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ly 油菜 联合收割机 圆筒 设计

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学院专业论文题目4LY180型油菜联合收割机双圆筒筛及粮箱的设计学生姓名学号起讫日期指导教师姓名（签名）指导教师职称指导教师工作单位院（系）领导签名下发任务书日期20年月日题目4LY180型油菜联合收割机的设计（双圆筒筛及粮箱的设计）论文时间20年月日至20年月日课题的主要内容及要求含技术要求、图表要求等圆筒筛长选L1200MM圆筒筛直径D450MM双圆筒筛是清选装置，它主要是在改进其他清选装置而设计的。一般清选装置都是平的，利用其振动来达到清选的目的，而双圆筒筛清选装置可以消除振动。其动力由主电机提供，通过带轮传送到轴上，再通过链轮使两圆筒筛同时转动。清选下来的油菜籽通过输送搅龙输送到粮箱。而粮箱的设计重点在出粮口。用压杆和弹簧设计了一个自动夹紧装置，可以把蛇皮袋夹在上面让其自动工作，减轻工人的劳动强度。粮箱上带有扶手，供工人扶手用。粮箱顶上有盖子，防止雨水及杂物落入其中。课题的实施的方法、步骤及工作量要求1查阅有关资料和设计手册，了解国家或行业对油菜联合收割机的要求等；2确定试验方案，拟定满足设计要求的原理图；3确定4LY180型油菜联合收割机双圆筒筛及粮箱的设计方案，完成总装配图及零件图，完成图纸工作量累计3张零号图纸以上；4完成外文翻译汉字3000字以上；5完成毕业设计说明书（1万汉字以上）。指定参考文献1农业机械学（上），中国农业机械化科学研究院编，机械工业出版社2农业机械学（下），吴守一编，中国农业机械出版社3机械设计手册（单行本）机械传动，成大先主编，化学工业出版社4机械设计手册（单行本）轴及其连接，成大先主编，化学工业出版社5机械设计手册（单行本）轴承，成大先主编，化学工业出版社6机械设计手册（新版第三卷），机械设计手册编委会，机械工业出版社7机械设计手册（第四版，第1,2,3,4,5卷），成大先主编，化学工业出版社8材料力学（第三版上、下册），刘鸿文主编，高等教育出版社毕业设计论文进度计划以周为单位第1周（2014年2月24日2014年2月28日）下达设计任务书，明确任务，熟悉课题，收集资料，上交外文翻译、参考文献和开题报告第2周第3周（2014年3月3日2013年3月14日）制定总体方案，绘制总装图草图。第4周第5周（2014年3月17日2014年3月28日）完成设计方案，拟定双圆筒筛和粮箱的设计草图。第6周第7周（2014年3月31日2014年4月11日）完成双圆筒筛及粮箱设计总图及有关零件设计图。第8周（2014年4月14日2014年4月18日）提交第18周的指导记录表和已做的毕业设计内容，由指导老师初审后上交学院第9周第13周（2014年4月21日2013年5月23日）在指导老师指导下修改并完成设计，完成相关设计图纸，同时撰写毕业设计说明书，并提交指导老师初审。第14周第16周（2014年5月26日2013年6月14日）修改毕业设计图纸及说明书，完成后参加毕业答辩。备注注表格栏高不够可自行增加。此表由指导教师在毕业设计（论文）工作开始前填写，每位毕业生两份，一份发给学生，一份交院（系）留存。DEVELOPMENTANDTESTINGOFATRACTORMOUNTEDPOSITIONERFORMANGOHARVESTINGRAGUPTA，RMSATASIYAPRAMODMOHNOT，NKGONTIAABSTRACTINORDERTOREDUCELOSSESSUSTAINEDDURINGHARVESTINGOFMANGOANDTOMAINTAINFRUITQUALITY,ATRACTORMOUNTEDPOSITIONERWASDEVELOPEDANDTESTEDFORMANGOHARVESTINGATTHESAGADIVIDIFARMOFTHEGUJARATAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITY,JUNAGADHCAMPUSDURINGOPERATION,ITWASOBSERVEDTHATUSINGTHEPOSITIONERFORHARVESTING,ONLYTHEMATUREFRUITSWITHSTALKOF1020MMLENGTHWITHOUTSAPBUMSANDANYOTHERDAMAGETOTHEFRUITS,COULDBEHARVESTEDWHITELAYERBLOOM,WHICHISDESIRABLEFROMQUALITYPOINTOFVIEW,WASALSOMAINTAINEDTHOUGHTHEWORKOUTPUTWASSLIGHTLYREDUCEDOVERALLECONOMICSWASINFAVOUROFTHEUSEOFTHEPOSITIONERFORHARVESTINGASCOMPAREDTOTHETRADITIONALPICKERUSINGAPOSITIONERINORCHARDSCANSAVEABOUTRS1,000PERTREEINAGOODSEASONINTRODUCTIONMANGOMANAIFERAINDICA,、THE“KING”OFFRUITS,HASPRIMEIMPORTANCEAMONGTHECOMMERCIALFRUITSGROWNININDIATHELARGESTPRODUCERANDEXPORTEROFMANGOINTHEWORLDINGUJARATABOUT382THOUSANDTONNESOFMANGOISPRODUCEDANNUALLYOVERANAREAOF57THOUSANDHECTAREDATABOOK2000GUJARATPRODUCESEXPORTQUALITYOFMANGOMAINLYTHEALPHONSOANDKESARVARIETIESTHELATTERHASEXCELLENTQUALITYFOREXPORTANDGROWNALMOSTTHROUGHOUTTHESTATE,CONCENTRATINGINSOUTHGUJARATANDSAURASHTRATHEQUALITYOFTHEFRUITSMAINLYDEPENDSONTHEIRMATURITYSTAGES,HARVESTANDPOSTHARVESTTECHNIQUESADOPTEDBYTHEMANGOGROWERSHARVESTINGOFFRUITSININDIAISMOSTLYDONEMANUALLYBYMEANSOFACURVEDKNIFE,PAIROFSCISSORSORBLADESATTACHEDTOAHANGINGBASKETTOTHEDISTALENDOFBAMBOOSTICKSDEVNANI,1980FORHARVESTINGMANGO,HANDPICKINGMANUALLYOPERATEDLOWCAPACITYGADGETSANDTREESHAKINGMETHODSPREVAILEWHICHRESULTSINHIGHLABOURANDENERGYREQUIREMENTS,DRUDGERY,DAMAGEDFRUITS,DAMAGETOTREEBRANCHESETCTHEDAMAGEANDBRUISINGAREVERYSERIOUSPROBLEMTHEFRUITSSHOULDNOTBEALLOWEDTOFALLONTHEGROUNDASTHEINJUREDFRUITSCAUSESPOILAGETOOTHERHEALTHYFRUITSDURINGPACKAGINGANDSTORAGEFRUITSHARVESTEDWITH810MMLONGSTALKSAPPEARBETTERONRIPENINGASUNDESIREDSPOTSONTHESKINCAUSEDBYSAPBUMAREPREVENTEDSUCHFRUITSARELESSPRONETOSTEMENDANDROTANDOTHERSTORAGEDISEASESSAPOVADIAETAL2001RTTC,JURHAT,ASSAM1988WORKEDONFRUITHARVESTINGDEVICESTHEMANUALLYOPERATEDUNITWORKEDONTHEPRINCIPLEOFINDIVIDUALFRUITCUTTINGBYSICKLE/BLADEANDCOLLECTINGTHEFRUITINABAGTHEUNITWASFOUNDSUITABLEFORAVERAGESIZEANDBIGFRUITS,WHICHWOULDBEDAMAGEDIFALLOWEDTOFALLFREELYONTHEGROUNDTHEOTHERUNITWORKEDONTHEPRINCIPLEOFMECHANICALSHAKINGOFTREETHISUNITWASSUITABLEFORHARDFRUITSBROWNANDSCHERTZ1967ALSOWORKEDONMECHANICALLYOPERATEDHARVESTERSANDREPORTEDTHATFRUITSHARVESTEDBYMECHANICALSHAKINGHAVEMOREINJURIESINTHEFORMOFSPLITS,INTERNALANDEXTERNALBRUISINGANDSUPERFICIALPEELSCARSTHANMANUALLYHARVESTEDFRUITSRTTC,GUJARATAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITY,DEVELOPEDANIMPROVEDPICKERANDITSHOWEDBETTERPERFORMANCEASCOMPAREDTOOTHERPICKERSCOLLECTEDFROMVARIOUSCENTRESOFTHECOUNTRYABOUT90OFTHEFRUITSCOULDBEHARVESTEDWITHSTALKOF1020MMINLENGTH,WHICHISMOSTDESIRABLESPECIFICALLYFOREXPORTQUALITYOFFRUITFRUITSSHOULDBEHARVESTEDMANUALLYUSINGMECHANICALAIDSLIKEAPOSITIONERONWHICHAPERSONCANSTANDANDPICKTHEFRUITUSINGAPAIROFSCISSORS/SECATEUREASTHEFRUITSAREPICKEDFORMVERYCLOSEDISTANCEHENCE,ONLYMATUREFRUITSAREHARVESTEDWITHOUTANYDAMAGEHENCE,KEEPINGTHEFOREGOINGSINVIEW,ASTUDYFORDEVELOPINGANDTESTINGOFATRACTORDRIVENANDHYDRAULICALLYOPERATEDPOSITIONERWASUNDERTAKENATTHECENTREMATERIALANDMETHODSPRIORTOTHEDESIGNOFTHEMACHINESOMEPRELIMINARYINFORMATIONREGARDINGTHETREECHARACTERISTICSWERESTUDIEDTOENSURETHATTHEMOVABILITYOFTHEMACHINEINTHEFIELD,DISTRIBUTIONOFFRUITSWITHINTHETREEANDTHEPERCENTAGEOFFRUITSTHATCANBEHARVESTEDAREESTIMATEDTABLES1TO3THEHEIGHTOFTHEMACHINEANDSIZEOFTHECAGEWERELIKEWISESTUDIEDUSINGTHEABOVEINFORMATIONAHYDRAULICALLYOPERATEDPOSITIONERFORHARVESTINGMANGOANDOTHERFRUITS,WASDESIGNEDANDDEVELOPEDTHESAFETYFACTORSWEREALSOTAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONTHECOSTOFTHEMACHINEWASKEPTMINIMUMBYREDUCINGTHENUMBEROFMOVINGCOMPONENTSINTHEDESIGNOFTHEMACHINETHEMACHINECONSISTSOFAFRAME,THREEPOINTLINKAGE,HYDRAULICJACK,SUPPORTINGLINKS,EXTENSIONPIPEANDCAGETHEFRAMEOFTHEMACHINEISFABRICATEDFROMANGLEIRONOF50506MMSIZETHEDIMENSIONSANDSTRUCTURALMEMBERSOFTHEFRAMEARESHOWNINTHEFIG1AHYDRAULICJACKOF2TONNESCAPACITYWITHTWOCYLINDERSISMOUNTEDATTHECENTREOFTHEFRAMEWITHTHEHELPOFAPINOF40MMPASSINGTHROUGHTWOPLATESWELDEDTOTHEFRAMEANDLOWERENDOFTHEHYDRAULICJACKTHEUPPERENDOFTHEJACKISSUPPORTEDBYFASTENINGTHREESUPPORTSTOTHEFRAMEANDUPPERENDOFTHEJACKSIMILARLY,THEUPPERENDOFTHEPISTONISFASTENEDTOAFLANGETHROUGHNUTSANDBOLTSTOEXTENDTHEHEIGHTOFTHEPOSITIONERANEXTENSIONPIPEOF100MMAND1MLENGTHISATTACHEDTOTHEUPPERENDOFTHEPISTONTHROUGHFLANGE,NUTSANDBOLTSONTHEUPPERENDOFTHEEXTENSIONPIPEANOTHERFLANGEOFTHESAMESIZE2020CMISWELDEDONWHICHCAGEISFIXEDTHROUGHNUTSANDBOLTSTHECAGEOFMACHINEISFABRICATEDFROMANGLEIRON,MILDSTEELFLATANDWOODTHEFRAMEOFTHECAGEISMADEOUTOFANGLEIRONTHESIZEOFTHECAGEIS927670CMATTHEBOTTOMOFTHECAGE,WOODENPLANKISPROVIDEDONONESIDEOFTHEBOTTOMANOPENINGOF5547CMSIZEISPROVIDEDTHROUGHWHICHANOPERATORCANGETONTHEPOSITIONERTOPICKUPTHEMATUREFRUITSALLTHEFOURSIDESOFTHEPOSITIONERAREKEPTFOLDINGSOTHATWHENTHEMACHINEISONTRANSPORTFROMONEPLACETOANOTHERTHESIDESCANBELOWEREDTOKEEPTHEHEIGHTMINIMUMTOOPERATETHEMACHINE,ITISHITCHEDTOATRACTORTHROUGHTHREEPOINTLINKAGESANDHOSEPIPEOFTHEHYDRAULICJACKISCONNECTEDTOTHEHYDRAULICSYSTEMOFTHETRACTORTHECAGEISMOUNTEDONTOPOFTHEEXTENS4NPIECEANDITSSIDESAREFOLDEDTHEMACHINEISTRANSPORTEDTOTHEORCHARDWHEREMANGOPICKINGISTOBEDONEDURINGOPERATION,THEMACHINEISPLACEDONGROUNDANDOPERATORGETSONTHECAGEALONGWITHAPAIROFSCISSORANDCARTONTHROUGHTHEOPENINGPROVIDEDATTHEBOTTOMOFTHECAGEALLTHESIDESOFTHECAGEAREKEPTINUPRIGHTPOSITIONANDHINGEDTOTHEFRAMETHROUGHHOOKSPINSFORSAFETYPOINTOFVIEWTHEHYDRAULICSYSTEMOFTHETRACTORISOPERATEDTOLIFTTHECAGEASSOONASTHEVALVEISOPENED,THEOILUNDERPRESSUREGOESTOJACKTHROUGHHOSEPIPE,WHICHLIFTSTHEPISTONOFTHEJACK,THUS,THECAGEISLIFTEDWHENREQUIREDHEIGHTISREACHED,VALVEISCLOSEDTOSTOPFURTHERUPWARDMOVEMENTOFTHECAGETHEN,THEOPERATORPICKTHEFRUITSFROMAVERYCLOSEDISTANCEUSINGAPAIROFSCISSORS/SECATEUREONLYMATUREDFRUITSAREPICKEDANDKEPTINTHECARTONWHENTHECARTONISFULLOFFRUITSITISPACKEDANDTAKENONTHEGROUNDTHEMACHINEISTAKENAROUNDTHETREETOPICKUPMATUREDFRUITSSOMEOFTHEFRUITSWHICHARELOCATEDONTHETOPOFTHETREE,AREBEYONDTHEREACHOFTHEOPERATOR,AREPICKEDUSINGMANUALLYOPERATEDMANGOPICKERFIG1TRACTORMOUNTEDPOSITIONERFORHARVESTINGMANGOFIG2POSITIONERATTACHEDWITHPOWERFIG3OPERATORPICKINGMANGOUSINGPOSITIONERTESTINGAFIELDTESTINGOFTHEMACHINEWASCONDUCTEDATTHESAGDIVIDIFARMOFGUJARATAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITY,JUNAGADHCAMPUSFORTHEKESARVARIETYOFMANGOWHICHISVERYPOPULARAMONGINTHESAURASHTRAREGIONOFGUJARATSTATETHETREESWEREPLANTEDAT12X12MDISTANCEHMTZETORTRACTOROF35HPWASUSEDTOOPERATETHEMACHINEANEXPERIENCEDWORKERWASENGAGEDTOPICKTHEFRUITSINSTANDINGPOSTUREONTHEPOSITIONERDURINGTESTINGOFTHEMACHINESOMEIMPORTANTOBSERVATIONSLIKENUMBEROFFRUITSHARVESTED/H,WEIGHTOFFRUITHARVESTED/H,AVERAGESTEMLENGTHMM,VISIBLEDAMAGE,PHYSIOLOGICALLOSSOFWEIGHT,SHELFLIFEOFFRUITSDAYSETCWERERECORDEDTHECOSTOFHARVESTINGWASDETERMINEDOUTCONSIDERINGTHEPREVAILINGRATESOFTHETRACTORANDLABOURDURINGTHESEASONTWOWORKERS,ONEFORPICKINGTHEFRUITSANDANOTHERTORECEIVETHEHARVESTEDFRUITS,WEREREQUIREDFORTHEOPERATIONTHEEXPERIENCEDWORKERISENGAGEDINPICKINGTHEFRUITSANDWASPAIDBETTERTHANTHELESSEXPERIENCEDWORKERTHESAMEWORKERSWEREUSEDTOHARVESTTHEFRUITSUSINGTHEDEVELOPEDMACHINEINORDERTOESTIMATEPHYSIOLOGICALLOSSINWEIGHTPLWOFTHEHARVESTEDFRUITSTWOPLASTICTRAYSLINEDWITHNEWSPAPERS,WEREKEPTONTHETABLEATROOMTEMPERATURE20ANDTHEHARVESTEDFRUITSWEREARRANGEDINTHESETRAYSINLINEKEEPINGTHESTEMENDUPWARDTHEWEIGHTOFTHEFRUITSWASRECORDEDEVERYTHREEDAYSONTHE7THDAY,FEWFRUITSHARVESTEDUSINGTRADITIONALPICKERSHOWEDSYMPTOMSOFDETERIORATION，AREREMOVEDFROMTHETRAYFIG4FRUITPACKETBEINGTAKENFROMTHEPOSITIONERFIG5OPERATORPICKINGCOCONUTUSINGPOSITIONEFIG6FRUITSHARVESTEDUSINGTRADITIONALMANGOPICKERFIG7FRUITSHARVESTEDUSINGDEVELOPEDPOSITIONERRESULTSANDDISCUSSIONIHARVESTINGCAPACITYTHERESULTSRECORDEDDURINGTHETRIALOFTHEMACHINEARESHOWNINTABLE4THEAVERAGENUMBEROFFRUITSHARVESTEDUSINGTHEPOSITIONERWERE360PERHOURCOMPAREDWITHLOCALMANGOPICKERWHICHCANPICKANAVERAGEOF377FRUITSPERHOURTHUS,USINGTHEPOSITIONERTHEHARVESTINGCAPACITYOFTHEOPERATORWASSLIGHTLYREDUCEDCONSIDERINGTHATINRAISING/LOWERINGANDSHIFTINGTHEPOSITIONERTOOKMORETIMESIMILARRESULTSWEREREPORTEDBYSCHERTZ1967DURINGHISSTUDYHEOBSERVEDTHATANOPERATORSTANDINGONTHEGROUNDWASMOREEFFICIENTTHANHARVESTINGTHEFRUITSFROMALADDER/POSITIONERIISTEMLENGTHTHESTEMLENGTHISONEOFTHEMOSTDESIRABLEPARAMETER，THESTEMLENGTHOFTHESTEMFRUITSHARVESTEDUSINGTHEPOSITIONERWASWITHIN20MMANDUNIFORMWHILEINFRUITSHARVESTEDWITHTRADITIONALPICKER,HADSTEMSMORETHAN50MMANDNONUNIFORMANUMBEROFFRUITSWEREHARVESTEDWITHOUTSTEM,WHICHISNOTDESIRABLEFROMTHEQUALITYPOINTOFVIEWSUCHFRUITSDONOTHAVEGOODAPPEARANCEANDAMANGOGROWERHASTOSELLTHEMATLOWERPRICESINTHEMARKETMOREOVER,ITHASBEENREPORTEDTHATFRUITSHARVESTEDWITHOUTSTEMARESUBJECTTOTHEOCCURRENCEOFSTEMENDROTDISEASEFRUITSWITHSTEMSRECORDEDDELAYEDRIPENINGITISNECESSARYTHATTHEFRUITSSHOULDHAVESTEMSRANGINGFROM10TO20MMIIIVISIBLEDAMAGEVISIBLEDAMAGEONTHEFRUITWASOBSERVEDINTHEFORMOFSAPBURNSTHEFRUITSHARVESTEDWITHOUTSTEMHADSAPBUMSSUCHTYPEOFDAMAGEWASALMOSTNILINFRUITSHARVESTEDUSINGTHEPOSITIONERBECAUSEALLTHEFRUITSHADSTEMWHILETHEFRUITSPICKEDUSINGTHETRADITIONALPICKERSHOWS1111VISIBLEDAMAGEIVSHELFLIFEOFFRUITSTHISREFERSTOTHELIFEOFFRUITSINDAYSFORWHICHTHEYCANBESTOREDAFTERHARVESTINGWITHOUTSUSTAININGSPOILAGETHESHELFLIFEISAFFECTEDBYTHEHARVESTINGMETHODSFRUITSHARVESTEDUSINGTHEPOSITIONERCOULDBESTOREDFOR9DAYSWITHOUTSHOWINGSYMPTOMSOFSPOILAGETHEAPPEARANCEOFTHEFRUITSWASGOODANDHADATTRACTIVECOLORINCOMPARISON,THOSEHARVESTEDUSINGTHETRADITIONALPICKERSHOULDDARKSPOTSONTHEBODYONTHE7THDAYFROMTHEDATEOFHARVESTINGIFTHEFRUITISPHYSICALLYDAMAGEDORINJUREDTHERESPIRATIONRATEOFTHEFRUITISINCREASEDANDITISPRONETOMICROBIALATTACKHENCE,DURINGHANDLINGOFTHEMANGOFRUIT,CARETAKENTOAVOIDANYKINDOFINJURYANDINCREASETHESHELFLIFEOFTHEFRUITSVCOSTOFHARVESTINGASINDICATEDINTHETABLE4THECOSTOFHARVESTINGFORUSINGTHEPOSITIONERWASRS2783/TONNEOFMANGOFRUITASCOMPAREDTORS368/TONNEUSINGTHETRADITIONALPICKERTHUS,THECOSTOFOPERATIONFORTHEFORMERWASHIGHBUTTHEQUALITYOFHARVESTEDFRUITWASVERYGOODANDNOTASINGLEFRUITWASLOSTBYWAYOFSPOILAGEORDECAYWHILE1015FRUITLOSSWASOBSERVEDINCASEOFTRADITIONALPICKERHENCE,CONSIDERING10LOSSOUTOFEVERY1000KGONLY900KGOFFRUITSWEREAVAILABLEFORSALETHATTOOATLOWERRATERS1750/KGAMOUNTINGRS15,750THEFRUITHARVESTEDUSINGTHEPOSITIONERCOULDBESOLDATHIGHERPRICERS20/KGAMOUNTINGRS20,000,THUSGAININGRS4,250MOREASCOMPAREDTOUSINGTHELOCALPICKERSUBTRACTINGTHEEXTRAOPERATINGCOSTREQUIREDINTHECASEOFTHEPOSITIONERIE,RS2,415ANETPROFITOFRS1835/TONNECOULDBEHARVESTEDBYAMANGOGROWERINOTHERWORDS,ABOUTRS900/TREECANBESAVEDBYADOPTINGTHEDEVELOPEDPOSITIONERFORHARVESTINGOFMANGOVIPHYSIOLOGICALLOSSINWEIGHTOBSERVATIONSREGARDINGTHEPHYSIOLOGICALLOSSINWEIGHTPLWWEREALSORECORDEDEVERYTHREEDAYSINTHELABORATORYFOREACHMETHODOFFRUITHARVESTINGINPERCENTAGEANDPRESENTEDINTABLE5THEPLWWASHIGHERON3RD,6THAND9THDAYFORTHEFRUITSPICKEDUSINGTHETRADITIONALMANGOPICKERTHETOTALPLWWAS1327AND1588FORFRUITHARVESTEDWITHTHEPOSITIONERANDTRADITIONALPICKER,RESPECTIVELYFIG8TRACTORMOUNTEDPOSITIONERCONCLUSIONSFROMTHESTUDYFOLLOWINGCONCLUSIONSCANBEDRAWNUSINGTHEPOSITIONER,MANGOESWITHOUTANYMECHANICALINJURYAREPICKEDANDONLYMATUREDFRUITSAREHARVESTEDASOPERATIONISCONDUCTEDATACLOSEDISTANCEAS100PERCENTFRUITSAREHARVESTEDWITHSTEMS12CM,NOSAPBUMSWEREFOUNDANDWHITELAYERBLOOMONTHEFRUITISALSOMAINTAINEDLOSSOFFRUITDURINGSTORAGEANDTRANSPORTATIONISMINIMIZEDDUETOHIGHQUALITYOFFRUITMAINTAINEDDURINGHARVESTINGANFRUITGROWERCANHARVESTANETSUMOFRS1000PERTREEINAGOODSEASONREFERENCESANNUALREPORT,2000RESEARCH,TESTINGANDTRAININGCENTRE,GUJARATAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITY,JUNAGADHCAMPUS,GUJARATBROWNANDSCHERTZ,1967PRINCIPLESANDPRACTICESFORHARVESTINGANDHANDLINGOFFRUITSANDNUTS,VOLDATABOOK199299DIRECTOROFHORTICULTURE,GUJARATSTATE,AHMEDABADBULLETINNO20/2000P8DEVNANI,RS1980HARVESTINGEQUIPMENTSDEVELOPEDININDIATECHNICALBULLETINNOCIAE/78/8，CIAE,BHOPALSAPOVADIABD,PATELHN,GUPTARAANDPUNDSK,2001DESIGNANDDEVELOPMENTOFMANGOHARVESTINGDEVICEAMA30L3134外文资料翻译院系专业学生姓名班级学号外文出处AGRICULTURALMECHANIZATIONASIA，AFRICAANDLATINAMERICA2004VOL35NO1指导教师评语指导教师签名年月日附录C外文翻译用于芒果收获的变位机的发展和测试RAGUPTARMSATASIYAPRAMODMOHNOTNKGONTIA摘要为了减少在收获芒果时的损失，并保证水果质量，一种机挂式变位机在GUJIARANT农业大学被研制出来，并进行了测试。在操作过程中发现，由变位机采下的芒果都是成熟的，而且有1020MM长的叶柄，没有树叶粘在水果表面，且没有任何损伤。在果园中用变位机，收获时每棵树可以节省RS1000。引言芒果是水果之王，在水果商业中有着重要的地位。印度是最大的芒果生产国和出口国。在GUJIARAT，每年有57000公顷的芒果种植面积，生产大约382000吨的芒果。近来出口和种植的优良品种遍布全国，主要集中在GUJIARAT的南部和SAURASHTRA地区。水果的质量主要取决于它的成熟期。在印度，收割芒果大多由手工完成。主要的工具就是镰刀、剪刀、刀片和吊篮。就采芒果来说，利用一些轻巧机械比用手采摘或摇树的方法可降低劳动强度。这样还可以避免果实的损伤、树枝折断等后果。果实碰伤和损坏是非常严重的问题。果实不允许直接从树上摔到地上，因为在包装水果时，受伤的水果会损害其他好的水果。芒果釆摘时留有810MM的叶柄，是为了在采的时候避免树汁留在芒果表面而形成污点，这样水果就不容易腐蚀，也就避免产生其它保存问题。ASSAM研究采摘水果的设备，人工操作的装置都是用镰刀或刀片将水果一个一个釆摘后再包装，这样的装置适合大小和高度差不多的水果。另一种机械是摇树装置，这种装置适合比较硬的水果。BROWN和SCHERTZ也在研究这种机械采摘装置，并且曾宣布说用该装置采摘的水果比人工采摘的水果有更多的损伤，如裂开、表面和内部碰伤、表面创伤等。GUJARAT农业大学发明出一种先进的釆摘装置。跟其它采摘装置相比，它有一个较好的工作情况。采下的水果大约有90带有1020MM长的叶柄，特别符合出口要求。人工釆摘水果的时候利用一种辅助的机械变位机，可以让人站在上面用剪刀采摘。因为才釆摘时离水果较近，可以采那些成熟的水果而不让其受伤害。因此机挂式液压变位机的发展和测试是必要的。取材和方法机器初步信息的设计主要与树的特征有关，要确保及其在果园里有足够的活动空间和能力。树上的水果是分散的，可以采到的水果百分率见表1到3。机器的高度和底盘的尺寸也要仔细考虑。利用以上的信息，设计和发明的液压变位机可以用来采芒果和其他水果。同样也要考虑安全因素。要想减少机器的花费，可以通过减少移动部分的数量来实现。机器主要由一个底盘、三点悬挂装置、液压千斤顶和护圈组成。底座由50506的角钢制成，机座的组成及尺寸见图1。可承受2吨重的液压千斤顶有两个气缸，通过40MM长的销安装在机座的中心，并通过两块金属板焊接在机座和液压千斤顶下端。液压千斤顶上面的一端由三根支撑杆支撑着。类似的，活塞的上端通过螺母和螺栓固定在法兰盘上。为了使变位机的高度可调，就要将1MM长的、可伸长的100MM的软管用法兰盘、螺母、螺栓连接在活塞的上端。管子上端通过相同尺寸（2020CM的法兰盘焊接在防护罩上。防护罩由角钢、可铸钢板和木板构成。机座的护圈由角钢制成，尺寸为927670CM。防护圈的底座由木板支撑。底部的一边由一个5547CM的开口，可以使采摘者站到变位机上。变位机上四边是可以折叠的，当机器移动时，其高度可以调节到最低。要操作该机械装置，要通过液压千斤顶的三点联动装置和软管连接到液压系统的牵引机上。防护罩升至伸长部分的顶部，四边折叠。机械装置被运送到指定果园，在釆摘的时候，装置要放在地上，釆摘者带剪刀和纸箱站在防护罩下的地板上。为了安全起见，防护罩的四边都应该有护栏，由钩销铰接在机座上。牵引机的液压系统举起防护罩，一旦阀打开，油在压力作用下由软管进入千斤顶，推动千斤顶的活塞，从而使防护罩上升。当达到所需要的高度，关闭阀，使其停止上升。采摘者可以在很近的距离内采水果。只采那些成熟的水果放入纸箱内。当纸箱装满时，可以将其送到地上。一些水果长在树顶上，采摘者可以用手工采摘工具。图2变位机的动力来源图3使用者用变位机采摘芒果测试果树以1212M的距离种植。用35马力的HMT牵引机来做实验。有经验的工作人员可以站在上面釆水果。在机械装置的测试期间，一些重要的观察，比如每小时采摘水果的数量、质量、叶柄平均长度、明显损害率、水果的保存期限等。采摘的费用主要由劳动力等。该装置需要两个工作人员，一个采一个接。老练的工人得到的报酬比经验少的工人多。为了估计水果质量的损失，将两个塑料袋放在室温条件下，将采下的水果按叶柄排放整齐，每隔三天纪录一下。第七天，用传统方法采下的水果有变质的征兆，将它们从袋中取出。结果与讨论1、收割量机器试用所记录的结果见表4。用变位机平均每小时可采水果360个，而当地的釆摘者每小时可采377个。因为变位机的上升和下降都需要时间，在1967年，SCHERTZ也报道过相似的结果。在研究过程中，他发现站在地上采水果的效率要比站在变位机上的效率高。2、叶柄长度叶柄地起限定作用的一个因素。用变位机采下的水果，其叶柄一般长20CM,而用传统方法采下的水果，其叶柄长度一般不一样，有的甚至超过50CM，但有的却又没有叶柄。这些水果的卖相不好，果农必须以低价才能出售。此外，研究表明没有叶柄的水果会使柄末端发生腐烂，而有柄的水果会延长它的成熟期。所以使水果有1020CM的叶柄是必要的。3、表面损伤水果表面损伤是由树枝造成的，这种损伤在用变位机采下的水果上是没有的，因为所有的水果都有叶柄。而用传统方法采下的水果1111有表面损伤。4、水果的存放期这个涉及到采下的水果在没有任何持续损害的情况下可以被存放的期限。保存的期限与采摘的方法有关。用变位机采下的水果可以完好无损的保存9天，水果仍然有完好的表面和诱人的颜色。而用传统方法采下的水果在第七天会出现黑的斑点。如果水果受到伤害或呼吸作用受到限制，微生物很容易侵入水果内部，所以应该细心的避免各种伤害，延长水果的保存期限。表4比较用不同方法采摘的水果的测试5、釆摘的成本表4表明，用变位机的采摘成本为每吨RS2783，而用传统方法采摘的成本大约每吨RS368。前者的成本虽然高，但水果质量好，没有一个会因为损害或腐烂而造成损失，而后者虽然成本低，但一般都有1015的损失率。由于10的损失相当于1000KG最终只有900KG可以卖，如果每千克以RS1750出售，可以得到RS15750。而用变位机采下的水果可以高价出售，每千克可卖到RS20，共可以得到RS20000，扣除所需要的操作费用RS2415，所得到的利润为RS1835/吨。换句话说，釆用变位机采水果，每棵树可以节省RS900。6、质量的减少关于对PLW的观察，在实验室每隔三天的记录见表5。采用传统方法采摘的水果在第3天、第6天、第9天其质量逐渐减轻，其损失率为1588，而采用变位机的损失率为1327。表5水果质量的损失结论从以上的研究中我们可以得出以下结论1、利用变位机采下的水果没有机械损伤，而且都是熟的。2、采下的水果100的都有L2CM的叶柄，没有树叶，并且保持白色的亮度。3、存放和运输的损失可以减到最低程度。4、由于釆下的水果质量较好，每棵树的净利润为RS1000。参考文献1ANNULREPORT,2000RESEARCH,TESTINGANDTRAININGCENTRE,GUJARATAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITY,JUNAGADHCAMPUS,GUJARAT2BROWNANDSCHERTZ,1967PRINCIPLESANDPRACTICESFORHARVESTINGANDHANDLINGOFFRUITSANDNUTS,VOL3DATABOOK199299DIRECTOROFHORTICULTURE,GUJARATSTATE,AHMEDABADBULLETINNO20/2000P84DEVNANI,RS1980HARVESTINGEQUIPMENTSDEVELOPEDININDIATECHNICALBULLETINNOCLAE/78/8,CLAE,BHOPAL5SAPOVADIABD,PATELHN,GUPTARAANDPUNDSK,2001DESIGNANDDEVELOPMENTOFMANGOHARVESTINGDEVICEAMA3013134DEVELOPMENTANDTESTINGOFATRACTORMOUNTEDPOSITIONERFORMANGOHARVESTINGRAGUPTA，RMSATASIYAPRAMODMOHNOT，NKGONTIAABSTRACTINORDERTOREDUCELOSSESSUSTAINEDDURINGHARVESTINGOFMANGOANDTOMAINTAINFRUITQUALITY,ATRACTORMOUNTEDPOSITIONERWASDEVELOPEDANDTESTEDFORMANGOHARVESTINGATTHESAGADIVIDIFARMOFTHEGUJARATAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITY,JUNAGADHCAMPUSDURINGOPERATION,ITWASOBSERVEDTHATUSINGTHEPOSITIONERFORHARVESTING,ONLYTHEMATUREFRUITSWITHSTALKOF1020MMLENGTHWITHOUTSAPBUMSANDANYOTHERDAMAGETOTHEFRUITS,COULDBEHARVESTEDWHITELAYERBLOOM,WHICHISDESIRABLEFROMQUALITYPOINTOFVIEW,WASALSOMAINTAINEDTHOUGHTHEWORKOUTPUTWASSLIGHTLYREDUCEDOVERALLECONOMICSWASINFAVOUROFTHEUSEOFTHEPOSITIONERFORHARVESTINGASCOMPAREDTOTHETRADITIONALPICKERUSINGAPOSITIONERINORCHARDSCANSAVEABOUTRS1,000PERTREEINAGOODSEASONINTRODUCTIONMANGOMANAIFERAINDICA,、THE“KING”OFFRUITS,HASPRIMEIMPORTANCEAMONGTHECOMMERCIALFRUITSGROWNININDIATHELARGESTPRODUCERANDEXPORTEROFMANGOINTHEWORLDINGUJARATABOUT382THOUSANDTONNESOFMANGOISPRODUCEDANNUALLYOVERANAREAOF57THOUSANDHECTAREDATABOOK2000GUJARATPRODUCESEXPORTQUALITYOFMANGOMAINLYTHEALPHONSOANDKESARVARIETIESTHELATTERHASEXCELLENTQUALITYFOREXPORTANDGROWNALMOSTTHROUGHOUTTHESTATE,CONCENTRATINGINSOUTHGUJARATANDSAURASHTRATHEQUALITYOFTHEFRUITSMAINLYDEPENDSONTHEIRMATURITYSTAGES,HARVESTANDPOSTHARVESTTECHNIQUESADOPTEDBYTHEMANGOGROWERSHARVESTINGOFFRUITSININDIAISMOSTLYDONEMANUALLYBYMEANSOFACURVEDKNIFE,PAIROFSCISSORSORBLADESATTACHEDTOAHANGINGBASKETTOTHEDISTALENDOFBAMBOOSTICKSDEVNANI,1980FORHARVESTINGMANGO,HANDPICKINGMANUALLYOPERATEDLOWCAPACITYGADGETSANDTREESHAKINGMETHODSPREVAILEWHICHRESULTSINHIGHLABOURANDENERGYREQUIREMENTS,DRUDGERY,DAMAGEDFRUITS,DAMAGETOTREEBRANCHESETCTHEDAMAGEANDBRUISINGAREVERYSERIOUSPROBLEMTHEFRUITSSHOULDNOTBEALLOWEDTOFALLONTHEGROUNDASTHEINJUREDFRUITSCAUSESPOILAGETOOTHERHEALTHYFRUITSDURINGPACKAGINGANDSTORAGEFRUITSHARVESTEDWITH810MMLONGSTALKSAPPEARBETTERONRIPENINGASUNDESIREDSPOTSONTHESKINCAUSEDBYSAPBUMAREPREVENTEDSUCHFRUITSARELESSPRONETOSTEMENDANDROTANDOTHERSTORAGEDISEASESSAPOVADIAETAL2001RTTC,JURHAT,ASSAM1988WORKEDONFRUITHARVESTINGDEVICESTHEMANUALLYOPERATEDUNITWORKEDONTHEPRINCIPLEOFINDIVIDUALFRUITCUTTINGBYSICKLE/BLADEANDCOLLECTINGTHEFRUITINABAGTHEUNITWASFOUNDSUITABLEFORAVERAGESIZEANDBIGFRUITS,WHICHWOULDBEDAMAGEDIFALLOWEDTOFALLFREELYONTHEGROUNDTHEOTHERUNITWORKEDONTHEPRINCIPLEOFMECHANICALSHAKINGOFTREETHISUNITWASSUITABLEFORHARDFRUITSBROWNANDSCHERTZ1967ALSOWORKEDONMECHANICALLYOPERATEDHARVESTERSANDREPORTEDTHATFRUITSHARVESTEDBYMECHANICALSHAKINGHAVEMOREINJURIESINTHEFORMOFSPLITS,INTERNALANDEXTERNALBRUISINGANDSUPERFICIALPEELSCARSTHANMANUALLYHARVESTEDFRUITSRTTC,GUJARATAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITY,DEVELOPEDANIMPROVEDPICKERANDITSHOWEDBETTERPERFORMANCEASCOMPAREDTOOTHERPICKERSCOLLECTEDFROMVARIOUSCENTRESOFTHECOUNTRYABOUT90OFTHEFRUITSCOULDBEHARVESTEDWITHSTALKOF1020MMINLENGTH,WHICHISMOSTDESIRABLESPECIFICALLYFOREXPORTQUALITYOFFRUITFRUITSSHOULDBEHARVESTEDMANUALLYUSINGMECHANICALAIDSLIKEAPOSITIONERONWHICHAPERSONCANSTANDANDPICKTHEFRUITUSINGAPAIROFSCISSORS/SECATEUREASTHEFRUITSAREPICKEDFORMVERYCLOSEDISTANCEHENCE,ONLYMATUREFRUITSAREHARVESTEDWITHOUTANYDAMAGEHENCE,KEEPINGTHEFOREGOINGSINVIEW,ASTUDYFORDEVELOPINGANDTESTINGOFATRACTORDRIVENANDHYDRAULICALLYOPERATEDPOSITIONERWASUNDERTAKENATTHECENTREMATERIALANDMETHODSPRIORTOTHEDESIGNOFTHEMACHINESOMEPRELIMINARYINFORMATIONREGARDINGTHETREECHARACTERISTICSWERESTUDIEDTOENSURETHATTHEMOVABILITYOFTHEMACHINEINTHEFIELD,DISTRIBUTIONOFFRUITSWITHINTHETREEANDTHEPERCENTAGEOFFRUITSTHATCANBEHARVESTEDAREESTIMATEDTABLES1TO3THEHEIGHTOFTHEMACHINEANDSIZEOFTHECAGEWERELIKEWISESTUDIE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