陶瓷画线机 陶瓷单色自动画线机设计（全套含CAD图纸）
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400COMMONWEALTHDRIVE,WARRENDALE,PA150960001USATEL7247764841FAX7247765760WEBWWWSAEORGSAETECHNICALPAPERSERIES2002011691DEVELOPINGNEXTGENERATIONAXLEFLUIDSPARTITESTMETHODOLOGYTOMEASUREDURABILITYANDTEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTIESOFAXLEGEAROILSEDWARDSAKUCEWICH,JAMESNVINCI,FARRUKHSQURESHIANDROBERTWCAINTHELUBRIZOLCORPORATIONINTERNATIONALSPRINGFUELSLUBRICANTSMEETINGEXHIBITIONRENO,NEVADAMAY69,2002THEAPPEARANCEOFTHISISSNCODEATTHEBOTTOMOFTHISPAGEINDICATESSAESCONSENTTHATCOPIESOFTHEPAPERMAYBEMADEFORPERSONALORINTERNALUSEOFSPECIFICCLIENTSTHISCONSENTISGIVENONTHECONDITION,HOWEVER,THATTHECOPIERPAYAPERARTICLECOPYFEETHROUGHTHECOPYRIGHTCLEARANCECENTER,INCOPERATIONSCENTER,222ROSEWOODDRIVE,DANVERS,MA01923FORCOPYINGBEYONDTHATPERMITTEDBYSECTIONS107OR108OFTHEUSCOPYRIGHTLAWTHISCONSENTDOESNOTEXTENDTOOTHERKINDSOFCOPYINGSUCHASCOPYINGFORGENERALDISTRIBUTION,FORADVERTISINGORPROMOTIONALPURPOSES,FORCREATINGNEWCOLLECTIVEWORKS,ORFORRESALEQUANTITYREPRINTRATESCANBEOBTAINEDFROMTHECUSTOMERSALESANDSATISFACTIONDEPARTMENTTOREQUESTPERMISSIONTOREPRINTATECHNICALPAPERORPERMISSIONTOUSECOPYRIGHTEDSAEPUBLICATIONSINOTHERWORKS,CONTACTTHESAEPUBLICATIONSGROUPNOPARTOFTHISPUBLICATIONMAYBEREPRODUCEDINANYFORM,INANELECTRONICRETRIEVALSYSTEMOROTHERWISE,WITHOUTTHEPRIORWRITTENPERMISSIONOFTHEPUBLISHERISSN01487191COPYRIGHT2002SOCIETYOFAUTOMOTIVEENGINEERS,INCPOSITIONSANDOPINIONSADVANCEDINTHISPAPERARETHOSEOFTHEAUTHORSANDNOTNECESSARILYTHOSEOFSAETHEAUTHORISSOLELYRESPONSIBLEFORTHECONTENTOFTHEPAPERAPROCESSISAVAILABLEBYWHICHDISCUSSIONSWILLBEPRINTEDWITHTHEPAPERIFITISPUBLISHEDINSAETRANSACTIONSFORPERMISSIONTOPUBLISHTHISPAPERINFULLORINPART,CONTACTTHESAEPUBLICATIONSGROUPPERSONSWISHINGTOSUBMITPAPERSTOBECONSIDEREDFORPRESENTATIONORPUBLICATIONTHROUGHSAESHOULDSENDTHEMANUSCRIPTORA300WORDABSTRACTOFAPROPOSEDMANUSCRIPTTOSECRETARY,ENGINEERINGMEETINGSBOARD,SAEPRINTEDINUSAALLSAEPAPERS,STANDARDS,ANDSELECTEDBOOKSAREABSTRACTEDANDINDEXEDINTHEGLOBALMOBILITYDATABASEABSTRACTLIGHTTRUCKSANDSPORTUTILITYVEHICLESSUVSHAVEBECOMEEXTREMELYPOPULARINTHEUNITEDSTATESINRECENTYEARS,BUTTHISSHIFTTOLARGERPASSENGERVEHICLESHASPLACEDNEWDEMANDSUPONTHEGEARLUBRICANTTHEKEYCHALLENGEFACINGVEHICLEMANUFACTURERSINNORTHAMERICAISMEETINGGOVERNMENTMANDATEDFUELECONOMYREQUIREMENTSWHILEMAINTAININGDURABILITYGEAROILSMUSTPROVIDELONGTERMDURABILITYANDOPERATINGTEMPERATURECONTROLINORDERTOINCREASEEQUIPMENTLIFEUNDERSEVERECONDITIONSWHILEMAINTAININGFUELEFFICIENCYTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAFULLSCALELIGHTDUTYAXLETESTTHATSIMULATESAVARIETYOFDIFFERENTDRIVINGCONDITIONSTHATCANBEUSEDTOMEASURETEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTIESOFGEAROILFORMULATIONSTHEWORKPRESENTEDHEREOUTLINESATESTMETHODOLOGYTHATALLOWSGEAROILFORMULATIONSTOBECOMPAREDWITHEACHOTHERWHILEACCOUNTINGFORAXLECHANGESDUETOWEARANDCONDITIONINGDURINGTESTINGRESULTSARESHOWNFROMAVARIETYOFDIFFERENTAXLECONFIGURATIONSANDLOADINGCONDITIONSTHISTESTMETHODSHOWSTHEIMPORTANCEOFACCOUNTINGFORCHANGESINTHEAXLEWHENCOMPARINGTESTRESULTSWHENEVERSEVERECONDITIONSAREEXPERIENCEDINTRODUCTIONWITHINTHELASTFEWYEARS,THEREHASBEENARENEWEDDESIRETOMAKEFUELECONOMYIMPROVEMENTSINNORTHAMERICASLIGHTTRUCKSANDSPORTUTILITYVEHICLESSUVSVEHICLEMANUFACTURERSHAVESETAGGRESSIVEFUELEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTOBJECTIVESFORTHESEVEHICLESBECAUSEOFTHIS,GEARLUBRICANTSHAVEBEENTARGETEDTOCONTRIBUTEFUELECONOMYIMPROVEMENTSOVERTHECURRENTPRODUCTSUSEDINTHESEAPPLICATIONSTHISISNOTASEASYASITMAYSEEMINADDITIONTOACCEPTABLEFUELECONOMY,GEARLUBRICANTSAREREQUIREDTOPROTECTAXLECOMPONENTSUNDERAVARIETYOFSTRESSEDCONDITIONSTHESEINCLUDEHIGHSPEEDSCUFFING,LOWSPEED,HIGHTORQUEWEAR,CORROSIONANDOXIDATIONINLIGHTTRUCKANDRACINGAPPLICATIONS,GEAROILSMUSTPROVIDELONGTERMDURABILITYANDOPERATINGTEMPERATURECONTROLUNDEREXTREMECONDITIONS,SUCHASTRAILERTOWINGOREXTENDEDHIGHSPEEDAPPLICATIONSHIGHEROPERATINGTEMPERATURESFORPROLONGEDPERIODSCANADVERSELYAFFECTMETALLURGICALPROPERTIESANDREDUCEFLUIDFILMTHICKNESS,BOTHOFWHICHCANLEADTOPREMATUREEQUIPMENTFAILURESINOURVIEW,OPERATINGTEMPERATUREISANIMPORTANTINDICATOROFDURABILITYWHILEFUELECONOMYISNOWTHEDRIVINGFORCEINNEXTGENERATIONLUBRICANTDEVELOPMENT,ITISCLEARLYRECOGNIZEDTHATANYIMPROVEMENTSINFUELECONOMYMUSTNOTBEATTHEEXPENSEOFAXLEDURABILITYORPERFORMANCEFUELECONOMYIMPROVEMENTSCANBEMEASUREDVIATHEUSEPA55/45DRIVINGCYCLES1AUTOMOTIVEMANUFACTURERSUSETHISTESTTOCERTIFYAVEHICLESFUELECONOMYTHISTESTCANALSOBEUSEDTOSHOWFUELECONOMYIMPROVEMENTSINGEAROILLUBRICANTSMANYMANUFACTURERSFEELTHATSTABILIZEDOPERATINGTEMPERATUREUNDERTHEPROPERCONTROLLEDCONDITIONSISANIMPORTANTINDICATOROFTHEDURABILITYPERFORMANCEOFALUBRICANTUNDERSEVERECONDITIONSINTHECASEOFOPERATINGTEMPERATUREASSESSMENT,THEREEXISTSNOSTANDARDTESTMETHODORMETHODOLOGYTYPICALLY,WHENAPPLIEDINALABORATORYTESTSTANDASINGLEAXLEISBROKENINANDTHENUSEDREPEATEDLYTOEVALUATEMANYLUBRICANTSUNDERSEVERECONDITIONS,THESTABILIZEDOPERATINGTEMPERATURESFORAGIVENREFERENCEOILDECREASESEACHTIMEITISRUNINANAXLEASTHENUMBEROFTESTRUNSONANAXLEINCREASESTHESTABILIZEDOPERATINGTEMPERATUREOFTHEREFERENCEOILISLOWERTHISPOSESAPROBLEMWHENEVALUATINGCANDIDATELUBRICANTSWITHACHANGINGTARGET,HOWCANALUBRICANTBEACCURATELYEVALUATEDTHISPAPERDESCRIBESALABORATORYTESTMETHODTHATACCOUNTSFORTESTTOTESTCHANGESINTHEAXLEANDGIVESTHELUBRICANTFORMULATORANACCURATEWAYOFCOMPARINGTESTRESULTSINADDITION,COMMONPITFALLSOFTHISMETHODANDOPERATINGGUIDELINESWILLBEDESCRIBED2002011691DEVELOPINGNEXTGENERATIONAXLEFLUIDSPARTITESTMETHODOLOGYTOMEASUREDURABILITYANDTEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTIESOFAXLEGEAROILSEDWARDSAKUCEWICH,JAMESNVINCI,FARRUKHSQURESHIANDROBERTWCAINTHELUBRIZOLCORPORATIONCOPYRIGHT2002SOCIETYOFAUTOMOTIVEENGINEERS,INC2THEREMAINDEROFTHISPAPERISDIVIDEDINTOFOURPARTSFIRST,THETESTSTANDUSEDTODEVELOPANDUTILIZETHETESTPROCEDUREISDESCRIBEDSECOND,THETESTMETHODOLOGYISDISCUSSEDINDETAILTHETHIRDSECTIONFOCUSESONPRESENTINGTESTRESULTSTHATDEMONSTRATETHEUSEFULNESSOFTHETESTMETHODOLOGYFINALLY,THELASTSECTIONSUMMARIZESTHEPAPERSFINDINGSANDOFFERSSOMECONCLUSIONSPART1AXLETESTSTANDCONFIGURATIONTHISFULLSCALEAXLEDYNAMOMETERTESTSTANDWASDESIGNEDANDSETUPTOSIMULATEAVARIETYOFOPERATINGCONDITIONSASCHEMATICOFTHETESTSTANDISSHOWNINFIGURE1THISFIGUREILLUSTRATESTHEAXLERIGANDITSMAJORCOMPONENTSFIGURE2SHOWSAPICTUREOFTHETESTSTANDFIGURE1SCHEMATICOFAXLETESTSTANDINPUTTORQUEOUTPUTTORQUEMETER2OUTPUTTORQUEMETER1BOXSHROUDFANOPTIONALENGINEV8GASOLINEDYNAMOMETERDYNAMOMETERSPEEDINCREASERSPEEDINCREASER3FIGURE2PHOTOGRAPHOFTESTSTANDSTANDCONFIGURATIONPOWERISSUPPLIEDTOTHEAXLEBYAGASOLINEFUELED74LITERV8ENGINETHROUGHAHEAVYDUTY4SPEEDAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONTHATCANBEAUTOMATICALLYSHIFTEDBYTHEDATAACQUISITIONANDCONTROLDACSYSTEMTHEAXLEUSEDFORLUBRICANTEVALUATIONISRIGIDLYMOUNTEDTOTHESTANDTHEPOWERDRIVENTHROUGHTHEAXLEISABSORBEDBYTWOAIRGAPEDDYCURRENTDYNAMOMETERSASPEEDINCREASERISPLACEDBETWEENTHEAXLEWHEELENDANDTHEDYNAMOMETERTOBOOSTOUTPUTSPEEDTOTHEDYNAMOMETERFORLOWSPEEDAPPLICATIONSTHESTANDUSEDISFLEXIBLEANDWITHAQUICKCHANGEOFTORQUEMETERSAND/ORAXLEFIXTURESISABLETOACCOMMODATEAWIDERANGEOFAXLESIZES,FROMSMALLPASSENGERVEHICLEAXLESTOLARGEONHIGHWAYTRUCKAXLESTORQUEMETERSASINGLEINLINETORQUEMETERINTEGRALTOTHEDRIVESHAFTMEASURESTHEINPUTPINIONTORQUETOTHEAXLETWOINLINETORQUEMETERSMEASURETHEOUTPUTTORQUEFROMTHEAXLETOTHEDYNAMOMETERSONEOUTPUTTORQUEMETERHASBEENPLACEDBETWEENEACHAXLEWHEELENDANDSPEEDINCREASERINADDITION,THETORQUEMETERSUSEDARETHEENHANCEDACCURACY,DCOPERATEDMODELSTHISWASDONETOINCREASEANDMAINTAINAHIGHDEGREEOFACCURACYANDREPEATABILITYTHESETORQUEMETERSAREPERIODICALLYDEADWEIGHTCALIBRATEDTOINSUREACCURATETORQUEMEASUREMENTSAXLECOOLINGANDTEMPERATUREMONITORINGBEHINDTHEAXLEAFANISPOSITIONEDTOPROVIDEAIRFLOWACROSSTHEAXLETHISWASDONETOSIMULATETHEACTUALAIRFLOWCOOLINGEXPERIENCEDINFIELDTESTSTHEFANSPEED,SIZEANDPOSITIONWERESELECTEDTOPRODUCETEMPERATURESINTHEAXLEWHICHMATCHFIELDTESTDATAFORTHEAXLEBEINGTESTEDINADDITION,TWOWATERSPRAYNOZZLESAREPOSITIONEDAROUNDTHEAXLETHESESPRAYNOZZLESAREUSEDFORTWOPURPOSESFIRST,THEYAREUSEDTOCONTROLTHELUBRICANTTEMPERATUREDURINGAXLEBREAKINSECOND,THEYPROVIDEPROTECTIONAGAINSTHIGHAXLELUBRICANTTEMPERATURESDEPENDINGUPONTHELUBRICANTUNDEREVALUATION,THISTESTPROCEDUREHASTHEPOTENTIALOFEXPERIENCINGVERYHIGHAXLELUBRICANT4TEMPERATURESTOPROTECTTHEAXLE,HIGHTEMPERATURELIMITSHAVEBEENPUTINPLACEFOREACHTESTSTAGEANOTHERMAJORCONCERNISTHEMEASUREMENTOFTHEAMBIENTAIRANDAXLELUBRICANTTEMPERATURESTHUS,CAREWASTAKENTOPROPERLYPOSITIONTHETHERMOCOUPLESTHEAXLELUBRICANTTEMPERATUREISMEASUREDBYATHERMOCOUPLEPOSITIONEDDIRECTLYNEXTTOTHEAXLERINGGEARTHETHERMOCOUPLEISHELDINPLACEBYASPECIALLYMODIFIEDAXLECOVERTHEAMBIENTAIRTEMPERATUREISMEASUREDBYPLACINGATHERMOCOUPLEINTHEAIRSTREAMPRODUCEDBYTHEFANBOTHTHERMOCOUPLESAREPERIODICALLYCALIBRATEDTOINSUREACCURATETEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTSDATAACQUISITIONANDCONTROLSYSTEMADSPREDLINEADAPT/MRTPSYSTEMISUSEDTOCONTROLTHEOPERATIONOFTHESTANDANDTOACQUIREDATATHROUGHOUTTHETESTINADDITIONTOTHEAMBIENTANDLUBRICANTTEMPERATURES,THISSYSTEMMONITORSANDRECORDSADDITIONALTEMPERATURESENGINEOIL,TRANSMISSIONOIL,DYNO,GEARBOX,FUEL,ANDCOOLANT,TORQUESINPUTANDTWOOUTPUTS,SPEEDSENGINE,PINION,AXLESHAFTS,ANDDYNOSANDAXLEEFFICIENCYRATIOOFOUTPUTTORQUETOINPUTTORQUETHROUGHOUTTHETESTDATAISLOGGEDPERIODICALLYTHISSYSTEMCONTROLSTHEOPERATIONOFTHESTANDWITHFIVECONTROLLOOPSTWOCONTROLLOOPSAREUSEDTOMAINTAINTHEDESIREDPINIONSPEEDTHISISDONEBYMODULATINGEACHDYNAMOMETERCURRENTTOACHIEVEADESIREDPINIONRPMTHELOADONTHEPINIONISMAINTAINEDBYADJUSTINGTHEENGINETHROTTLEAFOURTHCONTROLLOOPISUSEDTOCONTROLTHEAXLELUBRICANTTEMPERATUREDURINGAXLEBREAKINANDTOPREVENTHIGHTEMPERATURESFROMDAMAGINGTHEAXLEDURINGLUBRICANTEVALUATIONSFINALLY,AFIFTHCONTROLLOOPISUSEDTOINSURETHATTHEAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONISRUNNINGEACHTESTSTAGEINTHEAPPROPRIATEGEARITISIMPORTANTTHATTHEAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONISOPERATINGINTHEPROPERGEARSOMEOFTHETESTSTAGESDURINGTHISTESTRUNATRELATIVELYHIGHLOADSPREMATUREFAILUREWILLOCCURIFTHETRANSMISSIONDOESNOTOPERATEINTHEAPPROPRIATEGEARFORAGIVENTESTSTAGEPART2TESTMETHODINGENERAL,THEEVALUATIONOFTHELUBRICANTSDURABILITYWASASSESSEDBYDETERMININGITSSTABILIZEDOPERATINGTEMPERATUREANDAXLEEFFICIENCYATANUMBEROFDISCRETESPEED/TORQUECONDITIONSTHETESTPROCEDUREUSEDISDESCRIBEDBELOWREFERENCEOILSREFERENCEOILSARECRITICALTOTHISTESTMETHODOLOGYFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHISTESTPROCEDUREANDEVALUATIONOFLUBRICANTS,TWOREFERENCEOILSWEREUSEDTHEFLUIDSUSEDASREFERENCEOILSAREASFOLLOWSGOODREFERENCESYNTHETICSAE75W140POORREFERENCESYNTHETICSAE75W90THEGOODREFERE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CCURSWITHTHEAXLEEFFICIENCYMEASUREMENTSONTESTAXLESTHEAXLEEFFICIENCYGRADUALLYINCREASESASTHENUMBEROFTESTSONANAXLEINCREASESFIGURE5SHOWSTHECHANGESINTHEAXLEEFFICIENCYANDTHEREFERENCETARGETEFFICIENCYEQUATIONDEVELOPEDFROMTHETESTRESULTSSTABILIZEDAXLETEMPERATUREGOODREFERENCEOILSTAGEVCONDITIONSY00172X214508X23702R209302200210220230240250260INCREASEDAXLERUNSCORRECTEDTEMPERATUREDEGF8FIGURE5STABILIZEDAXLEEFFICIENCYVALUESFORTHEGOODREFERENCEOILOVERLIFEOFATESTAXLEUNDERSTAGEIICONDITIONSITHASBEENOUREXPERIENCEWITHTHISTESTPROCEDURETHATTHESTABILIZEDAXLEEFFICIENCYFORANYTESTSTAGEISINVERSELYPROPORTIONALTOTHESTABILIZEDOPERATINGTEMPERATURETHEHIGHERTHEEFFICIENCY,THELOWERTHEOPERATINGTEMPERATURETHUSOURPRIMARYFOCUSINTHEPAPERISONTHEOPERATINGTEMPERATURESANDNOTTHEAXLEEFFICIENCIESTHETESTMETHODOLOGYDESCRIBEDINTHISPAPERCANBEAPPLIEDTOBOTHASSESSMENTOFTESTREPEATABILITYTESTREPEATABILITYCANBEESTIMATEDFROMTHEREFERENCETESTRESULTSONEACHAXLETHISISDONEBYCOMPARINGTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEACTUALSTABILIZEDOPERATINGTEMPERATUREANDTHECALCULATEDREFERENCETARGETTEMPERATUREFOREACHREFERENCETESTINANAXLEFORAGIVENTESTSTAGEFOREXAMPLE,THETESTREPEATABILITYWASCALCULATEDTOBE59FFORSTAGEVCONDITIONSSHOWNINFIGURE4OUREXPERIENCEHASBEENTHATREPEATABILITYESTIMATESRANGEFROM05TO80FDEPENDINGUPONTHETESTSTAGERUN,AXLEUSEDANDLUBRICANTSTESTED3,4THETESTREPEATABILITYONANYGIVENAXLEISGREATLYAFFECTEDBYTHEQUALITYOFTHECANDIDATEOILSTESTEDRUNNINGAPOORQUALITYOILAFFECTSTHERESULTSOFTHETESTSTHATRUNONTHEAXLEAFTERITFINISHESTHISINTRODUCESADDITIONALVARIABILITYINTHETESTSTANDTHUSITISIMPORTANTTORUNGOODQUALITYOILSTOMINIMIZEVARIABILITYPART3TESTRESULTSTESTRESULTSPRESENTEDINTHISPAPERAREFOCUSEDONDEMONSTRATINGTHEVALIDITYOFTHISTESTPROCEDUREFORUSEASATOOLTOEVALUATETHETEMPERATUREREDUCINGCAPABILITIESOFLUBRICANTSUNDERSEVEREOPERATINGCONDITIONSTHISSECTIONISDIVIDEDINTOTHREEPARTSFIELDTESTCORRELATIONTHETESTSTAGESDESCRIBEDEARLIERWEREDEVELOPEDFROMFIELDTESTSDATATHEYAREDESIGNEDTOREPRESENTACTUALCONDITIONSEXPERIENCEDBYVEHICLESINUSERESULTSPRODUCEDBYTHETESTSTANDWERECOMPAREDTORESULTSFROMTHEFIELDMODIFICATIONSWEREMADETOTHESTANDAXLEAIRFLOWSYSTEMUNTILTHESTANDSTESTRESULTSMATCHEDTHEFIELDTESTRESULTSTHECOMPARISONSWEREMADEBETWEENKNOWNOILSRUNINFIELDTESTVEHICLESANDTHETESTSTANDFORTHISTEST,WECOMPAREDTHELABORATORYTESTRESULTSFORBOTHTHEPOORANDGOODREFERENCEOILSWITHTHESAMEOILSRUNINTHEFIELDTESTSTABILIZEDAXLEEFFICIENCYGOODREFERENCEOILSTAGEIICONDITIONSY0001X200136X9777R2094769797197297397497597697797897998INCREASEDAXLERUNSAXLEEFFICIENCYPERCENT9COMPARISONMETHODDIFFERENCESFROMTHEEQUATIONSDEVELOPEDABOVE,AREFERENCETARGETTEMPERATURECANBECALCULATEDFOREACHTESTRUNFIGURE6SHOWSTHEIMPROVEMENTINOILASSESSMENTSTHATCANBEMADEBYUSINGTHEREFERENCETARGETMETHODFIGURE6SHOWSACOMPARISONBETWEENTWOEVALUATIONMETHODSBOTHMETHODSCOMPARECANDIDATETESTRESULTSWITHTHEGOODREFERENCEOILTESTRESULTSFORASINGLETESTSTAGETESTRUNS1,2,5,8,11AND14WEREGOODREFERENCERUNSMETHOD1ISCOMPARINGTHECANDIDATEOILSTABILIZEDLUBRICANTTEMPERATURETOTHELASTREFERENCEOILSTABILIZEDTEMPERATURERESULTMETHOD2ISCOMPARINGACANDIDATEOILSTABILIZEDLU
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