2017高中英语专题三-状语从句讲义及练习.docx

2017暑假 专题三状语从句Adverbial Clause 一、概述：状语从句(adverbial clause)在句中作状语，可修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词等。状语从句由从属连词引导。状语从句可放在句首或句末。放在句首时，从句后面常用逗号；放在句末时，从句前面往往不用逗号。Since you ask, I will tell you. / I cant tell youwhen you wont listen.二、引导状语从句的连词分类：状语从句根据它们的含义分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步、条件、比较等九种。状语从句连词时间when, whenever, as, since, till, until, before, after, as soon as, once, the moment, immediately, the day, no sooner than, hardly(scarcely) when, the minute, the second, every(each) time地点Where, wherever, everywhere条件if, unless, providing/provided that, as(so) long as, on condition that, suppose/supposing that, in case, only if, if only原因because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that, in view of the fact that(鉴于)让步though, although, even if(though), as, while, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, no matter +wh词，for all that, granting/granted, whether or, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that比较asas, not the same as, not soas, than方式as, as if(though) the way目的that, so that, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest结果so that, so that, such that, but that三、时间状语从句：1、while, when, whenever和as的用法比较（1）while：常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程，强调主句的动词和从句的动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。它不能表示一时性或短暂的动作。Dont talk so loudwhile others are working. / While he was eating, I asked him to lend me $2.（2）when：引导的时间状语从句，可指时间的一点，也可以指一段时间，从句的谓语动词可用终止性动词，也可用持续性动词。when引导的从句表示的具体的时间，从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时，也可以先于主句的动作。Whenever指任何一个不具体的时间。It was rainingwhen we arrived. / Come whenever you like. （3）as：用as时主句和从句的动作往往同时发生，具有延伸意义，一般同延续性动词连用，有时可译作“一边一边”。As time went on, his theory proved to be correct. / As we walked, we talked.As he finished the speech,the audience burst into applause. 2、名词词组引导时间状语从句有时名词every time(每次)，the next time(下一次)，the next day(第二天)，the moment(一就)， the instant, the second, the year等，也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her？YesI gave it to herthe moment I saw herI thought her nice and honestthe first time I met her. Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor. I didnt have a pennythe last time I saw you. 3、副词作连词用引导时间状语从句有些副词如instantly, immediately，instantly，directly, presently等也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句，表示一就的意思。I recognized herinstantly/ immediately/ directlyI saw her.4、since和before的用法比较两者均可用于“It+ be.+since/before-从句”的句型。区别在于since表示“自从以来”，所在主、从句的谓语动词的时态关系是:It is/has been sometime since sb. did sth.而before的含义是 “(过了多久)才”，主、从句的时态关系是:It was/had been some time before sb. did sth.表过去和将来时，两者相应的句型分别是:It was some time since sb. had done sth.和It will be some time before sb. does sth.It is 30 yearssince he joined the revolution. / It was three daysbefore he came back. / It was not longbefore he came back. 四、地点状语从句：地点状语从句一般由where(在地方; 那里)，wherever(无论哪里)和everywhere(在每一个地方)引导。After the war, a new school building was put upwhere there had once been a theatre. You should make it a rule to leave thingswhere you can find them again. She found her calculatorwhere she lost it. Everywhere they went, the distinguished guests were warmly welcomed. Sitwherever you like. 注意：where除了表示地点外，还可以表示条件和让步。Where there is a will, there is a way.（条件）Wherever I went, the dog followed me.（让步）五、原因状语从句：1、because, since, as, for和now that引导原因状语从句（1）because表示直接的原因或理由，表示原因的语气最强，常表示必然的因果关系。回答why引起的特殊疑问句，只用because。He is absent todaybecause he is ill. （2）since表示对方已经知晓、无须加以说明的原因或事实，语气比because稍弱。Ill do it for yousince you are busy. /Since you insist, Ill go. （3）as表示的往往是十分明显的原因，听者或读者已经知道或能看得出来，语气较弱，只附带说明，比较口语化。Wehad betterhurryas its getting dark. As you object, Ill change the plan. （4）for是并列连词，它引导的分句不表示直接的原因，而是用来附带解释或说明前面一句的情况。for引导的分句常位于第一分句之后，它们之间用逗号隔开。Itmusthave rained last night,for the ground is wet this morning. （5）now that意为“既然”，与since同义，但更突出事实本身。Now that youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. 2、seeing that, considering that和in that引导原因状语从句：这几个连词同since, as 近义，都有“鉴于某个事实，原因”是之意。Considering that hes only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well. Seeing that he was ill, they sent for the doctor. In that she is ill, she feels unable to do it. 3、not thatbut that引导原因状语从句：这是一种加强语气的表示原因的结构，意为“不是因为，而是因为”Not thatI dont like the film,but thatI have no time for it. 六、目的状语从句：1、that，so that，in order that引导目的状语从句：目的状语从句由that，so that，in order that等引导。从句中的谓语动词前常有情态动词may、might、can、could、will, would等。John shut everybody out of the kitchenso that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. These men risk their livesin order that we may live more safely. Drive carefully(so) that everyone can enjoy a long life.辨析：in order that引导的状语从句可以放在句首、与句尾，而so that 引导的只能放在句尾；如果从句主语与主句主语一致都可转换成不定式。She went downtownso that/in order that she would buy some clothes.= She went downtownso as to /in order to buy some clothes.2、lest, for fear that和in case引导目的状语从句：这三个连词词组的意思是“以防，以免”。lest的从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式是“should+动词原形”或省掉should。for fear that和in case从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可以用陈述语气。I obeyed herlest she should be angry. Take a hat with youin case the sun is very hot. 七、结果状语从句：1、so that，sothat, suchthat引导结果状语从句So difficult did I feel it to live in an English-speaking country thatI determined to learn English well. He worked hardso thathe passed the exam. The film wasso wonderful thatwe wanted to see it again. He spoke forsuch a long time thatpeoplebegan to fall asleep. 2、sothat与suchthat的区别：这两种结构都可引导结果状语从句。so是副词，后接形容词或副词；such是形容词，后接名词。（1）单数名词：在so.that与such.that中间出现的是单数名词，且该名词前有形容词修饰时，这两种结构可互换，但要注意它们的词序不同:such+ a/an+形容词十名词=so+形容词+a/an+名词。She issuch a good teacher thatall of us love her.= She isso good a teacher thatall of us love her. （2）不可数名词或复数可数名词：如果被修饰的是不可数名词或复数可数名词时，一般须用such.that。He madesuch rapid progress thatbefore long he began to write articles in English.They aresuch interesting books thatwe all want to read them.（3）名词前有many，much，little，few修饰时：如果不可数名词或复数可数名词前有many，much，little，few修饰时，则用sothat。Ive hadso many falls thatIm black and blue all over.George hadso little money thathe had to get a job.They aresuch little children thatthey cant do anything. 巧记so和such引导结果状语从句：名前such，形、副so，多多少少也用so。little属特殊，“小”用such，“少”用so。3、but, but that 和but what：如果主句中含有never, never so, not so, not such等否定词，可用but, but that 和but what引导结果状语从句，构成双重否定，相当于thatnot或unless，可以译成“没有不”。She never comesbut she borrows. She never comes unless she borrows.她不借东西不来。She is so oldbut thatshe can read.她并未老到不能读书的地步。There is no man so learnedbut whathe can learn something from this book.再博学的人都会本书学到一些东西。八、比较状语从句：比较状语从句由asas(和一样)，not as/soas(与不一样)，than(比),the more, the more(越越)引导。The director gave me a better offerthanhe gave Dick. In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea thatthe furtherwe go,the betterour holiday will be. John plays footballas well as,ifnot better than, David. I cant runas/so fast as he can. 【as.as.】He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep. (第一个as是副词)I have never seen so much rain as fell that February. (否定结构常用soas, 也可用as. as)【than】Man developed earlier than people think. 【according as】You will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad. 【in proportion as】Men are happy in proportion as they are virtuous. 人之幸福与德行成正比。Some people are happy in proportion as they are noticed. 有些人越受到注意就越高兴。【The mostin/of】This book is the most interesting of the three.【the + 形容词+estof/in】This road is the busiest street in our city. 【no more than只不过(嫌少的意思)】Its no more than a mile to the shops.【not more than不如.(前者不如后者)】Jack is not more diligent than John.【one of the + 名词(复数).之一(用于最高级)】Han Mei is one of the best students in our school. 巧学than后面的代词是用主格还是用宾格?下列两句中，than分别用了I和me，两者都正确：She is older than me.(口语中常用)She is older than I(am)(较正式文体常用)但是，在有些句子中，用主格和用宾格，句子会截然不同。John likes Henry more than I.John likes Henry more than me.九、让步状语从句：让步状语从句由though，although，as，even if (though)，however，whatever，whoever，whenever，no matter +wh词，等引导。1、even if, even though, although，though引导的让步状语从句：这四个词（词组）都有“虽然、即使、尽管”的意思。even if和even though带有较强的意味，语气比although和though强。though比although通俗，但不如although正式,都不能和but连用，但可以和yet, still或nevertheless连用。可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。even if，even though所接的句子常用虚拟语气。Although journalism seems like a good profession，I would prefer to be a teacher We wont give up evenif we should fail ten times. He might have given you more help，even though he was very busy even if：引导的从句是往往是假设性的，相当于汉语的“即使”“纵然”“就算”“哪怕”Theyll stand by you even if you dont succeed.即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。even though：引导的从句内容往往是真实的，主要用于引出不利用于主句情况的信息，相当于汉语的“尽管”“虽然”He went out even though it was raining.尽管在下雨，他还是出去了。2、as或though引导让步状语从句: Adj./ adv./ v./ participle/ n. + as/ though + S + V（1）由as或though引导让步状语从句用倒装语序Much as I have traveled，I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John. Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me. （2）如果表语为单数可数名词，这个名词不带冠词12-year-old girl as she is, she has had a good command of English. (2)如果句中谓语包含情态动词或助动词，则将实意动词放在as之前Try as I might，I couldnt lift the stone. Praised as he was, he remained modest. （4）如果句中谓语仅有实意动词，则将实意动词(原形)放在as之前，并在主语后面加助动词do, does, did或will。Torture her as they did, the enemy got nothing out of her. Fail as he did, he would never give up. 注:但是，如果在这种情况下，句中谓语有副词修饰，则将副词放在as之前。Again and again as he failed, he didnt lose heart. Much as I admire his courage, I dont think he acted wisely. 3、由no matter+ wh词和由疑问词ever引导让步状语从句：由no matter引导，表示“不管；无论”；由疑问词ever引导，表示“不管，不论”。这类词有：whatever，whichever，whoever，however， whenever，wherever等,他们相当于no matter+ what（which，who，how，when， where），都不能与but，so，and等并列连词同时使用。“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。Wellhave tofinish the job,however (no matter how) long it takes. 注意：no matter 可以和whether和if连用。No matter whether (if) it snows or not, Ishallstart on the journey. 4、由whetheror引导让步状语从句：由whetheror引导让步状语从句表示“不论还是”，提供两种对比的情况。I shall go,whether you come with me or stay at home. Whether you believe it or not, its true.Whether or not they win this battle, they wont win the war.十、条件状语从句：条件状语从句可以位于主句前面或后面。1、由if，unless引导：if 表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”（if not）You will be lateunless you leave immediately. The WTO cannot live up to its nameif it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.2、由suppose，supposing，as/so long as， providing, provided, on condition that和in case等引导这类连词（词组）意思相近，有：“如果、假设、即使、在条件下”等意义。Suppose (Supposing) he is ill, what shall we do? Youll do all right,as long as you follow his advice. In case John comes, please tell him to wait. You may keep the book a further weekprovided (that) no one else requires it. 十一、方式状语从句：方式状语从句一般由as(正如；按照)，as if/as though(好像),the way等引导。1、as 和just as引导方式状语从句：这两个连词的意思是“如，犹如，正如”（in the same manner that）。just as 比as的强调性更强。You must do everythingas I do. Just as the water is the most important of liquids, air is the most important gases. 2、as if 和as though引导方式状语从句：as if 和as though意为“好像、仿佛”可以用虚拟语气表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况；也可以用陈述语气表示符合事实的情况。He walked slowlyas if he had hurt his leg. He spokeas if he knew the question very well. She speaks Englishas if she were a native speaker.注意：在It looks as if.,It seems as if.句型中常用陈述语气。It looks asif it is going to rain. 3、the way引导方式状语从句：the way它的作用相当于the manner，后面的引导词常用that引导方式状语，而且经常省略。此时，一般不用in which引导。I dont likethe way you speak to her. We didnt likethe way that he treated us.综合小练1. I dont really like the author, _ I have to admit his books are very exciting.2. Half an hour later, Lucy still couldnt get a taxi _ the bus had dropped her.3. Cathy had quit her job when her son was born _ she could stay home and raise her family.4. _ had Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.5. The meaning of the word “nice” changed a few times _ it finally came to include the sense “pleasant”.6. You will never gain success _ you are fully devoted to your work.7. It was the middle of the night _ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.8. Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, _ plants can spread to new places.9. I took my driving license with me on holiday _ I wanted to hire a car.10. _ small, the company has about 1,000 buyers in over 30 countries.11. One can always manage to do more things, _ full ones schedule is in life.12. I was glad to meet Jenny again, _ I didnt want to spend all day with her.13. Theres no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery _ another man, also intelligent, fails.14. She says that shell have to close the shop _ business improves.15. I have heard a lot of good things about you _ I came back from abroad.16. His plan was such a good one _ we all agree to accept it.17. He stood up and left angrily _ I could explain some more details.18. _ N7N9 is a deadly virus, it is still safe to eat thoroughly-cooked chickens.19. Richard saved up his money _ he might go abroad for his summer holiday.20. Id like to place things _ it is convenient to get them.21. Schools in the cities are well equipped _ those in the countryside are poor.22. Did Jack come back early last night? -Yes. It was not yet eight oclock _ he arrived home.23. Misunderstanding arising from lack of social communication, _ handled properly, may lead to serious problems.24. Just wait here, _ you can hang around for a while. Your turn is half an hour away.25. _ you understand the rule, you will have no further difficulty.26. _ he visited the new school, he showed great interest in everything he saw.27. The notice says _ you are, you must show your tickets to enter the exhibition.28. _ hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.29. I can remember my first day of school _ it were yesterday.30. Talented _ he is,