XX文学教案 (1)

XX文学教案 (1) Lecture1The Literature of the Colonial Americaand of Reason and RevolutionTeaching ContentLiterature of the Colonial America;Literature of Reason andRevolutionTime Allotment2periodsTeaching Objectives and Requirements1Make the students knowclear aboutAmerican Puritanismand its influence onAmerican Literature.2Help the students toknow about the main literary form,content and theme inColonialAmericaand therepresentative writersof this period.3Help the students know about the American history of Independence War and the representatives in the period of Reason andRevolution,especially theirinfluence onAmerican Literature.4Make thestudents have a goodunderstanding ofJonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin.5Make surethestudentsunderstand clearlyabout Benjamin Franklins Autobiographyand its influence on the latterAmericans.Key Pointsand DifficultPoints inTeaching1American Puritanism2Jonathan Edwards3Benjamin Franklin4AutobiographyTeaching Methodsand MeansLecture;Discussion;Multi-mediaTeaching Process1Literature of theColonialAmerica(1607-1765)1.1Historical BackgroundIn1492,Christopher Columbusfound the new continentcalled America.There weremany immigrants:Spanish(they built the firsttown on the new continent);Dutch(they builtNew Yorkcity at the beginningstage);French(today stilllots ofpeoples mothertongue isFrench inNorth America);English(they firstsettled inJamestown andVirginia in1607)In1620,the famousMay Flowershipped102Puritans toPlymouth.1(Q:transportation is not convenient,why somemany immigrantsleft theirhometown andcame tosuch aremote placeas America?)(A:Economic reasons:to seekfortune;Religious reasons:reformation andreligious conflictsin Europe,persecution ofProtestants,to seeka paradiseof their own)1.2Puritan ThoughtPuritans=CalvinistsPuritans believedmost doctrinespreached byJohn Calvin,a theologian,so they were alsocalled Calvinists.Puritans wantedtopurify the churchto itsoriginal state,because theythought thechurch wascorrupted and had toomany rituals.To bea Puritan:taking religionas the most importantthing;living forglorifying God;believing predestination（命运天定）,original sin（原罪，人生下来就是有罪的，因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的）,total depravity（人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取悦上帝）,limited atonement（有限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救）Life styleof Puritans:pious,austere oftaste,diligent andthrift,rigid sense of morality,self-reliant(John Miltonis a typical Puritan.)American PuritanOn theone hand,American Puritanswere allidealist as their Europeanbrothers.They cameto the newcontinentwith the dream that they wouldbuiltthe new landto an Eden on earth.On theother hand,American Puritanswere more practical maybebecause of the severeconditions theyfaced.American Puritanism（清教主义）Puritanism is the practicesand beliefsof the Puritans.The Puritanswere originallymembers of a divisionof theProtestant Church,who cameinto existencein thereigns ofQueen Elizabethand KingJames I.The firstsettlers whobecame thefounding fathersof theAmerican nationwere quitea fewof themPuritans.They cameto Americaout ofvarious reasons,but itshould beremembered thatthey werea groupof serious,religious people,advocating highlyreligious andmoral principles.As theword itselfhints,Puritans wantedto purifytheir religiousbeliefs andpractices.They feltthattheChurch ofEngland was too closeto theChurch ofRome indoctrine formof worship,and organizationof authority.The AmericanPuritans,like theirbrothers backin England,were idealists,believing thatthechurchshould berestored topletepurity.They aeptedthe doctrineof predestination,original sinand total depravity,and limitedatonement througha specialinfusion ofgrace fromGod.But in the grimstruggle forsurvival thatfollowed immediatelyafter theirarrival in America,they becamemore andmorepractical,as indeedthey hadto be.Puritanslives wereextremely disciplinedand hard.Puritans tendedto suspectjoy andlaughter assymptoms ofsin:a Puritanwoman was once2threatened withbanishment forsmiling inchurch.They droveout of their settlementsall thoseopinions thatseemed dangerous to them,and historyhas criticizedtheir actions.Yet in the persecutionof whatthey considerederror,thePuritanswere noworse thanmany othermovements inhistory.As aculture heritage,Puritanism didhaveaprofound influence on theearly Americanmind.American Puritanismalso hada enduringinfluenceonAmerican literature.It hadbee,to someextent,so mucha stateof mind,so mucha partof thenational culturalatmosphere,rather thana setof tes.Influence of American Puritanismon literatureBasis of American literature:the dreamof buildinganEdenof Gardenon earth(Early American literature were mainly optimisticbecause theybelieved thatGod sentthem to thenewcontinent tofulfill thesacred taskso theywould overeall thedifficulties theymet atlast.Gradually Americansfound thattheir dreamswould notbe suessful,so lots of pessimisticliterary workswere produced.)Symbolism(象征主义):lots ofAmerican writersliked toemploy symbolismin theirworks.(typical wayof Puritanswho thoughtthat all the simpleobjects existingin theworld connoteddeep meaning.)Symbolism meansusing symbolsinliteraryworks.The symbolmeans somethingrepresents orstands for abstract deepmeaning.Style:simple,fresh anddirect(just as the styleof theAuthorized Versionof HolyBible)1.3Colonial LiteratureGeneral featuresHumble origins:diaries,histories,letters etc.In content:serving eitherGod orcolonial expansionor bothIn form:imitating Englishliterary traditionsCaptain JohnSmith:the first American Writer,A Descriptionof New England(P16)William Bradford:The Historyof PlymouthPlantation(P16-17)John Winthrop:The Historyof New England,A Modelof ChristianCharityAnne Bradstreet:firstAmericanwoman poet;a Puritanpoet;once calledTenth Muse;her firstcollection ofpoems,The TenthMuse LatelySprung UpinAmericanot containingany ofher bestknown poemswas the first bookwritten bya womanto bepublished in the UnitedStates;her poemsmainly aboutreligious experience,family lifeand earlysettlerslives;her workalso servesas adocument of the strugglesof aPuritan wifeagainst thehardships ofNew Englandcolonial life,and insome wayis atestament toplight of the womenof theage;her mostfamous poemsContemplations(P17)Edward Taylor:the bestof thepuritan poets;a meditativepoet;most of his worktreated religiousthemes,with poemsbased directlyon thePsalms3Roger Williams:one of the greatestPuritan dissenters;begins with the historyof religioustoleration inAmerica,and thehistoryof the separationof churchand state.2LiteratureofReason andRevolution(1765-End of18th C)2.1Historical BackgroundAmerican Revolution(Strict rulesmade byEnglish governmentprevented theeconomic development of thecolonies.It was unfair.So AmericanIndependenceWarbroke.)1775,Lexington,beginning ofthe IndependenceWarJune4th,1776,Thomas Jefferson,Declaration of Independence1778,alliance withFrance,turning pointfor Americanarmy1778,English armysurrendered1783,formal recognitionfrom BritaingovernmentEnlightenment(启蒙运动)(Review EnglishLiterature,18th century,Addison,Steele andPope,Classicism)Originated inEurope in the17th centuryResources:Newtons theory;deism（自然神教派，课本P28，宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物）;French philosophy(Rousseau,Voltaire)Basic principles:stressing education;stressing Reason(Order)(The agehas beencalled AgeofReason.);employing Reasonto reconsiderthe traditionsand socialrealities;concerns forcivil rights,such asequality andsocial justiceSignificance:aelerating socialprogress;freeing peoplefrom thelimitations setby prevailingPuritanism;making spiritualpreparation forAmerican RevolutionRepresentatives:Benjamin Franklin,Thomas Paine,Thomas Jeffersoc.Influence onliterature Inform:imitating Englishclassical（古典主义）writers Incontent:utilitarian tendency(for politicalor educationalpurpose)2.2Representatives in the periodofReasonandRevolution2.2.1Jonathan Edwards(17031758)(last importantfigure inPuritan tradition)(In mostcourse books,Jonathan Edwardsisnotincluded in theperiodofReasonRevolution andis putto theColonial Period.However,Philip Freneaushould beincluded in thisperiod.Maybe for the sakeof paringJonathan Edwardsand BenjaminFranklin,the authorofthecourse bookput themtogether.)LifeBorn ina veryreligious New England familyGraduated fromYaleWorked as a ministerand was an importantfigure inGreat Awakening(a seriousof religiousrevivals whichourred in the1730sand1740sonNorth Americacontinent)Dismissed from his positionbecause offierce religiouscontroversy atthat timeLived andmeditated insolitude;wrote somebooks(P29)4AnalysisInfluenced bythenewideas ofEnlightenment,such asempiricismStill apious PuritanHis sense of Gods overwhelmingpresence innature andin soulanticipated theTranscendentalism.(P32)First modernAmerican and the countrys lastmedieval man2.2.3BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)LifeJack of all tradesBorn ina poorcandle makers family in BostonNo regulareducationBecame anapprentice of a printerwhen he was12An editorof anewspaper andpublished lotsof essayswhen he was16Went toPhiladelphia when he was17A suessfulprinter andpublisherRetired whenhe was42A scientistwith lotsof inventionsand a famous experiment(kite,electricity,thunderstorm)A famousstatesman(the onlyAmerican whoonce signedallthefour documentsthat createdthenewcountry)(P33)An examplewho madeAmerican Dreame trueLiterary worksPoor Richards Almanac穷查理的年历Modeled onfarmersannual calendar;kept publishingfor manyyears;includes manyclassical sayings,such asA pennysaved isa pennyearned.(P34)The Autobiographyfirst ofits kindin literatureWriting whenhewas65An introductionof his life tohis ownson Includingfour partswritten indifferent timePuritanismsinfluence,such asself-examination andself-improvement(timetable,thirteen virtues,life style)Enlightenment spirits(man isbasically goodand freeby nature,endowed bygod withcertain inalienablerights ofliberty and the pursuitof happiness;virtues includesorder)Style:simple,clear inorder,direct andconcise(Nothing shouldbe expressed in twowords thatcan aswell beexpressedinone.)(Puritanismsinfluence)Popular,still well-read today,his valuesand styleinfluenced lotsof Americans2.2.4Other RepresentativesThomas Paine(1737-1809):with hisnatural giftfor pamphleteeringand rebellionHis chiefcontribution was a seriesof16pamphlets entitledAmerican Crisisand signedCommon Sense.5In CommonSense heboldly advocatedaDeclaration forIndependence.Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826):His thoughtand personalityhave influencedhis countrymenmore deeply,and remainedeffectively alive,than thoseof anyother AmericanFor him,government,a necessaryevil,found sanctiononly inthe monconsent ofa socialcontract,its purposewas thebenefit ofthe individual,not hisexploitation;it mustprovide freedomof speech,thought,association,press,worship,education,and enterprise(a conceptof democracyDeclaration ofIndependencePhilip Freneau(1752-1832)He isthe mostimportant poetinthe18th century.He wasentitledFather ofAmerican Poetry.He wascalledThe poetoftheRevolutionHe wasborn in New Yorkand graduated from PrincetonUniversity.He wrote lotsofpoems supportingAmerican Revolutionand humanliberty.He wasthemost notable representativeof dawningAmerican nationalismin literature.His poemspresented Romanticspirits buthis formand tasteweremainlyinfluenced byClassicism.Most famous poems:The WildHoney SuckleandThe IndianBurying GroundAnalyze anddiscuss thetheme,rhyme schemeand somedifficult dictionsinThe WildHoney Suckle.Reflection Questionsand AssignmentsReflection Questions1How didFranklin andhis writingshelp the formation oftheAmericanDream?2What figuresof speechare usedinThe DeclarationofIndependence?3Analyze anddiscuss thetheme,rhyme schemeand somedifficult dictionsinThe WildHoney Suckle.Assignments1Discuss theinfluence ofPuritanism in American literature,with emphasisontheelements ofPuritan thoughtintheworks ofthe colonialwriters.2Compare Jonathan EdwardsandBenjaminFranklin.Lecture2American Romanticismand New England Literature:Washington Irvingand James Fenimore CooperTeaching Content6American Romanticism;Washington Irving;James Fenimore CooperTime Allotment2periodsTeaching Objectivesand Requirements1Make thestudents knowclear aboutAmerican Romanticismand itsdifference fromEuropean andBritish Romanticism.2Help thestudents toknowabout the mainliterary form,content andtheme in American RomanticPeriod.3Help thestudents knowabouttheearly tworomantic writers,Washington Irvingand James Fenimore Cooper,especially theircontributions to American Literature.4Make thestudents havea generalidea aboutIrvings shortstoryThe Legend of SleepyHollowand havea goodunderstanding ofIrvings shortstoryRip Van Winkle.5Make surethestudentsunderstand clearlyabout James FenimoreCoopersLeather stockingTalesKey Pointsand DifficultPoints inTeaching1American Romanticism2Washington Irving3JamesFenimoreCooper4Rip VanWinkleTeaching Methodsand MeansLecture;Discussion;Multi-mediaTeaching Process1American Romanticism1.1General Introduction(Review Romanticismin Britishliterature)Time:from theend ofthe18th centuryto theoutbreak ofthe CivilWarReasons(Why American Romanticism emerged?)Fast developmentofthenew nation(Historically:the timeof westwardexpansion;Economically:industrialization,flood ofimmigrants,pioneers pushingthe frontierfurther westeconomic boom;Politically:democracy andpolitical equalitythe idealsofthenew nation)a promisingnew land with prevailedoptimistic moodsDevelopment ofjournalism(Some influentialperiodicals appeared,such as The AtlanticMonthly.They needmore literaryproductions.)Foreign influences(Review historyof Englishliterature.)(from the18th centuryclassicism tosentimentalism toPre-Romanticism toRomanticism7which can be dividedinto passivegroup andactive group)(most influentialBritish writerstoAmericanRomanticists-Walter Scott)General featuresof RomanticismStressing emotionrather thanreasonStressing freedomand individualityStressing idealismrather thanmaterialismWriting aboutnature,medieval legendsandwithsupernatural elements1.2Features ofAmerican Romanticism(P43-44)Imitativeagainst theliterary formsand ideasof classicism,developing somerelatively newforms offiction andor poetry,emphasizing uponthe imaginativeand emotionalqualities ofliterature,a likingfor thepicturesque,the exotic,the sensuous,the sensational,andthesupernatural(P41)Independentpeculiar Americanexperience(landscape,pioneering to the West,Indian civilization,new nations democracyand dreams)(P41-42)Puritan heritage(more moralizing,edifying morethan mereentertainment)(careful aboutlove andsex.example:Scarlet Letter)(P42)American nationalconsciousnessthe senseof mission1.3Two periodsand representatives1770sto1830sEarly periodRepresentatives:Washington Irving,JamesFenimoreCooper and New EnglandpoetTwo famouspoets:William CullenBryant(first distinctiveAmerican lyricpoet;writing aboutnature,religion andlife;famous poems-ThanatopsisandTo aWaterfowl)and HenryWadsworth Longfellow(balancing Romanticspirits withclassical andChristian taste;famouspoem-A Psalmof Life)1830sto1860sLate periodFlowering ofAmerican literatureRepresentatives:Ralph WaldoEmerson,Henry David Thoreau,Nathaniel Hawthorne,Herman Melville,Walt Whitman,Emily Dickinson,Edgar AllanPoe etc.1.4Significance ofAmerican RomanticismCreative periodofanative Americanculture andliterature2Washington Irving(1783-1859)LifeBorn ina richmerchant familyLearned lawbut moreinterested inwritingWent toEngland forfamily businessWrote tosupport himselfafter businessfailureDiplomatic workforaperiodMajor worksThe Sketch Book(a collectionof essaysand short stories)8Two famousshortstoriesinthecollection:Rip VanWinkle(Read theplot onP48-P49)andThe Legendof SleepyHollow(Read theplot onP49)FeaturesConservative(e.g.Rip feltinto sleepbefore AmericanIndependence andwoke afterit.)(love ofold worlds tradition)(an oldgentleman speakingEnglish notAmerican)Style:gentle,refined,lucid,beautiful(classical inform thoughromantic insubjects)Aim ofwriting:entertainment,not moralizingGood atcreating atmosphereThin plotHumorFinished andmusical languageVivid charactersContributions(P45)He wasthefirstAmerican writerof imaginativeliterature togain internationalfame.The shortstory asa genrein American literature probablybegan withIrvingsThe SketchBook.The fatherofAmericanLiteratureTheSketchBook marked the beginningofAmerican Romanticism.3JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)Life storyborn ina richfamilyattended Yalebut expelledfive yearsat seainherited fortuhen afortable lifewrotelotsof novelsbecause heone daywas disgustedby onenovelMajor worksLeather stockingTales(a seriesof fivenovels aboutthe frontierlife):The Pioneers,The Prairie,The Last ofthe Mohicans,The Pathfinder,The DeerslayerCentral character:Natty Bumppo(several namesfor samecharacter:Hawk-eye,the Pathfinder,the Deerslayer,Leather stocking)(atypicalfrontier man:honest,simple,innocent,generous)(represents brotherhoodof man,nature andfreedom)Theme:modern civilizationadvancing onthe wildernessandthecontradiction betweenthemFeatures.Good atinventing plots(Cooper hadnever beentothe frontier areapersonally.)Style:powerful,yet clumsyand dreadfulWooden CharactersUse ofdialect,but notauthentic(criticized byMark Twain)9ContributionsFindingthe Westandthefrontierlifeas materialsfor literaryworksIntroducing Westerntradition intoAmericanliteratureReflection Questionsand AssignmentsReflection QuestionsAmerican Romanticismgrew asa resultofabination ofinternal andexternal factorsat workthen.Discuss.Assignments1Explain WashingtonIrvings significancein Americanliterary history.2Read RipVanWinkleor TheLastoftheMohicansand makements onone ofthe aspectsin eitherwork.Lecture3AmericanRomanticismandNew England Literature:Ralph WaldoEmerson andHenry David ThoreauTeaching ContentNew EnglandTranscendentalism;Ralph WaldoEmerson;J Henry DavidThoreauTime Allotment2periodsTeaching Objectivesand Requirements1Make thestudents knowclear