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世界最新机械设计理念来源:中国科技期刊摘要:根据目前国内外设计学者进行机械产品设计时的主要思维特点，将产品方案的设计方法概括为系统化、结构模块化、基于产品特征知识和智能。这几种方法的特点及其相互间的有机联系，提出产品方案设计计算机实现的努力方向。关键词：机械产品方案设计方法发展趋势设计文件是将语义设计网作为设计工具，在其开发的活性语义设计网ASK中，采用结点和线条组成的网络描述设计，结点表示元件化的单元(如设计任务、功能、构件或加工设备等)，线条用以调整和定义结点间不同的语义关系，由此为设计过程中的所有活动和结果预先建立模型，使早期设计要求的定义到每一个结构的具体描述均可由关系间的定义表达，实现了计算机辅助设计过程由抽象到具体的飞跃。系统化设计方法系统化设计方法的主要特点是：将设计看成由若干个设计要素组成的一个系统，每个设计要素具有独立性，各个要素间存在着有机的联系，并具有层次性，所有的设计要素结合后，即可实现设计系统所需完成的任务。系统化设计思想于70年代由德国学者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他们以系统理论为基础，制订了设计的一般模式，倡导设计工作应具备条理性。德国工程师协会在这一设计思想的基础上，制订出标准VDI2221技术系统和产品的开发设计方法。1. 将用户需求作为产品功能特征构思、结构设计和零件设计、工艺规划、作业控制等的基础，从产品开发的宏观过程出发，利用质量功能布置方法，系统地将用户需求信息合理而有效地转换为产品开发各阶段的技术目标和作业控制规程的方法。2. 将产品看作有机体层次上的生命系统，并借助于生命系统理论，把产品的设计过程划分成功能需求层次、实现功能要求的概念层次和产品的具体设计层次。同时采用了生命系统图符抽象地表达产品的功能要求，形成产品功能系统结构。3. 将机械设计中系统科学的应用归纳为两个基本问题：一是把要设计的产品作为一个系统处理，最佳地确定其组成部分（单元）及其相互关系；二是将产品设计过程看成一个系统，根据设计目标，正确、合理地确定设计中各个方面的工作和各个不同的设计阶段。由于每个设计者研究问题的角度以及考虑问题的侧重点不同，进行方案设计时采用的具体研究方法亦存在差异。下面介绍一些具有代表性的系统化设计方法。4. 设计元素法用五个设计元素（功能、效应、效应载体、形状元素和表面参数）描述“产品解”，认为一个产品的五个设计元素值确定之后，产品的所有特征和特征值即已确定。我国亦有设计学者采用了类似方法描述产品的原理解。5. 图形建模法研制的“设计分析和引导系统”KALEIT，用层次清楚的图形描述出产品的功能结构及其相关的抽象信息，实现了系统结构、功能关系的图形化建模，以及功能层之间的联接。将设计划分成辅助方法和信息交换两个方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用图形符号、具有内容丰富的语义模型结构、可以描述集成条件、可以划分约束类型、可以实现关系间的任意结合等特点，将设计方法解与信息技术进行集成，实现了设计过程中不同抽象层间信息关系的图形化建模。6. “构思”“设计”法将产品的方案设计分成“构思”和“设计”两个阶段。“构思”阶段的任务是寻求、选择和组合满足设计任务要求的原理解。“设计”阶段的工作则是具体实现构思阶段的原理解。将方案的“构思”具体描述为：根据合适的功能结构，寻求满足设计任务要求的原理解。即功能结构中的分功能由“结构元素”实现，并将“结构元素”间的物理联接定义为“功能载体”，“功能载体”和“结构元素”间的相互作用又形成了功能示意图(机械运动简图)。方案的“设计”是根据功能示意图，先定性地描述所有的“功能载体”和“结构元素”，再定量地描述所有“结构元素”和联接件(“功能载体”)的形状及位置，得到结构示意图。Roper，H.利用图论理论，借助于由他定义的“总设计单元(GE)”、“结构元素(KE)”、“功能结构元素(FKE)”、“联接结构元素(VKE)”、“结构零件(KT)”、“结构元素零件(KET)”等概念，以及描述结构元素尺寸、位置和传动参数间相互关系的若干种简图，把设计专家凭直觉设计的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地应用现有知识的方法，并将其应用于“构思”和“设计”阶段。7. 键合图法将组成系统元件的功能分成产生能量、消耗能量、转变能量形式、传递能量等各种类型，并借用键合图表达元件的功能解，希望将基于功能的模型与键合图结合，实现功能结构的自动生成和功能结构与键合图之间的自动转换，寻求由键合图产生多个设计方案的方法。提倡在产品功能分析的基础上，将产品分解成具有某种功能的一个或几个模块化的基本结构，通过选择和组合这些模块化基本结构组建成不同的产品。这些基本结构可以是零件、部件，甚至是一个系统。本结构应该具有标准化的接口(联接和配合部)，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、层次化、灵便化、经济化，具有互换性、相容性和相关性。我国结合软件构件技术和CAD技术，将变形设计与组合设计相结合，根据分级模块化原理，将加工中心机床由大到小分为产品级、部件级、组件级和元件级，并利用专家知识和CAD技术将它们组合成不同品种、不同规格的功能模块，再由这些功能模块组合成不同的加工中心总体方案。以设计为目录作为选择变异机械结构的工具，提出将设计的解元素进行完整的、结构化的编排，形成解集设计目录。并在解集设计目录中列出评论每一个解的附加信息，非常有利于设计工程师选择解元素。网络技术的蓬勃发展，异地协同设计与制造，以及从用户对产品的功能需求设计加工装配成品这一并行工程的实现成为可能。但是，达到这些目标的重要前提条件之一，就是实现产品方案设计效果的三维可视化。为此，不仅三维图形软件、智能化设计软件愈来愈多地应用于产品的方案设计中，虚拟现实技术以及多媒体、超媒体工具也在产品的方案设计中初露锋芒。目前，德国等发达国家正着力于研究超媒体技术、产品数据交换标准STEP，以及标准虚拟现实造型语言上基于虚拟环境的标准交换格式)在产品设计中的应用。机械产品的方案设计正朝着计算机辅助实现、智能化设计和满足异地协同设计制造需求的方向迈进，由于产品方案设计计算机实现方法的研究起步较晚，目前还没有成熟的、能够达到上述目标的方案设计工具软件。作者认为，综合运用文中四种类型设计方法是达到这一目标有效途径。虽然这些方法的综合运用涉及的领域较多，不仅与机械设计的领域知识有关，而且还涉及到系统工程理论、人工智能理论、计算机软硬件工程、网络技术等各方面的领域知识，但仍然是产品方案设计必须努力的方向。国外在这方面的研究已初见成效，我国设计学者也已意识到CAD技术与国际交流合作的重要性，及其应当采取的措施。基于产品特征知识设计方法的主要特点是：用计算机能够识别的语言描述产品的特征及其设计领域专家的知识和经验，建立相应的知识库及推理机，再利用已存储的领域知识和建立的推理机制实现计算机辅助产品的方案设计。机械系统的方案设计主要是依据产品所具有的特征，以及设计领域专家的知识和经验进行推量和决策，完成机构的型、数综合。欲实现这一阶段的计算机辅助设计，必须研究知识的自动获取、表达、集成、协调、管理和使用。为此，国内外设计学者针对机械系统方案设计知识的自动化处理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可归纳为下述几种。The worlds Latest Mechanical Design Conceptssource：China Science and Technology JournalAbstract:According to scholars at home and abroad to carry out mechanicaldesign product design features of the main ideas, product design method of theprogramsummarizedassystematic,modularstructure,basedonproductcharacteristics of knowledge and wisdom. The characteristics of these methods andtheir organic connection between them and put forward to achieve the computerproduct design direction.Key words: Mechanical Product Design MethodDevelopment Trends Design documents will be Semantic Web as a design tool inthe design of its Semantic Web activity of the development of ASK, using nodes andlines to describe the design a network, nodes that components of the cell (such asdesign tasks, functions, components or processing equipment, etc. ), used to adjust thelines and definitions between nodes of different semantic relations, thus the designprocess all the activities and results of pre-built models so that the definition of theearly design requirements to the specific description of each structure can be definedby the relationship between the expression, achieved a computer-aided design process,the leap from the abstract to the concrete.Asystematic design methodThe main features of a systematic design method are: the design as designed by anumber of elements of a system, the independence of each design elements, eachelement of an organic link between the existence of, and is layered, with all the designelements , you can design systems to achieve the required task.Systematic design idea in the 70s by the German scholar Professor Pahl andBeitz, the system based on the theory they developed a general pattern of the design,advocacy design work should have organized. German Engineers Association, on thebasis of this design concept to develop a standard VDI2221 technology systems andproduct development design methods.1.The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, structuredesign and part design, process planning, job control, etc. based on the macro fromthe product development process of starting the use of quality function deploymentmethod and system to user demand information reasonably and efficiently convertedto the various stages of product development, technical goals and operational controlprocedures method.2.The level of the product life of the organism as a system, and means ofliving systems theory, the product design process can be divided into successfulhierarchy of needs to achieve the functional requirements of the conceptual level andproduct level of the specific design. At the same time life-support systems used toexpress the abstract icons of the product functional requirements, system structureformation of product features.3.The mechanical design of the application of systems science into two basicquestions: First, to be designed as a system dealing with the products, the best way todetermine its component parts (modules) and their mutual relations1; is the productdesign process as a system, according to design objectives, a correct and reasonablydetermine the various aspects of the design work and various design stage.Because each designers point of research questions and to consider the questionof emphasis, to design a specific research methods used is also different. Here aresome representative of the systematic design methods.4.Design Element MethodWith the five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector, shape, elements,and surface parameters) describe the product solutions that a product to determinethe value of the five design elements, the product of all the features and characteristicsof the value of i.e. determined. Scholars in China have adopted similar methodsdesigned to describe the products original understanding.5.Graphic modeling methodAnd developed a design analysis and guidance systems KALEIT, with thelevel of clear graphic description of a products functional structure and its associatedabstract information, to the system structure and function relationship of graphicalmodeling, and functional connection between the layers 2.Assistance will be designed to be divided into two aspects of methodology andexchange of information using the Nijssen Information Analysis Method can be usedgraphic symbols, with a rich semantic model structure, can be described as integrationconditions, can be divided into types of constraints can be achieved in relationsbetween any combination of characteristics , the design method to solve integrationand information technology to realize the design process of information betweendifferent abstraction layers between the graphical modeling.6.Concept - Design methodProducts design is divided into concept and design in two stages. Conceptphase of the task is to find, choose and mix to meet the requirements of the originalunderstanding of design tasks. Design stage of work is a concrete realization of theoriginal understanding of the conceptual stage.Of the programs idea of specific described as: In accordance with theappropriate functional structure, seeking to meet the design requirements of theoriginal understanding of the task. The functional structure of the sub-function isperformed by the structural elements to achieve, and structural elements of thephysical connection between the definition of a feature vector, feature vector andstructural elements further the interaction between the formation of the functionaldiagram ( mechanical diagram). The program design is based on functional diagram,the first qualitative description of all of the feature vector and structural elements,and then quantitatively describe all the structural elements and the connection parts( feature vectors), the shape and location to be structure diagram3. Roper, H. usinggraph theory, by means of which he defines as the total design unit (GE), structuralelements (KE), functional structural elements (FKE), connect structural elements(VKE), Structural Parts (KT), structure element part (KET) concepts, as well asdescribe the structure element size, location, and transmission parameters of theinteractions between a number of kinds of schematics, the intuitive designprofessionals have done a formal design method a description of the formation of aneffective application of existing knowledge, methods, and applied to ideas anddesign stage.7.Bond Graph MethodFunction of the composition of system components will be divided into produceenergy, consumed energy, changing energy forms, such as various types of energytransfer, and to use bond graphs to express the function component solution, hoping tofunction-based model and bond graph combine to achieve functional structure theautomatic generation and functional structure with the bond graph automaticconversion between the search for bond graph generated by a number of designmethods.To promote the product on the basis of functional analysis, the product has somefeatures broken down into one or several modular basic structure, by selection andcombination of the basic structure of these modular form into different products.These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system.The structure should have a standardized interface (connection and co-operationdepartment),andisserialized,universal,integrated,hierarchical,agile,economic-oriented, with interchangeability, compatibility and relevance. Chinascombination of software component technology and CAD technology, variant designcombined with the modular design, according to modular principle of classification,will be divided into descending Machining Center Machine Tool product level,component level, component level and component level, and use expert knowledgeand CAD technology to combine them into different species, different specificationsof functional blocks, and then by the combination of these functions into differentmodules of the overall program processing center.To design a directory as an alternative variation of the mechanical structure ofthe tool, the solution proposed by the design elements of a complete, structured layout,the formation of the solution set design catalogs. And in the solution set designed tocomment on each one listed in the directory solution additional information, is verybeneficial to design engineers select solution elements.The vigorous development of network technology, collaborative design andmanufacturing, as well as the product from the users functional requirements design processing assembly finished product of this realization of concurrentengineering possible. However, an important prerequisite to achieve these goals oneof the conditions is to realize the effect of product design three-dimensionalvisualization. To this end, three-dimensional graphics software, more and moreintelligent design software programs used in the product design, virtual realitytechnology and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product design is also its first debut.At present, Germany and other developed countries are focused on researchhypermedia technology, product data exchange standard STEP, as well as standardvirtual reality modeling language based on a standard exchange format for virtualenvironments) in the product design applications.Mechanical product design is moving in computer-aided realization of intelligentdesign and to meet the needs of distributed collaborative design and manufacture ofdirection, due to the computer product design Study on the implementation startedlate, not yet mature, to achieve the above objectives program design tools4. Authorbelieves that the integrated use of paper, four types of design method is an effectiveway to achieve this goal. Although the integrated use of these methods are moreinvolved in the field, not only with the mechanical design of the field-relatedknowledge, but also to the systems engineering theory, artificial intelligence theory,computer hardware and software engineering, network technology areas such asdomain knowledge, it is still product design must be working for. Abroad in researchin this area has achieved initial success, our scholars have been aware of CAD designtechnology and the importance of international exchange and cooperation, and itsmeasures to be taken.Feature-based design methodology of knowledge The main features are: using acomputer can identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product andits design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriateknowledge base and inference engine, re-use of stored domain knowledge and theestablishment of the inference mechanism to bring computer-aided product design.The mechanical system design is mainly based on the characteristics of a product,and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume anddecision-making, the completion of body type, the number of synthesis. To achievethis stage of computer-aided design, must study the automatic acquisition ofknowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end,the design and scholars at home and abroad program for the mechanical systemdesign knowledge of the automated processing done a lot of research work, theapproach can be summarized into the following several.目 录1.设计背景12.设计思路13.分拣机整体效果外观23.1.主要功能实现机构图23.2.硬币分拣机外观图23.3.机构爆炸图34.主要机构44.1.转盘44.2.筛选滑轨54.3.计数通道64.4.接币筒75.主要机构尺寸与动力分析计算75.1.装置尺寸计算75.1.1.转盘尺寸85.1.2.滑道尺寸105.1.3.计数通道尺寸125.2.马达选型计算125.3.轴的选择135.4.主要参数代号155.5.传感器主要控制程序硬币计数原理165.5.1.单片机165.5.2.光电传感器165.5.3.主要计数程序165.5.4.控制机构195.6.设计计算结果汇总196.硬币分拣机特点与创新点206.1.特点206.2.创新点207.应用前景218.参考文献211. 设计背景日常生活中，每天都有数以万计的硬币流通，超市、游乐场、公交公司等是硬币大量集中的场所，如果由人工清点包装硬币，效率低、速度慢，将会造成人力资源的巨大浪费，因此用机械清点包装硬币已成为未来趋势。针对超市、小型游乐场等硬币流通场所，设计出适合现状的硬币清点包装机械，以满足市场需求。本设计面向是市面上流通的第五套硬币的分拣，硬币基本物理特征属性如表1。表 1 第五套人民币基本物理特征硬币面值1元5角1角1角旧版材料钢芯镀镍钢芯镀铜合金不锈钢铝镁合金直径（mm）2520.51922.5厚度（mm）1.851.651.672.4重量（g）6.13.83.22.22. 设计思路设计的硬币分拣机功能流程与实现装置流程示意图为图1。先将硬币分拣机的启动开关打开，待电机带动转盘转起来后，再向容币壳体中投入硬币，投入的硬币经过转盘带动，带到上面的分币滑轨当中，通过安装在滑轨上的的凸台将进入到滑轨上的硬币分类，然后落入滑轨下面的计数通道中，经过计数通道上的光电传感器，从而实现计数，最后落入最下面的接币筒中，通过接币筒中的硬币包装纸来将已经装好的硬币包装起来。图 1 硬币分拣机功能流程与实现装置3. 分拣机整体效果外观3.1. 主要功能实现机构图硬币分拣机主要机构构成包括（图2）：（1）转盘；（2）筛币轨道；（3）计数通道；（4）接币筒。图 2 功能实现机构图3.2. 硬币分拣机外观图硬币分拣机总体外观如图3所示，整个硬币分拣机长390mm，宽200mm，高300mm（图4）。内部主要功能实现机构与竖直平面成20，接币筒是外接。硬币分拣机整体重量约4Kg。 图 3 机构外观图图 4整体尺寸图 转盘直径150mm，出币盒长230mm，因此箱体长度L为了节约材料，零件布局合理，取L为390mm 。3.3. 机构爆炸图图5为整个机构爆炸图。1.轴承组件；2.轴；3.转盘组件；4.电机；5.主板；6.滑轨；7.计数通道；8.接币筒；9.接币筒支架。图 5 机构爆炸图 4. 主要机构4.1. 转盘如下图所示，硬币由上至下投入容币壳体之中，转盘与竖直方向成20度夹角，大圈半径是73mm，小圈半径是45.5mm，它们之间的距离稍大于一元硬币的直径，可以容纳要分拣硬币并将其带到上面滑轨。电机带动转盘转动，转速100转/分； 凸台之间的夹角为30度，两者之间只能夹一个硬币往上传送，同时凸台可以为硬币提供支持力，从而提高带着硬币从下带到上容易度。由于筛币装置通道宽度只能允许一个硬币通过，所以硬币只能是一个一个排队进入筛币装置。转盘内圈厚度的确定。由于硬币厚度最薄为1.67mm，为了让硬币不会出现两个硬币叠放到一起而导致硬币与滑轨卡到一起，所以小圈凸起厚度要小于硬币最小厚度，故取厚度为1.5mm。同时硬币挡板上设计有隔板，隔板与转盘之间的距离小于两个硬币叠在一起的厚度，故可以有效防止两个硬币在进入滑轨时引起卡币现象发生。转盘要能够轻松的带硬币上去，则必须具有一定的粗糙度，由于硬币是金属，若转盘用金属制作，会致使转盘与硬币的摩擦中最底面的一圈越来越光滑，从而致使最后一个硬币在其中打滑带不上去，经过试验对比，选用ABS塑料效果良好，故选用其为制造材料。图 6转盘示意图 4.2. 筛选滑轨硬币由前面的转盘带入到下图所示右侧的分币滑轨，开始分拣硬币。如下图，先分出一元，图示中存在一个安装在滑轨上的斜坡台，因为斜台底部到滑轨底部的距离小于一元直径大于旧一角直径，从而改变一元硬币运动方向，导致1号处的一元硬币沿着斜台出来，而其他的硬币不改变方向，继续进入下一个轨道。同理，2号和3号出依次分出旧一角和五角。而最后的一角由于没有凸台改变轨道方向从最后的出口处出来。为了让硬币顺着斜坡台完全导出滑轨，故斜坡台的斜度必须让硬币重心偏离竖直平面。图 7 转盘滑轨连接图 图 8 滑轨示意图4.3. 计数通道硬币是由筛币装置筛选后落入图9所示的计数通道之中。由于硬币是一个一个排队进入其中，而且计数通道出口最小尺寸也大于硬币的直径，所以不会出现卡币现象。硬币落入计数通道中会经过安装在计数通道上的光电传感器，实现挡光，从而达到计数的目的。最后落入计数通道出口处的收集筒之中。图 9 计数通道示意图 4.4. 接币筒在收集筒中放好已经折好的硬币纸，当收集满时，只需拔下收集筒，顺着把筒中的包装纸倒出来并折好就完成了硬币的半包装。图 10接币筒5. 主要机构尺寸与动力分析计算 5.1. 装置尺寸计算设计壳体内圈直径比转盘大5mm，壳体厚度为2mm。尺寸都与转盘配合。 图 11壳体尺寸图5.1.1. 转盘尺寸图 12 转盘尺寸(1)容币壳体为了保证硬币随转盘转动到筛选币道而不脱离转盘根据实验设定壳体与水平面夹角为 ，图 13容币壳体截面图由硬币沿斜面下滑的条件可知即 由上可知硬币与壳体的摩擦系数需小于0.36才能保证硬币能与转盘接触，查阅资料可得，壳体选择较为轻质的铝合金和ABS满足要求，为了节省成本，选用ABS。（2） 转盘转体转盘转体与竖直方向成20夹角，为了使硬币更容易被转盘带到筛币滑道，应该把提高转盘的表面粗糙度，增大硬币与转盘摩擦系数，同时为使产品轻质，可选ABS转盘。 图 14 转盘带动硬币示意图5.1.2. 滑道尺寸滑轨内壁较为光滑，从而保证硬币有较小的滑动摩擦，从而顺利分出硬币。且为了轻质，选材可为ABS树脂。（1）安装在滑轨上的斜坡凸台的坡度计算：以滑轨侧面局部视图作为参考进行计算图15 滑轨侧面示意图以一元硬币的滑轨坡度为例，进行计算，一元出口斜坡底面离滑轨底面为L1=24滑轨厚度为L2=6要使硬币百分百从滑轨落到计数通道中，必须保证硬币重心偏离竖直面，已知滑轨与竖直面成20夹角，可计算得斜坡高度为我们设计尺寸为15.8满足所需条件同理，其他斜坡长度都比一元的要小，故设计尺寸都为15.8mm满足所需要求。（2）特定结构设计：为了让硬币更好的导入下面的计数通道中，斜坡最后设计有一个大一点的斜坡面，让硬币与斜坡台的接触面积增大，更好的改变硬币的运动轨迹，从而使它落入下面的计数通道当中。（3）尺寸设计：硬币在滑道中滑动，滑道宽度在入口保证3mm，让硬币一个一个进来，分拣滑道口则为4毫米，让硬币能在滑道中改变轨迹时不会发生卡币现象。斜坡高度正好让硬币重心能偏离竖直平面，从而保证凸台能顺利导出硬币，使其进入计数通道。图 16滑轨尺寸图 图17 安装在滑轨上的一元斜台5.1.3. 计数通道尺寸计数通道出口最小尺寸也大于硬币的直径，所以不会出现卡币现象。设计在计数通道当中掏出一个倾斜角为20的滑道，让滑轨有一定的倾斜角度，好让硬币可以自发的顺着滑轨向下落。计数通道尺寸如下图所示。 图18计数通道尺寸图5.2. 马达选型计算1）转盘转动惯量转盘选材为ABS塑料，由Cr