定的要求。能以每分钟7080个词的速度，读懂生词率不超过3的材料，应付高考还是绰绰有余的。所选短文多是外国人写的反映外国事物的内容，文章结构严谨，逻辑性强，英语语言地道、标准，话题适合当代中学生。问题的设置科学合理，检测重点放在考查考生获取信息、解决问题的语言运用能力上。(3)高考预测通过对近几年高考试题的分析，加上某些省份新课程标准的试用，可知今后阅读理解题的命题趋向：更加重视词汇量的扩大，注意新增词汇；更加重视语篇分析、推测能力，而减少对事实、细节的考查；更加重视阅读量和阅读速度；采用原版英文材料，内容新颖，语言更加地道取材更加广泛，题材和体裁更加灵活多样。真题回放例2008(I)It is often necessary to release a fish, that is, set it free after catching, because it is too small, or you just dont want to take it home to eat. In some cases, releasing fish is a good measure that will help keep fish variety and build their population size. The Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (DGIF) encourages fishermen who practice catch-and-release fishing to use a few simple skills when doing so. The advice provided below will help make sure that the fish you release will survive (存活) to bite again another day.When catching a fish, play it quickly and keep the fish in the water as much as possible. Dont use a net in landing the fish and release it quickly to prevent it from dying.Hold the fish gently. Do not put your fingers in its eyes. Dont wipe the scales (鱼鳞) off the fish because it might cause it to develop a disease and reduce its chance of survival.Remove your hook (鱼钩) quickly. If the hook is too deep or hooked in the stomach, cut the line and leave the hook in. The hook left inside will cause no serious problem to the fish.Take good care of the fish by moving it gently in water. Release the fish when it begins to struggle and is able to swim.Do not hold fish in a bucket or some other containers and later decide to release it. If you are going to release a fish, do so right away.With a little care and by following the suggestions given above, you can give the released fish a better chance of survival.64. People sometimes set a fish free after catching it because they _A. dont want it to die B. hope it will grow quicklyC. dont want to have it as food D. want to practice their fishing skills【标准答案】C。【试题解析】从文章第一段的语句It is often necessary to release a fish, that is, set it free after catching, because it is too small, or you just dont want to take it home to eat.可知钓到的鱼太小，不想带回家吃。【考点】细节理解题。65. Which of the following will probably make a fish ill?A. Taking the hook off it. B. Removing its scales.C. Touching its eves D. Holding it in your hand.【标准答案】B。【试题解析】从文中第二条建议Dont wipe the scales (鱼鳞) off the fish because it might cause it to develop a disease and reduce its chance of survival.可知刮掉鱼鳞会让鱼生病，减少成活的机会。【考点】细节理解题。66. A proper way to release a fish is to _.A .move it in water till it can swim B. take the hook out of its stomachC. keep it in a bucket for some time D. let it struggle a little in your hand【标准答案】A。【试题解析】从第四条建议Release the fish when it begins to struggle and is able to swim.可知答案，其余三种情况都是错误的做法。【考点】细节判断题。67. What is the purpose of the test?A. To show how to enjoy fishing. B. To persuade people to fish less often.C. To encourage people to set fish free. D. To give advice on how to release fish.【标准答案】D。【试题解析】从文章第一段最后一句The advice provided below will help make sure that the fish you release will survive (存活) to bite again another day.（中心句）及文章最后一段的总结句With a little care and by following the suggestions given above, you can give the released fish a better chance of survival.可知写这篇文章的目的是就如何放养钓到的小鱼，使他们的成活率更高提出了一些建议。【考点】推测作者的写作意图题。解题方法1通读全文。掌握大意快速阅读全文，抓准文中信息，这称为skim(read quickly to get the main ideas )，其目的是了解文章内容，明确主题思想，找准主线，掌握大意，力求对文章各层次、各段落闻的逻辑关系有一个明确的认识。如记叙文常在开头交代出背景，然后以人物活动的时间、地点为线索展开情节。说明文则应注意其中心主题以及围绕中心所做的阐述，以弄清层次。对于图表、广告、通知、常见标志等可采用逆向法一一先看试题，然后有针对性地进行扫读，对相关信息进行快速定位。2问题先行，阅读随后即先看试题，再读文章。阅读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基凋，作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理才能解答。其次，了解试题题千以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。3仔细审题，重点再读观察试题题干，做到“心中有数”，然后带着特定的信息为目的重点再读，这称为scan(searching reading，often looking for a particular thing)。此时要特别注意题于中每个问题的主语、疑问词及重要的谓语，重点注意以下词语：not，unless，without：，on the otherhand，except，rather than，although，as well，always，never，all等等。弄清试题是客观性试题还是主观性试题，据此回忆或重读并查找相关信息点，对答案有个初步的确定。4全面理解，归纳推理在实际阅读中，有时作者未把意图说出来，考生要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解主要包括归纳概括(中心思想，加标题等)和推理判断，是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种刨造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象，随意揣测；它要求考生对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才有前提和基础。5分析验证，确定答案纵观全文，验证答案是解答阅读理解题的最后一步。带着每个小题已初步确定的答案(对于感觉把握不大、有些困难的小题复读全文)逐一核实各题的答案，看看是否一致，是否合乎情理、合乎逻辑，是否前后照应。有些答案从局部看是对的，但从整体看就可能不对或不完全对。这样通过分析验证，就保证了答案的准确无误。主要考查的题型有：1主旨大意题主旨大意题要求考生掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，它的一般范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题、大意或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上对文奄进行高度的概括或总结。标志性句子常见的有：Which sentence best expresses the main idea?Which of the following best summaries the passageThe passage is mainly about.The main ideaThe general ideaThe main purpose isThe central idea of the paragraph is thatThe best titleheadline for this passage isWhat is the main topic of this passage?The passage deals mainly withis mainly aboutis primarily concerned with对于这类考题，考生应做到： (1)寻找主题句(topic：sentence)从而抓住全段的中心思想。一般说来，每一个段落有一个中心思想，尤其是议论文和说明文更为典型。代表本段中心思想的句子叫做主题句，其常见位置是段首第一句或第二句，但也有可能在段尾或段中。 (2)概括全文寻找文章的中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的，各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。 高考典题 (2008山东)Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert(警报) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.Text messages have exploded in popularity in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless industrys trade association, CTIA, estimates(估计) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvement to the nations emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and during, disasters and other emergencies,” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said following approval of the plan.Participation in the alert system by carrierstelecommunications companiesis voluntary, but it has received solid support from the wireless industry.The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a terrorist attack or natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats,” which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be reserved for child abduction(绑架) emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.The service could be in place by 2010.66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting StudentsB. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless IndustryC. Cell Phone Alerts of Natural DisastersD. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻类文章。美国联邦政府打算利用手机短信免费为公众进行信息警报，这非常是快捷、有效的方式，并即将成为可能。【答案解析】答案为D。主旨大意题。文章第一段即是主旨所在。选项A缩小了文章内容表达的范围；选项B不是本文所要表达的中心内容，明显不正确；选项C太片面，根据文章倒数第二段中a terrorist attack or natural disaster一句可以排除。方法提炼：通读全文，便可知本题答案。2细节理解题细节理解题主要考查学生对文章某一段落中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力，一般包括在原文中可以直接找出答案的直接理解题和需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上转换的语义转化题。标志性句子：Which of the following statements is true (false)?Which of the following is (not) mentioned?Which of the following shows the right order of?Which is the correct order of the following events?What does the author mention?What is (not) mentioned in the passage?What do we know about?From the passage , we learn that.According to the passage，the writerThe writer says做这种类型的题往往需要运用检索阅读法(scanning)，即要注意题干中的标识语，带着问题有的放矢地在阅读材料中寻找某一特定信息(如：日期、数字、专有名词、原因和特点等)的具体位置。题干中的标识语是快速寻找答题依据的“路标”，最常见的就是用引号标识的关键词或标明了标识语所在的具体行数。高考典题 (2008浙江)Adrians “Amazing Race” started early when his parents realized that he, as a baby, couldnt hear a thing, not even loud noises. In a special school for the hearing-impaired (听觉受损的)，he learned sign language and got to mix with other disabled children. However, the sight of all the disabled children communicating with one another upset his mother. She wanted him to lead a normal life. So after speaking to an advisor, she sent him to private classes where he learned to read lips and pronounce words.Later on, Adrians parents decided to send him to a regular school. But the headmaster tried to prevent them from doing so, saying regular school couldnt take care of a special needs students. His parents were determined to take the risk and push him hard to go through his work everyday because they wanted to prove that, given the opportunity, he could do anything. Adrian made the grade and got accepted. It was a big challenge. The pace （节奏）was faster so he had to sit at the front of the class and really pay attention to the teacher, which wasnt always easy. But he stuck to it and did a lot of extra work after school.The efforts made by Adrian and his parents paid off. Adrian graduated with good grades and got into a top high school. He also achieved a lot in life outside school. He developed a love for the outdoors and went to Nepal to climb mountains. He even entered the World Yacht Race 05/06- being the first hearing-impaired Asian to do so.But none of these achievements would have been possible without one of the most important lessons from his mother.” “If you believe in yourself and work hard, you can achieve great results.” She often said.41. How did Adrian communicate with other children in the special school?A. By speaking. B. By using sign languageC. By reading lips D. By making loud noises【文章大意】：这是一篇关于一位听障青年（ a hearing-impaired young man）自强不息的励志故事,其中包括了母亲的呕心沥血，永不言弃的决心。本文呼吁家庭和社会应对残疾人有关爱之心，同时也在无形当中起到了鼓励青少年永不言败，自强不息。 【答案解析】：B。分析：此题考查文章的细节。根据文章的第一段的第二句话可得出答案。方法提炼：做此类细节理解题时，关键是由题目而找对文中的关键信息。3推理判断题推理判断题要求考生在理解文章中直接陈述的观点或描述的事实的基础上，领悟作者的言外之意(implied meaning)，得出符合作者意愿的结论，即根据作者暗示的内容，推断出合理的结论。标志性句子：It can be inferred from the passage thatWhat does the author probably mean by?What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?Where would this passage most probably appear?The passage following this one would most probably discussFrom the last paragraph，we infer thatBy the first sentence of the passage，the author means thatWhats the attitude of the author towards?What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想做推断时，先根据主题思想，再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect)、主要观点与次要观点(main idea and supporting idea)。高考典题 (2008福建)For years we have been told that encouraging a childs self-respect is important to his or her success in life. But child experts are now learning that too much praise can lead to the opposite effect. Praise-sholic kids who expect it at every turn may become teens who seek to same kind of approval from friends when asked if they want to go in the backseat of the car.The implication(含义) of saying “You are the prettiest girl in class,” or talking about thegoals she succeed but not her overall effort, is that you love her only when she looks the best, scores she highest, achieves the most. And this carries over to the classroom.Social psychologist Carrol Dweck, PhD, tested the effects of overpraise on 400 fifth graders while she was at Columbia University. She found that kids praised for “trying hard” did better on tests and were more likely to take on difficult assignments than those praised for being “smart”.“Praising attributes(品质) or abilities makes a false promise that success will come to you because you have that quality, and it devalues effort, so children are afraid to take on challenges, ” says Dweck, now at Stanford University, “They figure theys better quit while theyre ahead.”62. The author quoted(引用) Dr. Dwecks words in the last paragraph in order to make the article _. A. better-known B. better-organized C. more percussive D. more interesting63. We can infer from the passage that _.A. praise for efforts should be more encouragedB. praise for results works better than praise for effortsC. praising a childs achievements benefits his or her success in lifeD. praising a childs abilities encourage him or her to take on challenges62. C 推理判断题。从第四段引用Dr. Dwecks 的话，让人看到这种表扬会导致孩子们退缩，害怕挑战，从而使文章更具震撼力。63. A推理判断题。从第三段She found that kids praised for “trying hard” did better on tests and were more likely to take on difficult assignments than those praised for being “smart”.可知。方法提炼：做此类题时，要注意抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容，由作者字里行间的意思去推断出字里行间之外的意义。在阅读英语材料这类真实语言活动的过程中，遇到生词本属正常，但我们并不是每次遇到生词就一定要去查词典的。正确理解、掌握所读材料中单词或短语的含义是理解全文意思的基础，在阅读过程中根据选材、背景及上下文等线索推测出生词词义也是真实语言活动中的一项重要技巧。(1)通过定义、解释来推测词义通常在文章的字里行间，对生词以定语(从句)、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号的方式引出并加以解释说明。高考示例Throughout the history of the arts，the nature of creativity has remained constant to artistsNo matter what objects they select，artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change-to find poetry where no one has ever seen or experienced it before1The underlined word“poetrymost probably means A .an object for artistic creationB. a collection of poemsC. an unusual qualityD .a natural scene思路点拨：词义猜测题。由where no one has ever seen or experienced it before可知poetry在此是指一种不同寻常的品质。答案C。方法提炼：定语从句是对其所修饰的词的说明解释。同位语从句是对该词进行补充说明的作用。 (2)通过对比关系来推测词义此法又称为“反义法”，即利用反义词来说明生词的意义。如反义词hot and cold；perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。能够体现这种关系的词很多，主要有表示转折关系的but，while，on the one handon the other hand，for one thingfor another和众多反义词。高考示例The house looked quite normal outside，but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display2Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph?A. Messy and untidyB. Rich and expensiveCComfortable and calmingDForeign and unusual思路点拨：词义猜测题。由文章第三段第一句话中的“but”转折词，可知前后意思形成对比，再根据“fascinating objects on display”可推断出来。答案D。方法提炼：but是前后意义上的转折。 (3)通过因果关系推测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义. 因果关系的语境，通常由because，so that，sosuchthat等连词体现。高考示例I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big“ to do” over the younger one because she is the one who seems more easily hurtWe do it with the best of intentions3The underlined expression make a big“ to do” over means A. show much concern aboutB. have a special effect onC1istjobs to be done forDdo good things for思路点拨：由“我”的较大的孩子对客人的评价的反应可以知道，我们成年人往往更多地关注较小的孩子因为她更容易受到伤害，而没有意识到这种关注可能会伤害较大孩子的感情。在句中的make a big“to do”over the younger one应该表示“更关注更小的孩子”。 答案A。方法提炼：表示因果关系的because为上文提供了关键信息。 (4)通过同类关系来推测词义同类部分可以是当作同位语的词、短语或从句等。同类关系常由such as，like，for example，for instance等连词列举同类词汇来体现。高考示例The researchers led by Professor Giorgio Vallortigara of the University of Trieste found that when the dogs were shown their ownersa positive experience-their tailswagged energetically to the right sideWhen the