英汉对比论文

嘉嘉 兴兴 学学 院院 2012 2013 学年第学年第 1 学期学期 期末考试期末考试 名称 英汉对比名称 英汉对比 考试形式 课程论文考试形式 课程论文 开课班级 英语开课班级 英语 101 英语 英语 102 翻译方向 翻译方向 班班 级 级 英语英语 101 姓姓 名 名 黄水玲黄水玲 学学 号 号 201036635112 成 绩 教师签名 教师签名 日日 期 期 2013 01 07 2 The first part The Summary and Conclusion of the course 一 Synthetic vs Analytic A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected to express grammatical relationships An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words auxiliary verbs and changes in word order to express syntactic relations rather than of inflected forms Modern English has become analytic but still frequently uses some hereditary inflections from Old English It is therefore a synthetic analytic language Chinese is a typical analytic language Inflection word order and use of function words are employed as the tress grammatical devices in building English sentences 1 Inflectional vs Non inflectional 2 Word Order Flexible vs Inflexible 3 The Use of Function Words English and Chinese Employ Different Types of Function Words 4 Intonation vs Tone In a language in which inflection has been greatly reduced word order must become relatively more rigid One consequence of this tendency to a fixed word order is an increase in the role of intonation in the language The varying of tone to indicate meanings is characteristic of both English and Chinese Musical variety of tone to indicate shades of meaning becomes natural in both English and Chinese Chinese finds its natural way of development through a fundamental system of tones and tone groups A change of tone in Chinese will turn to buy into to sell In English intonation has a very important and far reaching role A rising or falling tone in the parts of a sentence determines much of its meaning Moreover there is a very close bond between stress and tone or pitch a strong stress for instance often corresponding with a rising tone Such a sentence as You are going to buy that house may be statement of fact declarative or a question interrogative rising at its end 二 Rigid vs Supple English sentence structures are composed of noun pgrases verb phrases etc It has become an invariable custom to have a subject before a verb and therefore a sentence that does not contain a subject and a verb is felt to be incomplete The subject 3 must agree with the predicate verb in person and number etc This rigid S V concord forms the kernel of a sentence with the predicate verb controlling other main members English sentences however long and complicated can be reduced to five basic patterns SV SVP SVO SVoO and SVOC English sentences are characterized by their variants expansion combination omission or inversion Chinese however is relatively free from the government of the rigid S V concord The subject predicate structure is usually varied flexible and therefore complicated and supple In addition there are quite a few illogical expressions in Chinese More ambuguity can be found in Chinese due to the lack of connectives inflections and other grammatical markers The suppleness of Chinese also manifests itself in the run on sentence which is composed of the full sentence and the minor sentence 3 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Hypotaxis means that the grammatical and logical relations between words and sentences are carried out by means of formal devices Formal devices include vocabulary and morphological devices i e the use of different forms of words and the use of prepositions pronouns conjunctions and articles tense voice mood subject and verb agreement reference substitution ellipsis repetition Parataxis means that the connection or relation between words and sentences is carried out by means of the logical relation of their meanings instead of formal devices To clarify the relations between words phrases or clauses English more often resorts to overt cohesion frequently using various cohesive ties such as coordinators e g and or but yet so however as well as either or neither nor subordinators e g when while as since until unless lest s o that relations pronouns and adverbs e g who whom whose that which when where why how preposition and some others 4 Complex vs Simplex Subordination the placing of certain elements in modifying roles is a fundemental feature of English With plenty of subornate clauses and phrases English has comparatively longer and more complicated sentences than Chinese which on the other hand is marked by its coordination loose or minor sentences contracted sentences elliptical sentences run on sentences and composite sentences English 4 sentence building is featured by an architecture style with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures while Chinese is marked by a chronicle style with frequent use of shorter or composite structures In short English sentences are often complex while Chinese sentences are often simplex 5 Impersonal vs Personal 1 Impersonal mode of expression it is for English This is characterized by inanimate subjects in narration and describing a person an object an event or a thing 2 Linguistic ways of impersonal and personal modes Impersonal subjects in English and personal subjects in Chinesempersonal and personal modes are mainly embodied in the use of subjects and predicates 3 Application of these two modes to translation A In C E translation impersonal mode is used to replace personal mode B In E C translation personal mode is used to replace impersonal mode 六 Passive vs Active Passive voice is more frequently used in English than in Chinese Active voice is more frequently used in Chinese than in English And most English passive voice can be translated as active voice in Chinese because of the awareness of subject in Chinese The passive voice allows us to express ideas without attributing them to a specific individual source That is why it is so widely used in government communications in which decisions and opinions are presumed to be those of the bureau or agency as a whole and not considered to be those of individual officials Anyone who does mot wish to take personal responsibility for his statements find a way out by saying or writing It is directed that instead of I direct that The weak passive is used in newspaper articles for the same reason to achieve the impersonal not and thus in many instances to disclaim direct responsibility for statements that are based on hearsay By contrast active forms including those in passive sense are often used in Chinese There are some reason for the limited use of the Chinese passive forms marked by 被 让 给 叫 挨 受 遭 蒙 etc The Chinese passive form marked by 被 is traditionally felt to be an inflict voice mainly expressing things unpleasant or undesirable to the subjective person Instead Chinese generally prefers to use active forms besides there are many other ways ro denote passive senses which is usually expressed in the English passive form 5 7 Dynamic vs Static Broadly speaking nouns are believed to be static in that they refer to entities that are seen as stable At the opposite pole verbs are featured as dynamic for they are fitted by their capacity to show tense and aspect to indicate action activity and temporary or changing conditions Adjectives and prepositions often go hand in hand with nouns while adverbs are frequently use with verbs English is featured by its predominance of nouns over verbs English makes more use of nouns adjectives and prepositions as a result it is more static Conversely Chinese often employs adverbs verbal phrases repetition and reduplication of verbs accordingly it is more dynamic 八 Abstract vs Concrete 1 Abstract mode is for English as a result of nominalization It is widely used in English esp in scientific books and papers official documents journalistic comments legal documents and business letters Concrete mode is for Chinese 2 Reasons for abstract mode and concrete mode Rationality and comprehension Hypotaxis and parataxis 3 ways to translate the abstract mode in Chinese 1 Verbs are used to replace abstract nouns 2 Category words are used to make the abstract idea concrete 3 Concrete and figurative words are used for the explanation of the abstract meaning 4 Figurative words are used for the explanation of the abstract meaning 九 Substitutive vs Repetitive Repetition of words in English is generally more or less abnormal and objectionable that it is rhetorical or significant To avoid repetition English often employs substitution ellipsis variation and some other devices 1 Substitution English generally uses pro forms or substitutes to avoid repetition while Chinese often repeats the same words or clauses 2 Ellipsis English usually leaves out the same words from a sentence to avoid repetition while Chinese often repeats the same words 3 Variation 6 English often uses synonyms or near synonyms super ordinates hyponyms or general words to avoid repetition while Chinese usually repeats the same words 4 Reduplication Chinese often employs various patterns of character reduplication for rhetorical or other purposes while English has fewer devices of this kind 5 Repetition Compared with English repetition which is generally rhetorical Chinese repetition of words and meanings is rhetorical or grammatical and is much more frequent 6 Antithesis and Parallelism Chinese antithesis consists of two balanced structures that are matched in sense Parallelism uses three or more parallel phrases or sentences of relative meanings and similar structures In writing and speaking these two rhetorical devices are much more frequently employed in Chinese than in English 10 Modes of expression English vs Chinese The most important character of English sentences is using hypotaxis and paying much attention to the forms The words stress the concord of number tense and so on The sentences are restrained by S V concord logical subject and logical verb The English sentences are tree like The English passages usually have general topic sentence emphasizing reasoning and linearity and using the salient order English sentences emphasize logos The most important character of Chinese sentences is using parataxis underlining meaning instead of the forms It is high context language Chinese sentences attach importance to the topics It has because therefore structure isomorphism circular or rambling stressing implicit coherence so that can learn the meaning by themselves Chinese sentences emphasize comprehension 11 Wuxing vs Rationality Beyond the difference of parataxis and hypotaxis between Chinese and English is the difference of comprehension and rationality between the two languages The Chinese way of thinking pays more attention to comprehension wuxing while English way of thinking pays more attention to rationality The Chinese way of thinking has long been influenced by Confucianism Taoism and Buddhism which emphasize comprehension The English way of thinking has been influenced by Aristotle s formal logic and 7 rationalism popular from the 16th century to 18th century Rationalism emphasizes scientific experiment and pays more attention to formal demonstration So the English language is rich in the use of formal devices such as the use of pronouns reference substitution and conjunctions The difference of comprehension and rationality between the two languages is related to the difference of awareness of involvement participation and awareness of distance Involvement features comprehension whereas awareness of distance characterizes rationality This is because the Chinese philosophies in essence advocate participation involvement participation in the society the nature and the after world The idea of involvement results in the awareness of subject which centers around the man Rationalism in the West emphasizes the distance between the object and the participants Only with a certain distance can the participant have a deep analysis of the object Therefore in English the subject participant and the object are clearly distinguished When the subject needs emphasizing it is emphasized and when the object needs emphasizing it is emphasized This difference of awareness of subject and awareness of object between Chinese and English is embodied in the following ways 第二部分 汉译英中的英汉对比分析第二部分 汉译英中的英汉对比分析 黄昏 矛盾 海是深绿色的 说不上光滑 排了队的小浪开正步走 数不清有多少 喊着 口令 一 二 一 似的 朝喇叭口的海塘来了 挤到沙滩边 啵澌 队 伍解散 随着忿怒的白沫 然而后一排又赶着扑上来了 三只五只的白鸥轻轻地掠过 翅膀扑着波浪 一一点一点躁怒起来的波 浪 风在掌号 冲锋号 小波浪跳跃着 每一个象个大眼睛 闪着金光 满海 全是金眼睛 全在跳跃 海塘下空隆空隆地腾起了喊杀 而这些海的跳跃着的金眼睛重重叠叠一排接一排 一排怒似一排 一排比 一排浓溢着血色的赤 连到天边 成为绀金色的一抹 这上头 半轮火红的夕 阳 8 半边天烧红了 重甸甸地压在夕阳的光头上 愤怒地挣扎的夕阳似乎在说 哦 哦 我已经尽了今天的历史的使命 我已经走完了今天的路程了 现在 现在 是我的休息时间到了 是我的死期到了 哦 哦 却也是我的新 生期快开始了 明天 从海的那一头 我将威武地升起来 给你们光明 给你 们温暖 给你们快乐 呼 呼 风带着永远不会死的太阳的宣言到全世界 高的喜马拉雅山的最高峰 汪 洋的太平洋 阴郁的古老的小村落 银的白光冻凝了的都市 一切 一切 夕阳都喷上了一口血焰 两点三点白鸥划破了渐变为赭色的天空 风带着夕阳的宣言走了 象忽然熔化了似的 海的无数跳跃着的金眼睛摊平为暗绿的大面孔 远处有悲壮的笳声 夜的黑幕沉重地将落未落 不知到什么地方去过一次的风 忽然又回来了 这回是打着鼓似的 勃仑 仑 勃仑仑 不 不单是风 有雷 风挟着雷声 海又动荡 波浪跳起来 轰 轰 在夜的海上 大风雨来了 译文译文 Dusk Mao Dun The sea is deep blue and cannot be called smooth for countless rows of small breakers are marching in parade step as if following the shouted command One two One towards the trumpet shaped jetty Crowded close together they rush to the sandy beach splash The marching ranks scatter and burst into angry spray The rows immediately behind follow suit A few white seagulls flicker across the surface of the sea quickly and lightly wings skimming the waves which become little by little increasingly restive The wind is trumpeting a bugle calling to charge Small breakers spring up each breaker like a large eye casting out golden sparks The whole sea is full of golden eyes all 9 leaping Rumble rumble beneath the jetty a battle cry bursts forth The sea s golden eyes fall into ranks each rank pursued by the next each angrier than the last and deepening to blood red as they stretch to the golden line of the horizon There above lies the fiery half circle of the setting sun Half the sky burns red pressing heavily down upon the bald head of the sun The indignantly struggling sun seems to be saying Ohl Oh 1 have completed today s historic duty I have finished today s journey Now now my time to rest has come my time to die is here Oh Oh l And yet it is also my rebirth that will soon begin Tomorrow from the other end of the sea 1 shall bravely hoist myself up give you light give you warmth give you joy Whooo huuu The wind carries the declaration of the never dying sun to all the world The highest peaks of the Himalayas the endless waters of the Pacific small old gloomy villages cities frozen by silver lights upon each and every one the setting sun scatters its blood red flames The sky deepening to ochre is broken by two or three seagulls The wind that carried the declaration of the dying sun has gone As if suddenly melting the countless leaping golden eyes smooth themselves down into a great dull green face From near then far corms the solemn trade sound of a flute Night s black curtain will be heavily lowered but has not yet completely fallen The wind having gone no one knows where suddenly returns returns as a beating drum Boom lum lum Boom lum lum Ho not the wind alone but thunder The wind carries the voice of thunder The sea roils again waves surging high crash Crash 10 To the night bound sea a storm has come Notes 选自 名作精译 中国翻译 汉译英选萃 J 青岛出版社 2005 3 343 347 分析分析 英语中常用各种形式手段 如连接词 介词 分句或从句 注重显性衔接 注重句子的形式和结构完整 注重以形显义 英语造句主要采用形合法 如译 文第一段第一句 The sea is deep blue and cannot be called smooth for countless rows of small breakers are marching in parade step as if following the shouted command 这句话有连接词 and 还有 for 引导的原因状语从句 第11段 The wind that carried the declaration of the dying sun has gone 中有 that 引导的宾语从 句 作者运用连词和从句完整地表达了自己的含义 而汉语造句中少用甚至不 用形式连接手段 注重隐性连贯 注重时间和事理顺序 注重功能 意义 注 重以表纹形 汉语是重意会的语义型语言 汉语的句子不受严谨的主谓结构的 约束 摆脱形式的束缚 抛弃一切不必要的附属成分 只留下纯料的思想 直 接表达现实和思维过程 重意合而不重形合 如原文第一段的 喊着口令 一 二 一 似的 这句话中省略了主语 意思是好像有人喊着口令似的 还有 海是深绿色的 说不上光滑 排了队的小浪开正步走 数不清有多少 喊着口 令 一 二 一 似的 朝喇叭口的海塘来了 挤到沙滩边 啵澌 队伍 解散 随着忿怒的白沫 然而后一排又赶着扑上来了 这一大句中 中间用分 号断开 实际上 后半句是说明前半句的原因 即为什么 说不上光滑 第七 段最后一句 明天 从海的那一头 我将威武地升起来 给你们光明 给你们温 暖 给你们快乐 运用了排比 词句整齐 结构匀称 并且没用关联词 就很好 地表达了作者的想法 英语较常用物称表达法 即不用人称主语来叙述 而是 表达客观事物如何作用于人的感知 让事物一客观的口气呈现出来 汉语则较 注重主体思维 这种思维模式以 万物皆备于我 作主导 往往从自我出发来叙 述客观事物或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态 因而常用人称 如原文第十段 两 点三点白鸥划破了渐变为赭色的天空 主语是白鸥 而译文是 The sky deepening to ochre is broken by two or three seagulls 主语是 sky 从这句话中也 可以看出 汉语比较喜欢用主动 而英语更偏向于用被动 除此之外 英语还 比较忌讳重复 因而常用替代 省略和交换的表达方式 相比之下 汉语则比 较习惯于重复 如原文中的 重重叠叠 沉甸甸 总之 英语书面语句显得长 而复杂 它用介词 连词 连接代词 关系副词 词的形态变化 非谓语动词 11 等来连接句子 显得非常丰富而灵活 而汉语常用省略句 并列句 流水句等 以短句居多 如原文中的第三段 风在掌号 冲锋号 小波浪跳跃着 每一个象 个大眼睛 闪着金光 满海全是金眼睛 全在跳跃 海塘下空隆空隆地腾起了 喊杀 汉语句子多数显得结构简化 无拖沓 盘错之感 英译中的英汉对比分析英译中的英汉对比分析 原文原文 The Color of Walden Pond H D Thoreau Walden is blue at one time and green at another even from the same point of view Lying between the earth and the heaven it partakes of the color of both Viewed from a hilltop it reflects the color of the sky but near at hand it is of a yellowish tint next the shore where you can see the sand then a light green which gradually deepens to a uniform dark green in the body of the pond In some lights viewed even from a hilltop it is of a vivid green next the shore Some have referred this to the reflection of the verdure but it is equally green there against the railroad sand bank and in the spring before the leaves are expanded and it may be simply the result of the prevailing blue mixed with the yellow of the sand Such is the color of its iris This is that portion also where in the spring the ice being warmed by the heat of the sun reflected from the bottom and also transmitted through the earth melts first and forms a narrow canal about the still frozen middle Like the rest of our waters when much agitated in clear weather so that the surface of the waves may reflect the sky at the right angle or because there is more light mixed with it it appears at a little distance of a darker blue than the sky itself and at such a time being on its surface and looking with divided vision so as to see the reflection I have discerned a matchless a