阅读理解阅读技巧

阅读理解阅读技巧高考大纲中关于阅读理解的要求要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：、理解主旨要义；、理解文中具体信息；、根据上下文推断生词的词义；、作出简单判断和理解；、理解文章的基本结构；、理解作者的意图和态度。阅读理解中常见的题型1. 词义题2. 信息题3. 推理题4. 主旨题一、如何做主旨大意题l 要搞清的是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。l 如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。l 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。1). 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式:l The main idea of the passage isl The passage is mainly aboutl Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?l What is the passage mainly about?2). 目的类主旨大意题l The passage is meant to .l The purpose of this article is to 3). 标题类主旨大意题 The best title for the passage might be应试技巧 如何寻找主题句Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。 Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。 Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（3）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.二、推断题 1.解推断题应注意：(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。 2.推断题的常见形式：(1) It can be inferred from the text that _.(2) From the text we know that _.(3) The story implies that _.(4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _.(5) The writers attitude towardis _.3.解推断题的方法：解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂) and two spiders.” “What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised. “Well，”replied the man，“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”Q： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _.A. very cleanB. just cleaned by the landlordC. tidy and comfortableD. dirty and full of insects解析：他要搬出所租的房子，而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时的原样，所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行“恢复”，因此推出答案为D。 Example 2 Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK，they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He doesnt ask questions；he answers questions. He never says，“I dont know.”Q： Which of the following best describes the writers attitude to Mr. Neff?A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand.B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderful.C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff.D. He does not like Mr. Neff.解析：从作者的语气中我们可以体会他的态度，特别是Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes. 误了车或飞机本该是人的失误怎能归咎于车或飞机呢？明显是讥讽，也是暗示他对Mr. Neff的讨厌之情。答案为D。 三、细节理解题：1.直接事实题A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S. This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.This huge dam is in the Black Canyon. It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road， which is on the top of the dam. This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside. The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom. There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco. Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936. Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States. Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.Q： Hoover Dam lies _.A. between Arizona and NevadaB. in the Black Canyon C. between New York and San Francisco D. both A and B在解答这类问题时要求抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读。 2. 间接事实题: Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well received TV programme “Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years. However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station. “Its really a hard job for me. I wont enter for such competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience, said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q： Which of the following is NOT true?A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia. 解析： A、C 和D都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文列的是： taken to Hong Kong可判断不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents，因此选B。 解此类题需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断。 四、词义理解题 做此类题时，应尽可能地利用生词所在的上下文来猜测词义，即利用我们所熟悉的词或短语和上下文中的已知部分进行逻辑上的推理，有时还需依靠构词法。Example Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tonnes of CO2 each year: equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year.Q The underlined phrase “mopping up” in the second paragraph means_.A cleaning up B taking in C wiping out D giving out 1. It will be very hard but also very brittle- that is, it will break easily.2. Tornadoes ( violent and destructive whirl wind ) normally occur on hot, humid ( a little wet ) day, but not necessarily in the summer.3. Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening to the movements of a persons lungs and his heartbeats.4.He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of hats, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks.5.A mosquito is a small flying pest that thrust the skin and then drink blood.6. Desert can be defined as a large area of land where there is not enough rain and vegetation to support human life.7. A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter. His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals. The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. We are on the night shift - from midnight to 8 a.m. - this week.8.Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.9. John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very thrifty.10.In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil. If you agree, write “ yes”; if you dissent, write “no”. Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are innate. Although a large number of people considered him to have stolen the money, I was sure that he was innocent of the theft.11.Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic.12. The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.13. Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference. Hes such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade. She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.14.Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes. On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat.15.In some countries where there is very little rain, the farmers have to irrigate, or water, their fields. All whales fall into two groups, those with teeth and those without, Dolphins belong to odontoceti, that is to say, they are toothed whales.16.The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year. Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. My aunt was an old woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.17.When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anaesthetic to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him. When you throw a stone into still water of a lake, you will watch a ripple spread in rings on the surface of water. Metal expands when heated and contracts when cooled.18. One of symptoms caused by the peculiar illness is a high fever. Because this chemical liquid is highly volatile, we must keep it in a bottle which has a tight lid. In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold.练习1. Alberts success after much effort and practice proves the value of persistence. A. time B. competition C. perseverance2. All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was using the wrong key. A. 成功的 B. 徒劳的C.有效的D. 匆促的3. Though Mr. Smith has been manager for just 3 months, he has already made much greater achievements than his predecessors. A. 上级 B. 前任 C. 同事 D. 下级4. She didnt hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading. A. 心不在焉的 B.紧张的 C. 全神贯注的 D.睡意浓的5. Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate. A. pretty B. calm C. protective D. energetic6. He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway. A. strong B. firm C. kind D. clever7. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer. A. work B. study C. name D. interest8. Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city. A. town B. capital C. country D. house9. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning. A. dictionaries B. story-books C. magazines D. newspapers10. The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water. A. became sweeter B. became red C. became dry11. Just for fun, they decided to try a very circuitous country road instead of the more direct highway. A. direct B. indirect C. straight12. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. A. small B. large C. dull13. celebrity (A.名人B.作家C.主持人) Two years ago that singer had no money and no fame. Now she is a famous celebrity.14. enterprising (A.令人惊讶的 B.神秘的 C.有进取心的) Frank is a very enterprising person. He always thinks of new ideas to make his business run better. 15. in the public eyeThat actress has been in the public eye almost all her life. She first appeared on a TV show when she was 8 years old. 16. promote ( A.提升 B.推销 C.遥控) If you want the boss to choose you for the job, promote yourself as the best person.17. ultimately ( A.按时地 B.最终 C.幸福地) Bob just started dating Susan. He hopes this relationship will ultimately lead to marriage.主旨题EX 1 Please find out the key sentence of the following passages.I: English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English. II. Just as I settle down to read or watch television, he demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out whats wrong with him. Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep. Excise 2: If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly attract your attention: Color TV, only $79. Two-day sale. Hurry. However, when you go to the store ready to buy, you may discover that the advertised sets are sold out. But the salesman is quick to reassure you that he has another model, a more reliable set which is just right for you. It costs $359. This sales tactic is called bait and switch. Buyers are baited with a sales offer, and then they are switched to another more costly item. Buying items on sale requires careful consideration of the merchandise（商品）and the reasons for the sale. 1. Which sentence best expresses the main idea? A) The customer must be on his guard when purchasing items on sale.B) Color television sets which sell for $79 are sold out quickly. C) Many stores use the bait and switch technique to attract customers.D) Anyone planning to buy a television set should look for a sale.2. The paragraph could be entitled _.A) Buyer Be aware B) Closeout Sale C) Crime Pays D) Buying a TV Set Excise 3:You might think that “global warming” means nothing more than a rise in the worlds temperature.But, rising sea levels caused by it have resulted in the first evacuation( 撤离 ) of an island nation-the citizens of Tuvalu will have to leave their homeland.The text is mainly about A. rapid changes in earths temperature B. bad effects of global warmingC. moving of a country to a new place D. reasons for lowland flooding推理题 exercise 1 Daylight saving time (DST) has been introduced this summer This year DST began on May 4. But next year, “Summer Time” will begin on the first Sunday in April. Clocks and other timepieces were set ahead one hour at 2:00 AM on Sunday, May 4 so that 2:00 AM became 3:00 AM. They should turn back one hour at 2:00 AM on Sunday, September 14. The new time is expected to save one and a half billion kilowatt hours（千瓦小时 ）of electricity per year across the country. The new system could also help people form the good habit of getting up and going to bed early, thus raising their work and study efficiency (效率). During the DST period, the actual departure (发车) time of trains remains unchanged, but their schedules have been set one hour late.Q: According to the passage, we know that _ people should turn their clocks back one hour that year. A. in 132 days B. in 133 days C. in 134 days D. in 4 monthsExercise 2When I was small and my grandmother died, I couldnt understand why I had no tears. But that night when my dad tried to cheer me up, my laugh turned into crying. So it came as no surprise to learn that researchers believe crying and laughing come from the same part of the brain. Just as laughing has many health ad-vantages, scientists are discovering that so, too, does crying.Just as crying can be healthy, not cryingholding back tears of anger, pain or suffering -can be bad for physical health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problem and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, dont fight it. Its natural- and healthy- emotional response. Q: It can be inferred from the text that_.A there are two ways to keep healthyB crying does more good to health than laughingC crying and laughing play the same rolesD emotional health has a close relationship to physical healthExercise 3Babbage continued his work in London for four years. Then his health broke down, and he had to take a long holiday abroad. When he returned to London in 1828, he was at the end of his resources. Many bills remained unpaid. His chief assistant and co-workers quarreled with him and left with many expensive tools. For one year no work was done. During this period, Babbage, whose mind was always active, suddenly thought of a completely new idea for the machine. He rushed to meet the government officials to explain his new idea. But this time, they were unwilling to help him. For eight years, they refused to say whether they wanted the machine or not, and their final answ