无机非金属材料工程专业英语 第1章.ppt

Chapter1Introduction LearningObjectives21 1HistoricalPerspective21 2MaterialsScienceandEngineering21 3WhyStudyMaterialsScienceandEngineering 41 4ClassificationofMaterials51 5AdvancedMaterials61 6ModernMaterials Needs6 汉语翻译成英文 材料科学材料工程金属材料非金属材料陶瓷材料高分子材料复合材料生物材料半导体材料先进材料 Wordsandphrases Deep seated close intimate紧密的Virtually practically infact nearly asgoodas ineffect inessence实际上地Everysegmentofoureverydaylives 日常生活的每个方面Segment section division part piece部分 片Manipulate control employ控制 使用 Designate define denote label name标记 命名Accessto approach途径Pottery pots dishesorotheritemsmadefromclayandfiredinakiln oven 陶器Alter change改变Utilization application use应用 用途Empower control驾驭 控制 Wordsandphrases Characteristic peculiarity feature trait attribute property特质Evolve produce生产Complex sophisticated复杂的Contemporary Someonewholivedorwasinaparticularplaceatthesametimeassomeoneelse Modern belongingtothepresenttime同时代的Nebulous vague Anideathatisnebulousisnotatallclearorexact 模棱两可的 Relatedto beconcernedwith相关的Encompass tocompletelycoverorsurroundsth 覆盖或环绕Realm territroy monarchy zone domain region kingdom area branch区域Agglomerate melt团聚 成块 volcanicrockconsistingoflargefragmentsfusedtogether Vocabulary Contemporary当代Stimulus激励 刺激Opaque不透明Translucent半透明Transparent透明Deep seated根深蒂固的 深层的Existence存在 实在 生活 存在物 实在物Sophisticated复杂的Forerunner先驱 者 传令官 预兆Intimately密切地 Elaboration解释 阐述Stepwise楼梯式的 逐步的Recreation消遣 娱乐segment段 节 片断Deteriorative恶化 变质 Evoke引起 唤起Interdisciplinary交叉学科Metallurgy冶金Nebulous模糊的 云雾状的Agglomerate团聚 大块Dielectriccurrent介电常数Thermalconductivity热传导 Heatcapacity热容Refraction折射 衍射Ductility延展性Overriding最重要的Prohibitive抑制Judicious明智的criterion准则 1 1Historicalperspective 观察 透视 Materialsareprobablymoredeep seated 根深蒂固的 深层的 inourculturethanmostofusrealize Transportation housing clothing communication recreation 娱乐 andfoodproduction virtually 事实上 everysegment 方面 ofoureverydaylivesisinfluencedtoonedegreeoranother 不同程度地 bymaterials Historically thedevelopmentandadvancementofsocietieshavebeenintimately 密切地 tiedtothemembers abilitytoproduceandmanipulate 使用 materialstofilltheirneeds Infact earlycivilizationshavebeendesignated 命名 bytheleveloftheirmaterialsdevelopment i e StoneAge BronzeAge IronAge Stoneage ironage Steelage Advancedmaterialsage bronzeage Theearliesthumanshadaccesstoonlyaverylimitednumberofmaterials thosethatoccurnaturally stone wood clay 粘土 skins andsoon Withtimetheydiscoveredtechniquesforproducingmaterialsthathadpropertiessuperiortothoseofthenaturalones thesenewmaterialsincludedpottery 陶器 andvariousmetals Furthermore itwasdiscoveredthatthepropertiesofamaterialcouldbealtered 改变 byheattreatmentsandbytheadditionofothersubstances Atthispoint materialsutilization 利用 wastotallyaselectionprocess thatis decidingfromagiven ratherlimitedsetofmaterialstheonethatwasbestsuitedforanapplicationbyvirtueof 凭借 itscharacteristics 特性 Itwasnotuntilrelativelyrecenttimesthatscientistcametounderstandtherelationshipbetweenstructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties Thisknowledge acquiredinthepast60yearsorso hasempowered 使能够 themtofashion shape toalargedegree 非常 thecharacteristicsofmaterials Thus tensofthousandsofdifferentmaterialshaveevolved 出现 withratherspecializedcharacteristicsthatmeettheneedsofourmodernandcomplexsociety Theseincludemetals plastics glasses andfibers Theuglybowlandthebeautifulcuparedifferentinappearance butdoyouknowthebowlistheancestorofthecupiftracebackto7000yearsago porcelain ceramics Thedevelopmentofmanytechnologiesthatmakeourexistencesocomfortablehasbeenintimatelyassociatedwiththeaccessibility 途径 ofsuitablematerials Anadvancementintheunderstandingofamaterialtypeisoftentheforerunner 先驱 tothestepwise 逐步的 progressionofatechnology Forexample automobileswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheavailability 利用 ofinexpensivesteelorsomeothercomparablesubstitute Inourcontemporary 同时代的 era sophisticated 复杂的 electronicdevicesrelyoncomponentsthataremadefromwhatarecalledsemi conducting 半导体的 materials Materialsscientistsandengineersseek try investigate寻求 tounderstandandcontrolthebasicstructureofmaterialsinordertomaketheproductsstronger lighter brighter safer fasterandbettersuited adapt fit to 适合 humanneeds Everypartinyourcarandeverypieceofyourcomputerarecarefullyselectedtooptimize 优化 performanceandcosteffectiveness 3 TaskforMaterialsscientistsandengineers 4 MaterialsScienceandEngineering MSE disciplineThedisciplineofmaterialsscienceinvolvesinvestigatingtherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthestructuresandpropertiesofmaterials Incontrast materialsengineeringis onthebasisofthesestructure propertycorrelations designingorengineeringthestructureofamaterialtoproduceapredetermined 预定的 setofproperties Throughoutthistextwedrawattentiontotherelationshipsbetweenmaterialpropertiesandstructuralelements Structure isatthispointanebulous 模糊的 termthatdeservessomeexplanation Inbrief thestructureofamaterialusuallyrelatestothearrangementofitsinternalcomponents Subatomicstructureinvolveselectronswithintheindividualatomsandinteractionswiththeirnuclei 原子核 Onanatomiclevel structureencompasses 包含 theorganizationofatomsormoleculesrelativetooneanother Thenextlargerstructuralrealm 区域 whichcontainslargegroupsofatomsthatarenormallyagglomerated 团聚 together istermed microscopic meaningthatwhichissubjecttodirectobservationusingsometypeofmicroscope Finally structuralelementsthatmaybeviewedwiththenakedeyearetermed macroscopic Thenotionof property deserveselaboration Whileinserviceuse allmaterialsareexposedtoexternalstimuli 刺激 thatevoke 唤起 sometypeofresponse Forexample aspecimensubjectedtoforceswillexperiencedeformation orapolishedmetalsurfacewillreflectlight Propertyisamaterialtrait 特性 intermsofthekindandmagnitudeofresponsetoaspecificimposed 施加的 stimulus 刺激 Generally definitionsofpropertiesaremadeindependentof 与无关 materialshapeandsize Virtuallyallimportantpropertiesofsolidmaterialsmaybegroupedintosixdifferentcategories mechanical electrical thermal magnetic optical anddeteriorative Foreachthereisacharacteristictypeofstimuluscapableofprovoking evoke differentresponses Mechanicalpropertiesrelatedeformationtoanappliedloadorforce examplesincludeelasticmodulus 弹性模量 andstrength Forelectricalproperties suchaselectricalconductivity 电导率 anddielectricconstant 介电场数 thestimulusisanelectricfield 电场 Thethermal 热的 behaviorofsolidscanberepresentedintermsofheatcapacity 热容 andthermalconductivity 热导率 Magnetic 磁性的 propertiesdemonstratetheresponseofamaterialtotheapplicationofamagneticfield 磁场 Foroptical 光学的 properties thestimulusiselectromagnetic 电磁的 orlightradiation 光辐射 indexofrefraction 折射 andreflectivity 反射 arerepresentativeopticalproperties Finally deteriorative 腐败的 characteristicsindicatethechemicalreactivity 化学反应 ofmaterials Thechaptersthatfollowdiscusspropertiesthatfallwithineachofthesesixclassifications 29 可编辑 Inadditiontostructureandproperties twootherimportantcomponentsareinvolvedinthescienceandengineeringofmaterials viz namely thatis processing 加工 and performance 性能 Withregardtotherelationshipsofthesefourcomponents thestructureofamaterialwilldependonhowitisprocessed Furthermore amaterial sperformancewillbeafunctionofitsproperties Thus theinterrelationshipbetweenprocessing structure properties andperformanceislinear asdepictedintheschematicillustrationshowninFigure1 1 Throughoutthistextwedrawattentiontotherelationshipsamongthesefourcomponentsintermsofthedesign production andutilizationofmaterials MaterialsScienceandEngineering MSE isthediscipline 学科 devotedto 专心于 helpinghumanbeingsusematerialsmoreeffectively 有力的 andefficiently 有效的 Thestoryofmaterialsisanancientonethatbeganwithhumanitylearningtoshape 成形 rockandworkmetal Fromtheprehistoricbeginning thestoryofhumanadvancesinmaterialscontinuestounfold 展开 Forexample thedevelopmentofsteelspermittedthebuildingofskyscrapersandsuspensionbridges advancesinsiliconbasedtechnologyprovidedthefoundationforelectronicsandcomputers Newbiomaterialshaveresultedinmedicalbreakthroughsthatsaveandimprovelives Materialsscientistsandengineersfocusonthemanipulationofatomicscalestructuretochangematerialsproperties Thisfocushaspushedourdisciplinetotheforefront 最前沿 ofdevelopingandapplyingnewtoolstoobserveandmanipulatematteratthesmallestscales Theseadvancescontinuetoplayanimportantpartintheemergenceoffieldssuchasnanotechnologyatthebeginningofthe21stcentury 5ThefutureofhumanitydependsonourwiseuseofmaterialsMostofthetechnologicalinnovationsthatweassociatewithcontemporary 现代 lifehaveinvolvedsomemajoradvanceinmaterialsprocessingorapplication Automobiles satellites televisions computersandDVDplayersallwouldnotbepossiblewithoutadvancesinpolymers ceramics metalsandsemiconductors Newadvancesarebeingpioneeredinourlaboratories Thedirectthreatofglobalwarminganddwindling 缩小 fossilfuelresourceshavemadetheefficientuseofenergyapriority 优先 MSEfacultyandstudentsworkactivelytomakelight weightenginecomponentsoutofaluminumandmagnesiuminordertoboost 促进 增强 fuelefficiency Theyalsopioneerimprovedhigh temperaturematerialsthatareimportantforefficientjetenginesandelectricitygeneration Torestorehearingtodeafpeopleandsighttoblindpeopleprostheticdevicesmustmakecontactbetweenthebrainandamicrophoneorcamera MSEfacultyandstudentsworktofindwaystoInterface 界面 silicontechnologytoneuraltissue 神经组织 Thisrequiresthedevelopmentofcoatingsthatarebiocompatible 生物相容的 andelectricallyconducting Moore slawstatesthatthenumberoftransistors 晶体管 onthelatestcomputerchipdoublesapproximatelyevery18months Thistranslatesintomorememoryandfaster cheapercomputers Butthereisalimittothedensityoftransistorsthatcanbeplacedonacomputerchipusingcurrenttechnology MSEfacultyandstudentsdevelopmethodstospontaneously 自发 generatestructuresafewtenstohundredsofatomsacrosstoformthebasisforquantum 量子 computers Thesenextgenerationcomputerswillexploitthephysicsofquantumconfinement 量子陷阱 thatdominateatthattinyscale Makingcomponentsoutofnewmaterialsofteninvolvesanextensivecycleofdesign creation testingandredesign Thisprocessiscostlyandtimeconsuming MSEfacultyandstudentsdevelopcomputersimulationtechniquestopredictmaterialbehaviorsuchasresistancetofailure stability andhightemperatureformability Thesecomputingadvancesspeedthewaytowardtheintroductionofnewmaterialsinasafeandcost effectivemanner Buildingonasolidfoundationandbridgingmanyfields CourseworkintheMSEdepartmentemphasizestherelationshipbetweenhowamaterialisprocessed itsstructureandtheresultingpropertiesandisbuiltonafirmgroundinginphysicsandchemistry Hands onlearningandaccesstosophisticatedinstrumentationallowstudentstogainvaluableexperienceincharacterizingmaterialsstructureandproperties youcanbeapoliceusingSEMorTEM Becausematerialsenablenewproductsandtechnologies itisnearlyimpossibletofindanengineeringdisciplinethatdoesnotinterfaceinsomewaywithMaterialsScienceandEngineering Thisisespeciallytrueformechanical aerospace electrical chemicalandbiomedicalengineeringwheredualmajorsareoftenpursued 1 2Materialsscienceandengineering1 TermsofdefinitionMaterialsScience investigatingtherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthestructuresandpropertiesofmaterials MaterialsEngineering onthebasisofstructure propertycorrelations designingorengineeringthestructureofamaterialtoproduceapredeterminedsetofproperties Structure Anebulous 模糊 term Inbrief thearrangementofitsinternalcomponentsSubatomicstructure involveselectronswithintheindividualatomsandinteractionswiththeirnucleiAtatomiclevel structureencompassestheorganizationofatomsormoleculesrelativetooneanother microscopic 显微 alargegroupofatomsagglomeratedtogether Macroscopic 宏观 wherethestructureelementsmightbeviewedbynakedeye property 1 amaterialtrait 特性 intermsofthekindandmagnitudeofresponsetoaspecificimposedstimulus Examples AloadedsteelbarwillbedeformedAheatedplasticplatewillbesoftenedApolishedmetalsurfacewillreflectlight 1 Mechanical2 electrical3 thermal4 Magnetic5 optical6 deteriorative 变质 化学 aelasticmodulusb indexofrefractionc strengthd reflectivitye thermalconductivityf heatcapacityg electricalconductivityh plasticityI electromagneticj lightradiationchemicalreactivityDielectricconstant Virtuallyallimportantpropertiesofsolidmaterialsmaybegroupedintosixdifferentproperty Inadditiontostructureandproperties processingandperformanceareanothertwoimportantcomponentsforMSE Fourcomponentsthatareinvolvedinthedesign productionandutilizationofmaterialsprocessing structure properties performance Threethinaluminumdiskspecimensplacedoverprintedmatter fromlefttorighttheyaretransparent translucentandopaque why Becausetheyareprocesseddifferently thenhavedifferentstructure differentstructureleadstodifferentpropertiesandiftheyareputintouse theperformancemustbedifferenttoo 1 3WhystudyMaterialsscienceandengineering Manyanappliedscientistorengineerwillatonetimeoranother whethermechanical civil 土木 chemical orelectrical beexposedtoadesignprobleminvolvingmaterials Examplesmightincludeatransmissiongear 传动齿轮 thesuperstructureforabuilding anoilrefinery 炼油厂 component oranintegratedcircuitchip 集成电路板 Ofcourse materialsscientistsandengineersaresuchspecialistwhoaretotallyinvolvedintheinvestigationanddesignofmaterials Forthemtrytoselectionpropermaterialstofulfillspecificpurposeisnoteasy Threecriteriathatareimportantinthematerialsselectionpurpose 1 In serviceconditionsmustbecharact