如何做好英语阅读理解题a

一. 教学内容：8B 暑假专题如何做好英语阅读理解题二. 教学目标：阅读理解题型特点、解题技巧与方法、提高阅读理解能力的方法、几种学生不良的阅读习惯及阅读方法。阅读理解是对我们所学的英语知识的理解和运用能力的综合测试。从各类英语试题来看，这一项占有较大的比重，而且试题量大，难度大。 英语中的阅读是读者利用自己的语言知识和背景知识，对读物所进行的一种积极的思维过程。培养并提高学生的听说读写能力是中学英语教学的主线；使学生掌握良好的阅读方法，提高学生的阅读理解能力是当前中学教师对学生素质教育的一大课题。笔者结合多年的英语课堂教学实践，就如何提高学生的阅读理解能力作如下分析： （一）要求学生了解阅读理解的过程。阅读是对书面信息进行认识构建的心理语言的过程，了解这一过程对提高阅读效率起着决定性的作用，此过程至少可分为三大层次：1、字面理解层(Literal comprehension Level)：这一层是指读者仅仅理解文章的字面意义，辨认和回想文章大意、细节、事件发生的顺序、人物特征和因果关系等。 2、推论理解层(inferential comprehension)：这是读者根据文章的结构，从字里行间推测词义、文章大意、事件发生顺序、细节和人物特征的过程。 3、评论理解层(evaluative comprehension level)：这是读者凭借自己的阅读经验和语言能力、分析、评价文章的优劣的过程。如评估信息的确切性，事件发生的可能性以及证明事实的可信性等。 上述阅读理解的三大层次有助于我们认识它们在阅读过程中相互间的关系和作用。字面理解层主要依靠语法能力或语言能力完成；推论理解层主要依靠阅读技巧和语言能力来完成；而评价理解层则是读者与作者的观点融合的过程。 （二）做阅读理解题，一般采取以下几种方法： 、要严格按文章的内容来回答问题。 有时恰好测试的内容是你所熟悉的题材，这时千万不要按照你对这种题材已具有的知识来想当然地回答问题。要认真阅读眼前材料各方面的信息。2、带着问题读文章。阅读文章前最好把文章后面的问题先看一遍，做到心中有数，然后带着问题去阅读短文，边读边捕捉文中与问题相关的信息，初步掌握文章大意和作者意图。 3、把握住五个“W”和一个“H”。 在速读全文，了解文意的基础上，理顺思路，摸清脉络，然后把着眼点转到文章的每一个段落上，尽快把握住文章的五个 “W” (who，where，when，what，why)和一个 “H” (how)。把握住了这些，就算是抓住了整个事件的过程，即文章的细节，做题时就会收到事半功倍的效果。4、抓住文章的主题。一般来说，一篇短文往往是围绕一个中心思想展开的。短文的每个段落都有自己的主题句来表达其中心思想。因此在阅读短文时首先要找出本段的主题句，它一般在每段的开头，也有在一段的结尾的情况，或者隐含在段落中，这就要求同学们正确去判断。5、阅读必须讲究速度。 在生词率低于5%的阅读材料中，一般阅读速度在每分钟6080个单词。为达到快速阅读并提高阅读能力的目的，一定要注意不要长时间停留在某个生词上，而浪费了做其他题的时间。6、猜测词义要有方法。每一篇文章都可能有生词，这是很自然的现象。我们可以采取下列几种方法：利用构词法知识猜测词义。根据说明性词语猜测词义。利用上下文的相关信息猜测词义。从本句前后的词语来判断词义。运用已学知识猜测词义等。 7、注意认真分析文章体裁。 在记叙性文章中，要注意时间、地点、人物、事件、结果等；在史地知识和科普文章中，应注意人名、地名、数字、年代、作用、现象等(可以用铅笔在试卷上分别打上不同的记号，以便于寻找)。 8、初选答案。 对那些明显的、有把握的题可以马上确定答案，不必对其余三个答案再作推敲。对略难的题，应再查阅短文(不是重读一遍)，迅速找出依据。对一时无把握的题，可先试选一个(作记号)，待思考后再决定。 9、复读文章，核对答案。再次通读全文，联系逻辑关系，并依次检查答案。对那些拿不准的答案，要多看看，对照题目，推测判断，确保理解无误。（三）提高阅读理解能力的方法： 1、不断扩大词汇量。语言的学习是语言知识积累的过程。要求学生进行词汇的积累，能为今后的学习奠定基础。扩大词汇量的具体方法有：利用构词法猜测生词意义。常见的词缀有com-, im-, un-, dis-等前缀及-or, -ist, -tion等后缀；同时，也可利用转化法及合成法。这是扩大词汇量，提高阅读理解能力的好方法。利用语境，分析句子结构的关系，结合常识来推测词的意义，如同位语关系、反义关系、因果关系等，对文章句子理解的基础上猜测词义，加强阅读理解的能力。运用归纳法，即把同一类词归纳在一起，如把有关货币与金融的词汇、文艺与体育的词汇归纳在一起记忆。 2、巩固掌握所学语法知识。语法是语言的组织规律，是关于词形变化和组词成句的规则。熟练掌握和运用语法知识，如时态、语态、语气，从句等，有助于提高我们的阅读理解能力。 3、拓宽知识面，增加背景知识。我们要充分理解阅读材料，准确把握事因、动机、细节、写作意图和态度等，运用常识及背景知识去理解文章所传递的信息，运用读者头脑里的知识去消化、吸收文章的内容。如果对文章所涉及的历史、文化、政治、经济、宗教、风土人情等知识缺乏了解，就不能真正读懂文章的内涵，从而导致理解困难，背景知识的题材多样，内容广泛，涉及的背景知识包括天文地理、风土人情、政治历史、文化教育、科学技术、交通环境、人物传记等。这些知识要求学生在日常的学习英语过程中，要善于积累，不断地了解各国的情况，拓宽语言学习的知识面，增加自身的背景知识。 4、熟练掌握阅读技巧。 摒弃那种先看文章后看问题再看文章的作法，应先读问题后看文章。两者比较，后者不仅少看一遍文章，节约了时间，而且后者有目的性，阅读效率更高。 采用由下而上的阅读方法(the bottom up approach to reading)。读者通过从小的单位着手，如：单词、词组、句子、段落，先理解它们的意思。再将它们连接成文章，而后理解整篇文章的意思。 采用由上而下的方法(the top down approach to reading)，此方法是读者先利用他对文章主题及题型的知识，对文章中所包含的内容进行推测，然后通过自己的阅读对所猜测的内容进行校对。 当今读者将两种方法结合起来理解课文的内容，而且这种方法已越来越受到人们的欢迎，我们今后不妨也可一试。 采用浏览阅读方式，即读者很快浏览标题、副标题，从而对文章的大意有所了解，并且找出文章中一些重要的信息。而并非仔细地阅读，眼睛通常从文章的一头迅速地移到另一头，了解文章的中心大意，并且决定哪些是重要的，哪些是次要的，这种阅读方式使读者无需浪费太多的时间，就可查找出有用的内容，尽快地了解文章的大意。 采用扫描型阅读方式。即快速地阅读文章查找自己所需信息，如在电话簿中查一号码，在字典中查找某一单词的意思一样，采用此方法的关键是读者必须知道自己要找什么，而无需逐词逐句地进行阅读。这种方法适用 于读者在复习文章、研究文章、写论文、列表格、查地图。 采用细读方式(read in detail)。这种方式要求读者仔细地、深入地对文章中的字、词、句进行分析、研究。不仅要求读者了解字面意思，而且要求读者把握文章细节，了解文章所隐含的意思。 采用评读方式(critical reading)。即读者对所读文章进行评论，提出自己的观点见解。这就要求读者充分使用句法的逻辑及文章的文化背景知识，对文章作深入细致的研究，从而更好地陈述自己的观点见解。 （四）学生不良的阅读习惯及阅读方法。具体表现在： 1、慢读许多学生误认为读得越慢，理解程度越高。然而，心理学与心理语言学研究表明，阅读速度与理解率之间并无多少联系。而且实验表明，阅读速度快的人把握文章大意优于阅读速度慢的人。这时，教师要指导学生改变这种观念。要让学生自己经常进行限时阅读，在教师的指导下提高学生的阅读速度。 2、指读 这是在阅读过程中常见的一种现象。学生为了使自己集中注意力，常用手指、笔、尺等工具指着单词逐个地读。这种习惯不仅减慢了阅读速度，而且把学生的注意力集中到了书页的字行上，使学生读完了一篇文章还不知道文章的主题内容是什么。学生在阅读时应把注意力集中在作者要阐明的思想内容上，而非每个字的位置上。为了纠正这种不良习惯，教师要指导学生在平时的阅读中，不断提醒自己，克制自己，不要使用那类工具。通过长时间的训练，这种习惯是会改掉的。 3、声读 声读是部分学生在阅读时读出声来的一种不良习惯。其主要弊端是使学生的阅读速度受到了说话速度的约束。而实践证明，读者正常的默读速度是他们说话速度的两倍。养成这种不良习惯的主要原因是由于缺乏系统的默读训练或对文章的单词陌生的缘故。要克服这种不良习惯，教师要经常观察学生的嘴唇、舌头、喉头和声带的振动，多做快速阅读训练。 4、心读 这是一种最难以觉察的出声阅读形式。心读时，人体的部位如唇、舌、声带没有活动。但在学生内心深处却清晰地发出并听着每个单词的音。这种读法使文字首先转化为声音记号进入大脑，然后再转化为文字思维，等于绕了一个弯，延缓了阅读速度。克服心读的有效方法就是有意识地让学生将阅读速度加快到超过最快的讲话速度，使学生没有时间去念每个单词的音。 5、眼睛的运动 在阅读过程中，有些学生每读一个单词，眼睛就会停顿一下，而阅读速度的快慢并不等于眼睛运转的速度，而取决于眼睛停留时捕捉信息的多少，即视幅越大，阅读速度越快，实验证明：人在阅读时最大幅度可一次识别20-29个字母，一般人可识别4个词左右。克服这一坏习惯，可以推荐以一个意群为视幅，这样可以提高阅读速度，也有助于对文章、句子的理解，提高阅读的效率。 6、回视 这是学生在阅读过程中，对已经阅读过的内容不放心，而倒回去复视的现象。每人都有复视的可能，但应指导学生减少回视的次数。实践证明，回视的次数越多，阅读的速度越慢。减少回视，一要向学生提供程度不同的阅读材料，使他们觉得难度适中，树立读懂的信心。二要使学生不断地自我提醒，克服这一坏习惯。 7、心译 心译就是学生在阅读文章时，用非英语思维模式理解阅读材料，即英语母语英语，也就是说学生在阅读时先将英语译成母语，然后再经过母语去理解所读内容。在这一过程中，无形中多了一个心译过程，这是学生在掌握母语后再去学外语时常犯的一个毛病。马克思也曾说过忘掉自己的母语，再去学外语，这是学好外语的一个重要方法。要矫正这种毛病，就要让学生认识到它的害处，认识到阅读英语时用英语思维模式（英语英语）理解所阅读内容的重要性，并在平时阅读中自觉去克服方可奏效。 8、过多地依赖工具书 在阅读过程中，学生遇到不懂的单词或短语就频繁地使用工具书，这样做不但影响了阅读速度，而且因为查字典，使文章意思零乱，不利于理解其中信息，增加了阅读障碍，降低了阅读效率。克服这一习惯的方法是让学生学会猜测，掌握猜词的技巧，利用上下文意思、构词法、同义、反义、定义、解释等技巧得到词的意思。 【典型例题】例文1Most people who work in the office have a boss (老板). So do I (我也是). But my boss is a little unusual. Whats unusual about him? Its a big dog. Many men have dogs, but few men bring their dogs to the office every day. My bosss dog. Robinson, is big and brown. My boss brings him to work every day. He takes the dog to meetings and he takes the dog to lunch. When there is telephone call for my boss, I always know if he is in the office. I only look under his desk. If I see something brown and hairy (毛绒绒的) under it, I know my boss is somewhere in the office. If there is no dog , I know my boss is out. （ ）1. People _bring dogs to the office. A. usuallyB. oftenC. seldomD. sometimes （ ）2. My boss is Robinsons _. A. bossB. masterC. classmate D. teacher （ ）3. Robinson goes to meetings _ my boss. A. forB. without C. instead of (代替) D. with （ ）4. Robinson is always under the desk if the boss is _. A. in the office B. at meetingsC. out of the officeD. out of work （ ）5. The passage tells us the boss _ the dog very much. A. looks likeB. hates (恨)C. likesD. trust(信任) 【答案】C B D A C 1. 由日常生活的常识可知，很少有人带狗上班 2. 通读全文，我的boss是个人，也就是说是狗的主人 3. with有“跟某人一起”的意思，例如：I go to see a film with my parents. 5. 通过整篇文章的阅读，可以判断除C外，其他的选项都不符合原文的意思例文2Ali was working a long way from home. He wanted to send a letter to his wife, but he couldnt read and write. He had to walk all day, so he could only look for somebody to write his letter late at night. At last he found a letter writer. His name was Tom.Tom was already(已经) in bed. “It is late,” he said, “ What do you want?” “I want you to write a letter to my wife,” said Ali. Tom was not happy. He thought for a moment and then said, “Has the letter to go far?” “ What does that mean?” answered Ali.“Well, my handwriting(笔迹) is very strange, so only I can read it. And if I have to go a long way to read your letter to your wife, it will cost(花费) you a lot of money.” Ali went away quickly.( )1. Why did Ali ask Tom to write a letter for him?A. Because he was working a long way from home.B. Because he couldnt read and write.C. Because he had to work all day.D. Because he was very busy.( )2. When did he ask Tom to write the letter?A. All day. B. In the morning.C. Late at night. D. On Sunday.( )3. Why was Tom not happy? A. Because he didnt like to write letters.B. Because it was too late.C. Because he didnt want to see Ali.D. Because the letter would go far.( )4. In fact(实际上), Toms handwriting wasnt _.A. good B. poor C. so fine D. so strange( )5. Ali went away quickly. He was _.A. popular B. strange C. not happy D. not ready【答案】BCBDC例文3Mrs. Robinson worked in a big school in America. She had boys and girls in her class, and she enjoyed teaching them, because they were quick and thought about everything carefully. One day she said to the children, people in a lot of countries of Asia(亚洲) were white clothes at funerals(葬礼), but people in America and Europe(欧洲) wear white clothes when they are happy. What colour does a woman wear in the United States when she marries(结婚)?” Mary said, “White, Miss. Because shes happy.” “Thats good, Mary.” Mrs. Robinson said.“You are quite right. She wears white because shes happy.”But then one boy in the class put his hand up. “Yes, Dick!” Mrs. Robinson said. “Do you have any questions?”“Yes, Miss.” Dick said. “ Why do men wear black in this country when they marry?”( )1. From the story we know that Mrs. Robinson was_.A. a journalist B. a headmaster C. a student D. a teacher ( )2. Mrs. Robinson enjoyed teaching her students because _.A. they were her own children B. they were clever and carefulC. they were too quick to learnD. they know much about clothes( )3. A woman in the United States wear white clothes _.A. when she marries B. when she is worriedC. when she is tired D. when she is at funerals( )4. In what place do men wear black when they marry?A. In Asia B. In America C. In Cairo D. In Moscow( )5. Which one of the following is not true?A. Mrs. Robinson enjoyed teaching the children.B Mary is a clever girl.C. People in many countries in Asia wear black at funerals.D. Dick is not a clever boy.【答案】DBABC【模拟试题】（答题时间：40分钟）AAn owl is a bird with very large eyes. Those eyes make the owl look clever. The owl can not move its eyes freely as we can. It can only look straight ahead. If it wants to look at both sides, it must turn its neck. Owls make a strange noise because the owls sleep most of the day. They usually give their cries at night. The cry sounds like “Whoo! Whoo”. This strange sound sometimes frightens people at night.( ) 1. An owl looks clever because 。A. it has a beautiful body B. it has big eyesC. it can look straight ahead D. it can turn its neck( )2. An owl looks for food at night because 。A. it has large eyesB. it cant move its eyes freely as we canC. it sees better at night than during the dayD. it cant see anything at all during the day( )3. An owl eats 。A. small birds B. all kinds of birdsC. all kinds of other animals D. none of the above( )4. The cry of an owl is 。A. frightening B. good to listen toC. like a song D. like the sound of a cow( )5. Men must not kill owls because 。A. they dont do anything wrongB. they are good-looking and have two big eyesC. they cry only at nightD. they are helpful to usBIf you do not use your arm or your legs for some time, they become weak； when you start using them again, they slowly become strong again. Everybody knows that. Yet many people do not seem to know that memory works in the same way. When someone says that he has a good memory, he really means that he keeps his memory in practice by using it. When someone else says that his memory is poor he really means that he does not give it enough chance(机会) to become strong. If a friend says that his arms and legs are weak, we know that it is his own fault(过错). But if he tells us that he has a poor memory, many of us think that his parents are to blame(受责备), and few of us know that it is just his own fault. Have you ever found that some people cant read or write but usually they have better memories? This is because they cannot read or write and they have to remember things they can write down in a little notebook. They have to remember days, names, songs and stories, so their memory is the whole time being exercised. So if you want to have a good memory, learn from the people: Practice remembering.( )1. The main reason(主要原因) for one with poor memory is that .A. his father or mother may have a poor memoryB. he does not use his arms or legs for some timeC. his memory is not often usedD. he cant read or write( )2. If you do not use your arms or legs for some time, .A. you cant use them any moreB. they will become strongerC. they become weak and wont become strong until you use them againD. they will not change( )3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Your memory works in the same way as your arms or legs.B. Your memory, like your arms or legs, becomes weak if you dont give it enough chance for practice.C. Dont learn how to read and write if you want to have a better memory.D. A good memory comes from more practice.( ) 4. Some people cant read or write, but they usually have better memories, because .A. they have saved much troubleB. they have saved much time to remember thingsC. they have to use their memories all the timeD. they cant write everything in a little notebook( )5. Give a best title(标题) for this passage.A. Dont stop using Your Arms or LegsB. How To Have a Good MemoryC. Strong Arms and Good MemoriesD. Learn from the peopleCThe Farmer, His Horse, and His sonOnce there was an old farmer, with a horse which was almost as old as himself. He set out one morning with his son to sell the horse before it died. Father and son walked, because the farmer did not want the horse to be too tired. They met two men on the road who said, “Why are you walking, farmer? You have a horse, Its a long way to market(市场).” The farmer know that this was true, so he rode on the horse, while his son walked. Then they met two old women, “What are you doing up