英语知识点(4)

动词语态编辑主动语态主语是谓语动作的使动方。也就是说谓语的动作源自主语，而施加于宾语。相反，被动语态中，主语是谓语动作的受动方，如果有宾语的，宾语往往是谓语动作的使动方。在语法机构上，主动语态和被动语态的区别主要在于，主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语，然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法；而被动语态则使用系词+动词的过去分词作为谓语，各种时态和其他语法也施加在系词上。被动语态英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多，要普遍，许多课本及考试乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来，当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时，多用被动式。须注意的是，许多地方与汉语不同。注意那些汉语中没有被的意思，英语却应该用被动态。还要注意，英语的被动态往往由by引出，而有用介词by的短语往往又不是被动态，而是系表结构。还有些特殊现象，如：known to man(人类.所知)，on foot步行(美国人有时用by foot)，in carriage (乘四轮马车)等等。还有假主动，真被动的十几个常用词的用法，以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried 等习惯用法。有关这类情况，做到心中有数对全面掌握被动态，准确无误地解答习题非常关键，被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。英语的时态本来很复杂，怎样记住各自的被动形式呢? 首先要明确将来进行无被动，现在完成进行同。这两种时态无被动形式。另外，不及物动词带有同源宾语的动词，反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式。即便如此，还有不定式，动名词，分词，以及它们的复合结构)的被动态，再加上情态动词，助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂，真是令人头痛，眼花缭乱。下面口诀就以动词do为例，即do did过去式done过去分词，以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态，一定对你有所启示。一、被动语态的用法1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are +及物动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned every day. 我们教室每天都被打扫。2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were +及物动词的过去分词A new shop was built last year. 去年修了一座新商店。3.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词A new hospital will be built in our city. 我们城市将要修建一家新医院。4.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being +及物动词的过去分词Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.My bike is being repaired by Tom now. 王叔叔正在修理我的自行车。5.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been +及物动词的过去分词This book has been translated into many languages. 这本书被翻译成多种文字。Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 在许多国家有许多人造卫星被送上了太空。6.过去进行时的被动语态构成：was/were + being +及物动词的过去分词The new road was being made.这条新路正在修筑。7.过去完成时的被动语态构成：had + been +及物动词的过去分词The classroom hadnt been cleaned before the teacher came. 在老师来之前，教室尚未打扫。8.将来完成时的被动语态构成：shall/will + have doneThey will have been married for 20 years by then. 届时，他们结婚将满20周年。9.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词 + be +及物动词的过去分词Young trees must be watered often. 小树需要经常浇水。二、主动语态改成被动语态1. 先找出谓语动词；2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week. 布鲁斯每星期写一封信。2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning. The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 李雷今天上午在修理坏的自行车。3. He has written two novels so far. Two novels have been written by him so far. 至今他已写了两部小说。4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow. Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 他们明天将要种植十棵树。5. Lucy is writing a letter now. A letter is being written by Lucy now. 露西正在写信。6. You must lock the door when you leave. the door must be locked when you leave. 当你离开的时候你必须把门锁上。三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1.不及物动词无被动语态。What will happen in 100 years？一百年里会发生什么事？2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well. 这支钢笔很好写。3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to。（1）Make somebody do something somebody+ be +made to do something（2）See somebody do something somebody +be +seen to do something例句：（1） A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by. My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. 一个女孩看到我的钱夹掉了，当她经过的时候。（2）The boss made the little boy do heavy work. The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 这个老板让这小男孩干重活。4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）做主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。He gave me a book. A book was given to me by him. 他给了我一本书。He showed me a ticket. A ticket was shown to me by him. 他给我展示了一张票。My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father. 我父亲给我买了一辆新自行车。5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。We cant laugh at him. He cant be laughed at by us. 我们不能嘲笑他。四、 新兴形式的被动语态Get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如：The man got hurt on his way home.