动词ing深度剖析 较难.doc

动词-ing形式 V-ing Forms总论：-ing形式是由动词原形+-ing构成。在许多语法书里，动词以-ing结尾的形式常常叫做“现在分词”。当这种形式象名词那样用的时候，又称为“动名词”。这里把“现在分词”和“动名词”统称为动词-ing形式,如drinking, beginning, going。所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，不论是动作动词还是状态词,都有-ing形式。注意，-ing形式并不总是表达进行，有时表达的是（与逻辑主语的）主动关系，而象being 短语用作状语时，表达的是原因（参见9.2.7 b）。动词-ing形式在句中起着广泛的句法作用。 9.1 动词-ing 的各种形式：完成式，被动式以及完成被动式 (forms: perfect, passive and perfect passive) , 动词-ing 形式与-ed形式放在一起可以构成动词-ing 的另外三种形式：完成式（例如having arrived），被动式（例如being employed），以及完成被动式（例如having been invited）。其形式如下表：主动式 被动式一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 9.2 句法功能：动词-ing 形式可用作为主语、宾语、介词宾语、补语、同位语、定语以及状语(functions: subject, object, prepositional object, complement, appositive, adjectival modifier, adverbial modifier) 动词-ing形式同时承担动词和名词的角色，它可以象动词一样后面跟宾语（如beating a child, writingletters）, 但它本身也可以象名词一样作句子的主语、宾语、补语、同位语。而更为多见的是它独特的功能,即充当句子的定语或是状语。9.2.1 作主语 动词-ing形式可以象名词一样充当句子的主语，比如： -Driving in heavy traffic makes me nervous. -Selling insurance is a pretty boring job. -Taking a cold bath every day does him a lot of good. (= It does him a lot of good taking a cold bath every day.) -The rebuilding of Coventry was under going. a. 带-ing的形式与冠词一同使用时，通常不能直接跟宾语。如the rebuilding of Coventry,不能说成*the rebuilding Coventry。 b. 通常用带-ing的形式充当句子的主语，而不用动词不定式。在谈论一般的活动时尤其如此。如：Selling insurance is a pretty boring job. (为保险公司推销保险单是十分令人腻烦的工作。) -Transporting will soon start. -There is no joking about such matter. 但是在谈论某个特定的行动时，动词不定式用得较多。 -It was difficult to sell my car. (我的汽车很难卖掉。) c. it 可以用作-ing短语的先行主语（或称为形式主语）。但一般认为这种结构是不太正式的。如 -It does him a lot of good taking a cold bath every day. 而某些结构已经成为我们英语学习中的基本结构: -Its no good arguing with him. (Is it any good arguing with him?) -Its no use telling him that.-Its no fun being a hostess.9.2.2 作宾语 动词-ing形式可以相当于名词，在句中作动词宾语。 -I hate writing letters. -I hate all this useless arguing. -She couldnt stand cooking in a greasy kitchen. 动词-ing形式在need, deserve, require之后，有被动的含义。 -Your hair needs cutting (= needs to be cut). (你该理发了。) -The point deserves mentioning. -Does your suit require pressing, sir? (= require to be pressed)(先生，您的衣服需要熨吗？)9.2.3 作介词宾语 动词-ing形式也如名词一样，可以作介词宾语。 -You cannot make an omelet (煎蛋) without breaking eggs. (有所得必有所失。) -We got the job finished by working sixteen hours a day. -Why dont you do something useful, like cleaning the flat? -Theres nothing that depresses me more than waking up with a hangover on a wet Monday. (星期一下雨，醒来以后醉意未消，没有比这个更使我沮丧的了。) -I look forward to seeing you at Christmas. 请注意，“to 在英语中有两个不同的语法概念：一是动词不定式的标识词，即to后跟动词原形（如I want to go home）；另一个是介词，即to后跟名词或名词性的结构。这时如果to后跟的是动词，就需要动词的-ing 形式，如look forward to seeing。to + v-ing常见的例子有：prefer + v-ingto + v-ing, look forward to + v-ing, object to + v-ing, be used to + v-ing, in addition to + v-ing, be accustomed to + v-ing, take to + v-ing.9.2.4 作补语 动词-ing形式可以用作为宾语补足语、主语补足语和形容词补足语。 a. 宾语补足语 动词-ing形式可以用在某些动词(如表示感觉的动词see, feel, hear, watch, notice, smell 和catch, leave, find, get, have)的宾语之后，相当于“宾语补足语”的作用。（see, feel, hear, watch, notice, smell 等感觉动词的具体用法参见9.5.2.b, 而get, have等的其他用法参见10.2.2） -I saw a small girl standing in the goldfish pond. -Have you ever heard a nightingale singing? -I caught Ann reading my diary. -The shop girls good intention left the old man feeling worse than before. -I found him drinking my whisky. -Do you think you can get the radio working? -Well soon have you walking again. b. 主语补足语 上面的句子可变成被动结构，宾语补足语随之变成主语补足语。-ing形式也可以跟在be动词之后作为主语补足语，有的语法书上也称为表语。 -She was never heard singing that song again. -Ann was caught reading my diary yesterday. -We were kept waiting for quite a long time. -Her first job had been selling computers. -One of my bad habits is biting my nails. -What I am doing is teaching him English. c. 形容词补足语 有的形容词后面可以跟动词-ing形式作其补足语。如： -They are busy preparing a barbecue. -Were fortunate (in) having Aunt Mary as a baby-sitter. -The cartons are worth saving. 9.2.5 作同位语 -ing形式既然可以充当名词的角色，也就可以象名词一样作同位语，与句中另一个名词同指某一事物。如： -His current research, investigating attitudes to racial stereotypes, takes up most of his time. -There is a plenty of work for us shovelling snow.9.2.6 作定语 a. 动词-ing形式可以前置或后置修饰名词，作定语。 -This is a new type of self-winding watch. 这是一种新款的自动上弦手表。 -Do you know the man talking to Elizabeth? -The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, was a reminder of old times. b. 动词-ing形式前置作定语，通常表示某种比较永久的特点，它更象一个形容词，而不是动词。所以我们可以说an interesting book, 但不能说*a climbing man, 而a man climbing on a rock (在岩石上爬着的一个人)就正常。同样的道理，我们说a smiling face比说a smiling person更为经常。另外，表示静态意义的动词-ing形式也能作前置定语，比如： -her crying children, a winning team, boiling water. c. -ing形式后置作定语，通常相当于一个定语从句。如： -the man talking to Elizabeth = the man who is talking to Elizabeth. -Tell the children playing there not to make such noise. -They lived in a room facing the south. -Those were the chief problems confronting us. 但是请注意： 1) 定语性质的动词-ing短语只能用来叙述和主要动词差不多同时发生的动作。如果两个动作在时间上有先后，一般不能用-ing 形式。比如说： -Do you know anyone who has lost a cat? 不能说成*Do you know anyone losing a cat? -I want to talk to the person who broke that cup. 也不能说成*I want to talk to the person breaking that cup. 2) 当-ing形式后置作定语时，所修饰的名词如果是特指某一事物（特定的一个人，一件东西，一群人等），这个动词-ing形式通常具有进行时的意思。the man talking to Elizabeth 意思是正在与伊丽莎白谈话的那个人。有时想要表达“非进行时”的意思，就得用定语从句，而不能用-ing 形式。如： -The boy who brings the milk has been ill. (送牛奶的那个男孩子病倒了。) 就不能说成*The boy bringing milk has been ill. 3) 一些动词的-ing形式可以后置作定语：表示某个习惯性或连续性动作的动词；表示愿望的动词；含有表示知道、考虑的动词在非限制性定语分句中。如： -Boys attending this school have to wear uniform. -A notice warning passengers against pickpockets is put on in the bus. -The fans hoping for a glimpse of the star came to the stadium much earlier. -Tom, thinking the journey would take two days, said d. being在形容词短语里作定语，只能表示被动进行。如： -Did you see that boy being questioned by the police? (你看到那个正在受警察盘问的男孩了吗？) 但是句子Anybody who is outside after ten oclock will be arrested. 就不能说成*Anybody being outside (请对照9.2.7 b 部分being短语作状语，表达原因)9. 2.7 作状语 a. -ing形式可以象副词一样使用，或者与其他词一起构成副词短语，说明某事是怎样的，或者为何发生的。 -He left off driving a car. (表示伴随状态) -She begged him not to drink too much, reminding him that hed have to drive home.（表示进一步说明） -Frankly speaking, I dont like people of his kind. (表示方式) -Putting down the newspaper, I walked over the window and looked out. (表示时间) -Not knowing what to do, the woman telephoned the police. (表示原因) b. 许多静态动词（如feel, live, know, realize, be, have，wish）作谓语动词时，很少用在进行时态里，但这些词的-ing形式可以用在-ing短语里，常表达“理由”或“原因”的含义。 -Being unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money. (Because I was unable to) -Feeling rather tired, I telephoned and said I couldnt come. (Since I felt tired) -Living in the country, they had few amusements. -Realizing he was in danger, he left the court immediately. c. 正常情况下，作状语的-ing短语的逻辑主语和主句中的主语是一致的。如： -My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didnt want the children to play together. (My wife是explaining的逻辑主语) 所以象下面这个句子通常认为是错的。 -*Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there were lots of mountains. (因为there不可能作looking的主语) 然而，有一些常见的表达方式却不受这条规则的限制。如： -Taking everything into consideration, they ought to be given another chance. （考虑到各种因素，他们应该得到另一次机会。） 详细用法请参考9.6。-ing短语也可以带有自己的主语，详细用法参见9.3。9.3 带主语的动词-ing形式，表达所属关系(with subject, possessive) 9.3.1 句法功能 物主代词my, your等和所有格的名词如Johns，可以与动词-ing形式连用，在句中可作主语，宾语，宾补，但作状语更多见。这种带主语的-ing形式多见于书面语。 a. 作主语 -My forgetting his name was embarrassing. -Do you think my going there will be of any help? -Will our saving energy reduce the budget deficit (预算赤字)? b. 作宾语 -Do you remember the students and teachers protesting against the new rule? -Im annoyed about Johns forgetting to pay. -I dont mind his living here. d. 作状语 -Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. -Then, her eyes sparkling again, she added, “ You should see what people eat today.”-A little girl walked past, her doll dragging behind her on the pavement. (一个小女孩走了过去，后面地上拖着她的洋娃娃。)9.3.2 -ing形式的主语 充当主语的可用代词或名词的所有格，或代词宾格，或者用名词短语本身。 a. 如果该词项是一个代词或是一个名词，多数用其所有格，如 -I dont mind his living here. -I am annoyed about Johns forgetting to pay. -在非正式英语中，这两个例句更常见的说法是： -I dont mind him living here. -Im annoyed about John forgetting to pay. 即所有格形式转为宾格。 但是，动词see, hear, watch, feel, smell等感官性动词后面通常不跟 “物主代词+-ing”。如 -I saw him getting out of his car. （我看到他正从车里出来）不能说成*I saw his getting out of his car. b. 如果该词项是一个很长的名词短语时，就避免使用所有格，如： -Do you remember the students and teachers protesting against the new rule? c. 如果该句中的所有格位于句首，则大多数用所有格，一般不能转为宾格。如： -My forgetting his name was embarrassing. 一般不会说成 *I forgetting his name d. 如果为了格的选用而烦恼，有的时候，可以引进it作形式主语, 主语+ -ing短语被替换为that从句。如： -My forgetting his name was embarrassing. 可以替换为： -It was embarrassing that I forgot his name.9.4 在某些动词( 如avoid, finish, enjoy 等等) 之后的动词-ing 形式 (after certain verbs: avoid, finish, enjoy, etc.) 9.4.1. 常跟动词-ing形式的动词： 如果一个动词后面还有一个动词，第二个动词并不总是动词不定式。我们可以说I want to travel. I hope to travel. 但是我们不能这样说*I enjoy to travel.因为enjoy后通常跟动词-ing形式。英语中许多其他的动词也是这种情形。最常见的有： admit, appreciate, avoid, break off, cease, commence, confess, consider, contemplate, continue, delay, deny, deserve, detest, dislike, dread, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, (not) fancy, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, cant help, imagine, involve, justify, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, quit, recall, recommend, require, resent, resist, resume, risk, (cant) stand, suggest, take up, understand -I really appreciate having time to relax. (有空休息一下，我真地很高兴。) -Have you considered getting a job abroad? -Excuse my interrupting -You mentioned having been in hospital last year.9.4.2. 另外，某些动词结构中也可以用动词-ing形式： prevent +宾语 + (from) + 动词-ing, 如： -Theres nothing to prevent him (from) taking the money. -burst out crying/ laughing (突然哭泣/大笑) -go swimming/ shopping (去游泳/买东西) -spend/waste time/ money doing something (花费/浪费时间金钱做某事) -keep (on) doing something (继续做某事)9.5 既可带-ing形式又可带不定式的动词(verbs followed by either -ing form or infinitive) 有些动词后面既可以跟-ing形式，又可以跟动词不定式，有的两种结构表达的意思并无多大差别，而大多数动词的两种结构通常意思不一样。9.5.1 有些动词后面跟两种结构都可以，意思并无多大区别。 a. 动词如love, like, hate, prefer; begin, start, continue, cease, cant bear后面跟不定式和-ing形式意思基本无区别。 -I love lying / to lie on my back and staring/ to stare at the sky. (我很喜欢躺着凝望天空。) -He continued living/ to live above the shop. -I cant bear getting/ to get my hands dirty. (我的双手给弄脏了，我可受不了。) 如果讲的是某项长期的或习惯性的活动时，-ing形式用得比较多。如果是某一特定的、具体的场合，用不定式则更为常见。如： -How old were you when you first started playing the piano? -Id love to come and see you some time. (我很想在某个时候来看你。) -I hate to mention it, but you owe me some money. (我不愿意提这事，然而，你欠我钱。) -Can I give you a lift? No, thanks. I prefer to walk. (“你搭我的车，好吗？”“谢谢，不必啦。我喜欢步行。”) -She began to understand what he really wanted. b. 表达建议，允许的动词，如：advise, allow, permit, recommend，如果提到了相关的人，则多用不定式： -She recommended the housewives to buy the big tins. (她推荐家庭主妇们买大号罐头。) -They dont allow us to park here. 如果没有提到相关的人，就用-ing形式： -She recommended buying big tins. -They dont allow parking. c. need, require, want后接动词不定式的被动式和-ing形式的主动式。而接-ing形式更为常见: -The grass wants cutting. / The grass needs to be cut.-need, require的用法另参见9.2.2。9.5.2有些动词后面可以跟两种结构，但意思有明显区别： 在forget, remember, regret, stop, go on这些动词之后，两种结构意思上的区别与时间有关系。带-ing形式时指的是发生较早的事（比如说，在forgetting, remembering等等发生以前）；带不定式则表示发生在forgetting 等等之后的事。 -Remember to go to the post office, wont you? (记住要到邮局去。) (不能说*Remember going to the post office, wont you?) -I shall always remember meeting you for the first time. 我将永远记得初次同你会面的情景。(不能说*I shall always remember to have met you for the first time.) -I dont regret telling her what I thought, even if it upset her. (我把想法告诉了她使她感到烦恼，但是我不后悔。) -I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment. (我怀着歉意通知你我们不能雇用你。) -You should stop smoking- its bad for you. (你得戒烟了，抽烟对你身体不好。) 不能说成*you should stop to smoke-its bad for you. -Every half an hour I stop (work) to smoke a cigarette. (我每半小时停下工作抽一支烟。) -How long do you intend to go on playing those bloody records? (那些该死的唱片你还要放多久？)-He welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations. (他对新生表示欢迎，接下去就解释学院的规章制度了。) 在see, watch, hear 之后用动词-ing形式，表示我们观察到了整个动作的一部分；当我们开始观看或听见时，动作正在进行。当我们要表示一个动作自始至终的全过程时，就用（不带to的）不定式。 -When I glanced out of the window I saw Mary crossing the road. （我往窗外看了一眼，看见玛丽在过马路。） -I saw him step off the pavement, cross the road, and disappear into the post office. （我看见他走下人行道，穿过马路，进了邮局，就不见了。） try + -ing 意思是试一试，或做某事看看会发生什么情况。try +不定式意思是作一番努力，试图做某件困难的事情。 -I tried sending her flowers but it didnt have any effect. （我试着给她送花，然而没有什么结果。） -I once tried to learn Japanese. （我曾经试着学习日语。） mean, 是不同意思时带不同的结构。如果意思是“打算”，则带不定式；如果是 “意思是, 涉及”时，带-ing形式: -I mean to get to the top by sunrise. （我打算在日出前到达山顶。） -He is determined to get a seat even if it means standing in a queue all night. （即使要整夜排队，他也决心要买到票。） 9.6 相当状语从句的垂悬分词以及动词不定式(dangling -ing form and the infinitive as adverb clause equivalent) | 所谓“垂悬分词”，有的语法学家称为“无依附分句”（unattached clause）或“独立分句”（absolute clause），是那些在句法上显然并不与主句捆在一起，具有一个明显的主语但既不用从属连接词引导，又不是介词补足语的状语分句。（带有主语的分词短语的具体用法参见9.3。）9.6.1 正如9.2.7 c中所述，作为状语的动词-ing短语的主语和主句中的主语是一致的，所以下面这个句子被认为是错误的。 -*Carrying a heavy pile of books, her foot caught on the step. 然而，一些常见的表达方式却不受这条规则的限制。事实上，这些表达方式对于学习者来说，已经成为固定词组，或是作为介词、连接词来记忆。比如说： -Generally/broadly speaking, men can run faster than women. -Relatively speaking, the cost of living has remained static for several years. -She looks wonderful, considering she has been through so much. -Judging from his expression, hes in a bad mood. -Ill lend you the money, providing you pay it back before Easter. 我可以借给你钱，条件是复活节前你必须还我。 -Supposing there was a war, what would you do? -Assuming congressional approval, the bill will go to the President on Friday. 如果获得议会批准，这项议案将于星期五送呈总统。 -Considering his age (Considering that he is rather young), he has madeexcellent progress in his studies.9.6.2 同样的道理，一般说来，动词不定式的主语也是主句的主语，但也偶尔见到一些表达方式不受这个规则的限制，通常是一些指令，说明等。 比如说： -To get the best results, the oven should be preheated. 另外还有几个不定式短语，可作为状语修饰整个句子。它们多半为表达列举或总结的短语： -to begin (with), to conclude, to continue, to start (with), to summarize, to sum up9.7 相当于状语从句的when/while +-ing 形式，(when/while +-ing form as adverb cl