专接本英语语法知识.doc

定语从句ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSE 复习重点: 关系代词的用法 关系副词的用法 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句关系代词:先行词人Who充当从句主语Whose 属格 (.的)Whom 充当从句宾语That 代替who; whom先行词物Which充当从句主语,宾语Whose属格 (.的)That代替which关系副词:时间 (last year) when地点 (Beijing) where原因 (reason) why 限定性定语从句方式 (way) That or 复习内容: 在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句。它的作用相当于形容词,因此也叫形容词性从局。定语从句通常放在它所修饰的名词、代词之后，这种名词或代词叫做先行词。关系代词的用法1关系代词who, whom, whose的用法 (1.1) who和whom指代人, 在从句中, who作主语，whom作宾语。 Smith was one of those old men who always seemed in fine health史密斯看起来是那种非常健康的老人。 He is the man who lives next door To us. 他就是住在我们隔壁的人。 I have just met a lady (whom) I saw last month我刚刚遇到一位我上个月见过的女士。 Those who were present were disappointed at the report在场的人们对报告感到失望。 (1.2) whose 指某某人的，在从句中作定语。 Thats the painter whose works are so highly regarded那位就是作品受到高度评价的画家。.关系代词which whose 的用法： (2.1) which指物，可作从句的主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。 The dog which was lost has been found.丢失的狗已经找着。 These are the books (which) he wrote when he was young. 这些是他年轻时写的书。 (2.2) whose 指某某物的，在从句中作定语。 I want to work in the laboratory whose facilities are complete我想找家设备完善的实验室工作。.that 的用法: (3.1) that可指人或物，在从句中担任主语或宾语，担任宾语时可省略。先行词是指人的名词或代词时，that /who (whom)，可以互换引导从句。 先行词是指物的名词或代词时，that / which，也可以互换。She is the girl that has two bright eyes.她长着两只明亮的眼睛。 Water that is impure often causes serious illness水不洁会引起疾病。The lawyer that (whom) l consulted gave me some useful advice我咨询的律师给我出了一些好的建议。 The book that you ordered last year has arrived你们去年定的书已经到达。 Thank you very much for the present (that) you sent me. 谢谢你送来的礼物。注 关系代词担任句子成分时，从句中的谓语动词以及代词要和先行词的人称和数一致。 Is he the man who sells the eggs?他是卖鸡蛋的那个人吗? They are the students who devote their spare time to sport.他们是那种在业余时间从事体育活动的学生。 限定无介词that只能用在限定性定语从句中(3.2) 而且前面不能有介词。 The man to whom he is talking is my cousin. The university in which I studied is famous for engineering. Please give me a chair that I can sit on. 特殊用that, 一般用其他 (3.3)：如果先行词为特殊名词或代词（短语）必须用that引导定语从句。：如果先行词为一般单纯性的名词或代词（短语）则可以用其他的关系代词引导定语从句。（与限定无介词原则不冲突时也可用that.） (本身特殊) 先行词是all, everything, somebody, much等不定代词时。：特殊用that指： B (本身一般,但修饰语特殊) We had to eat standing up because we hadnt anything that we can sit on. 我们只好站着吃饭，因为没有可坐的东西。 All that live must die. 有生必有死。 All that glitter is not gold. B1先行词为序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。 He is the first man that I met in the college他是我在大学里碰到的第一个人。 This is the most interesting book that l have ever read在我读过的书中，这本最好。Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived牛顿是历史上的伟人之一。B B2 先行词由any, every, all, no, few, little, same, only, very所修饰。 Any person that wants to succeed must work hard要成功就要努力工作。 You are the only person that can help me. 你是惟一一位能帮忙的人。 B3 先行词是在以who，which开头的特殊疑问句中。 Who is the man that is standing over there? 站在那里的人是谁? Which of the four books that you bought yesterday is the most interesting? 你昨天买的四本书哪本最有趣? 4.“介词+关系代词”短语在从句中的形式。 A整个短语在从句开头 This is the time at which he arrives.这就是他到达的时间。 B在关系代词省略的情况下，介词留在原位上。 He is the man I have the great respect for.他就是我最尊敬的人。关系副词的用法(1) when的先行词是表时间的名词，在从句中作时间状语。 July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月天气最热。 (2)where的先行词是表地点的名词，在从句中作地点状语。 I know of a place where we can read aloud in the morning.我知道一个我们可以晨读的地方。 That is the house where he lived ten years ago。那所房子他住了十年。 注: 一定保证关系副词在定语从句中做状语但应注意，where是个副词，在丛句中只能充当状语。意思和there差不多，如果在从句不是充当状语就不能用它： -This is a place (which) I have long wanted to visit. 这是我长期以来想去的地方(which作visit的宾语，因此可以省略) -They work in a factor that makes radio parts (或where radio parts are made) 他在一家制造无线电零件的工厂工作(that在从句中作主语)This is the time which he arrives at.That is the woods which I used to wander about. (3)why的先行词是reason，在从句中作原因状语。That is the reason why he was late.那就是他迟到的原因。(4) 的先行词是way ,用that 引导或不用任何关系代词或关系副词。(许国章p)The way these comrades look at problems is wrong. That was the way she looked after us.-The way these comrades look at problems is wrong, 这些同志看问题的方法不对， -That was the way she looked after us. 她就是这样照顾我们的注 when和where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别1.引导定语从句时，when，where前面有表示时间或地点的名词(如time，place)，且从句不能置于句首。引导状语从句前面则不需要表时间或地点的名词，且从句可以置于句首或句尾。. 引导定语从句的when，where相当于“介词+which，引导状语从句的则不能。 . 结合整个句子的意义进行判断。 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句 (1) 限定性定语从句对其先行词起限定作用，它和先行词的所指意义不可分。如果缺少了，句子意思就不完整，不清楚。关系代词如果在从句中作宾语可省略。主句和从句之间无逗号。 Can you tell me the year when Lu Xun was born? 你能告诉我鲁迅出生的年代吗? This is the car I bought last year. 这辆车是我去年买的。 (2) 非限定性从句仅对先行词作补充说明，如果缺少，句子的意思仍然清楚完整。主句与从句之间要用逗号隔开。从句可由关系代词和关系副词引导，但不能使用关系代词that。 Once more I am in Boston，where I have been for ten years我又一次来到了波士顿，我有十年没有到这里来了。 Water，which is a clear liquid, has many uses水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。 The next day John went with me to the station，where I bought a ticket for Beijing第二天约翰陪我去了火车站，在那儿我买了张去北京的票。 注 非限定性定语从句可修饰整个句子。 He married her，which was natural. 很自然，他娶了她。非限制性定语从句，在修饰人时根据不同情况用 who, whom或whose，在修饰物时用which：(that is not allowed) -One herdsman, who looks after 800 sheep at most, earns about 656 yuan a year. 一个牧民至多看八百只羊，每年约挣六百五十元 -The team is headed by a 44-year-o1d Mongolian, whose wife is a Tibetan 队长是一位四十四岁的蒙古人，他的妻子是藏族人 -The longest glacier so far discovered in China, the Karagul, which is 34 km. In length, is located here. 卡拉古尔冰川有三十四公里长，是我国到目前为止发现的最长的冰川，就在这个地方 -It now has 20,000 hectares of land，more than two thirds of which are under cultivation. 现在它拥有两万公顷的土地，其中三分之二以上已经耕种。非限制性定语从句也可由where或when引起： -They will fly to Kunming，where they plan to stay for two or three days，and then go on to Kwemn他们将乘飞机到昆明，在那儿计划待两三天，然后去桂林 -In the old days，when I was a little boy the city had no industry to speak of. 过去我小时，这个城市没有工业可言 -We will put off the outing until next week, when we wont be so busy. 我们把郊游推迟到下星期，那时不会这么忙了。分裂的定语从句The time has come when ordinary people can use computer.特殊关系代词1. as作为连接词的使用the same.asas作关系代词用于 such.as 的句型中 as引导限制性定语从句。asas He is just the same as he used to be他和过去一样。(as在从句中作主语补足语)I have the same trouble as you (have). 入我和你有同样困难，I feel just the same as you do. Such passengers as survived the explosion were drowned从爆炸中逃生的人们被淹死了。(as在从句中作主语) It was a newspaper of a new type，such as had never before existed in the history of the labor movement这是工人运动史上前所未有的一种新型报纸. There was a look of fear in his eyes，such as people have when they are suddenly awakened 他眼中露出一种人们突然被叫醒时产生的一种恐惧神情 Then I left it, with a weight on my mind such as I had never had before.然后我就离开了，心中感到一种从所未有的沉重情绪As many people as we found were taken to the hospital我们所找到的那些人都被送到医院了。(第二个as在从句中作宾语). as (同which) 单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句。 As you will find out, I will never let you down你将会发现，我是不会让你失望的。 I usually take forty winks after lunch，as is my habit吃过午餐，我一般小睡一会儿。He opposed the idea，as could be expected 正如可以预料到的，他反对这个意见. She was not unconscious，as could be judged from her eyes她没有失去知觉，这从她的眼睛可以看出1. as作为关系代词可以用来指它前面或后面的主句所表达的意思。as在它所引导的定语从句中必须充当一个语法成分，即不是主语就是宾语。 注：2. 不要把用作关系代词的as和用作连词的as相混淆。as用作关系代词时只能代表一个句子，不能代表一个单词。如：London as I see it. (我所见到的伦敦) 中as是连词，它引导的从句中see是及物动词，后面的it代表London作see的宾语，不可省略。. but作为连接词的使用“but用作关系代词时，作“whothatnot” 或“whichnot”解，用在否定结构中，通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的修辞效果。 1There is no rule but has exceptions凡是规则皆有例外。 2No one in the world but knows the Great Wall世界上没有谁不知道万里长城。 3There was not a single student in my class but respected their math teacher. 在班里没有一个学生不尊敬他们的数学老师。定语从句用以修饰整个句子，或是句子的一部分 定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的(见上面各节中的例子)，但间或也可以修饰整个句子(a)，或是句子的一部分(b)： a They have invited me to visit their country，which is very kind of them. 他们邀请我访问他们的国家，这是使我很感谢的。They turned a deaf ear to our demands, which enraged all of us 他们对我们的要求置之不理，这使我们大家都很气愤The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted 这项活动延期了，这正是我们希望的 He may have acute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲肠炎，如果是这样，他就得动手术 b When deeply absorbed in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating and sleeping他常常聚精会神做工作，这时他会废寝忘餐 She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was她对孩子们耐心，她丈夫很少这样。非谓语动词动词不定式一、动词不定式的性质:一) 动词不定式三属性：名词性，形容词性，副词性。即在词性上具有名词、形容词和副词的功能二) 动词不定式的动词特征：动词不定式是动词的一种特殊形式-不做谓语的动词既非谓语动词。三) 从更深层的含义上讲：具体性、目的性、动词不定式带有某种 的特征，掌握这一点对解决难度较大的考题有很强的指导意义。特定性和未来性二、动词不定式的形式（体态-时态、语态的变化）即具有动词的三个特征，(1)可带宾语或表语，(2)可由状语来修饰，(3)有时态和语态的变化。动词不定式也具备了这三个特征如：to learn English well中的English和well，分别作不定式to learn的宾语和状语。动词不定式的时态、语态变化如下(以do为例): 主动语态 被动语态一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing to be being done to have been doing 完成进行式 完成式 to have done to have been done 2.1) 时态考点分析：动词不定式保留了动词的些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，其时态有：1) 一般式：不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其之后发生。- We hope to have a lot of story-books2) 进行式：不定式进行式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作发生时正在进行。- The train seems to be moving另参见考题3) 完成式：动词不定式的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。2.2) 语态 主动形式与被动形式：考点分析：1) 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的承受者时，则用其被动形式，- The motor seems to have been repaired 2) 主动表被动的情况：2.1当用在easy、difficult、hard、heavy、good等形容词作表语的系表结构中的形容词后，不定式要用主动形式表示被动的意思，说明谓语所表示的情况，如考题。 - English is hard to learn well. 2.2 另外，一般而言，当不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系时，也可用不定式的主动形式表被动- He gave me something to eat 2.3 to blame，to let本身已包含被动意义，无需再使用动词不定式的被动形式。参见考题- Nobody was to blame for the accident(这次事故不怪任何人.)三. 动词不定式的功能(一) 作主语 动词不定式可作主语，如：- To solve the problem is impossible- It is difficult to answer such a complicated question in English回答这么复杂的问题是很困难的(二)作表语(无考点，略) - My job is to teach English.(三)作宾语 动词不定式作宾语时涉及以下考点：3.1) 在一些及物动词等后面常用不定式作宾语这类动词无规律性，需靠强记和平时的积累才能掌握。GuaranteePromiseSwear come on= Begin(cease) Continue EndeavorManageAttemptTryMeanIntendDesireExpectWantHopeWishAgreeAffordDarePretend Refuse Offer DetermineDecidePrepareRemember3.2) 某些特定的动词后要求用：who what when动词+ + to do结构。这种结构也属于动词不定式作宾语之列。如：where why how - They asked how to get to the railway station.3.3) 当不定式作直接宾语，它后面还有宾语补足语时，需用形式宾语 it 代替不定式，而把不定式放在补足语之后如：- I found it difficult to solve the problem(我发现解决这问题很难)(四)作宾语补足语、主语补足语 （动词不定式作宾补、主补涉及到以下两个考点）考点分析： 4.1例如：- Harry invited me to come to his party- Harry invited me to come to his party变成 - I was invited (by Harry) to come to his party (五)作定语 考点分析： 1) 动词不定式可作定语，如：- Have you any other question to ask? 注意：当被不定式修饰的名词与后面的不定式有动宾关系(即逻辑宾语)，该不定式中的动词又是不及物动词时，不定式结尾表示动宾关系的介词不要丢掉，如：- I havent got a chair to sit on.(六)作状语考点分析：动词不定式作状语时常表示目的、结果、原因等，常有以下几种情况： to+ 原形动词; in order to+原形动词； so as to+ 原形动词例如：To meet needs Of our industry，we must work harder(表目的)四、动词不定式的特殊篇(一) 不定式复合结构 ( 逻辑主语 )考点分析：动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语：1.1不定式复合结构为：for+名词(代词)+不定式(短语)。一般而言，句中谓语动词的主语就是动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语，但有时它还有自己的逻辑主语，由介词for引出，1.2但如果句中的形容词既指行为的性质又指人的品质，则由of引出这一结构这种复合结构在句中的句法作用与不定式基本相同 - There are many problems for the researchers to deal with(作定语) - For a machine to do work，we must do work on the machine(作状语)2.2) too + (adv / adj.) + to do sth enoughto 五、不定式符号“to”的使用场合问题考点分析：就此类语法现象，可总结为以下几种情形：had better / had best / would rather (宁愿)would just as soon (宁愿) let alone (更不用说) 1） 在 等搭配后，动词不定式不带 to如：can not but (不得不) can not help but (不得不) do nothing but (不得不) - I would rather not have eggs for breakfast- They cannot but accept his suggestion2）A. 在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中，即动词不定式作宾补时，如果动词是表示感觉意义的see、feel、smell、hear、watch等，to不能省略B. 在表示“致使”意义的have、make、let等，不定式不带to. 但要注意当动词不定式变为主补时，to不能省略如:- John made her tell him everything.变为主补时to不能省略，- She was made (by John) to tell him everything3) 在动词help(或help+宾语)之后，可用to，也可不用to。- Can l help you (to) lift this heavy box?except (除之外) 如果其前有do 的某种形式（did, does, done）， 4) 在 but (除之外) 之后的不定式： 不定式一般不带tosave (除之外) 反之则须带to参见不定式作宾语中考点分析之4)7) 在Why.?或Why not.?结构中，动词不定式不带to如：- Why argue with him?- Why not give him some flowers?分词 Participle 1特征 (形容词、副词性) 2分词的分类（现在、过去分词）分词 3 分词的形式 a过去分词的形式 b现在分词的形式（主动、被动；一般、完成） 4分词的功能 a用作定语 b用作表语 c用作状语 d和特定动词+ 一名词构成复合宾语 5注意事项 a主语一致1特征 (形容词、副词性) The Feature of ParticipleThis is an amusing story. He came into the room supported by two persons. 2分词的分类（现在、过去分词） 现在分词: 主动、进行 过去分词：被动、完成 China is still a developing country. We were excited to hear the news.3分词的形式 现在分词的形式（主动、被动；一般、完成） 主动 被动 一般 doing being done 完成 having done having been done 否定 not not The door is still locked.The block built is our practicing building.The block being built is our practicing building. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.4分词的功能 a用作定语 We need more qualified teachers. The unexpected loss is very heavy.Suddenly there appeared a lady dressed in black.Theyre problems left by history. b用作表语 Used as PredicativeThe door remained locked.The situation is encouraging. c用作状语 Used as Adverbial1）现在分词短语作状语时表示主语正在进行的另一动作，对谓语动作加以修饰、说明或陪衬。过去分词短语作状语时多用于说明谓语动作发生的背景或情况They stood there watching the game.Moved by your sincerity, I will teach you what I know.2) 分词短语作状语表示原因Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.3分词短语用作时间状语Seeing those pictures, he could not help thinking of his childhood. Be careful when crossing the road.Dont mention his wifes accident while talking to him. 和特定动词 + 一名词构成复合宾语：分词可以和see, hear, notice, feel, watch等动词与一个名词构成复合宾语Do you see a girl running toward us?Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window.He found the cup broken. 5注意事项 a分词逻辑主语必须和句子主语一致He looked at me, shining with tears. He looked at me, his eyes shining with tears.His eyes fixed on me, shining with tears. Seeing from the top of the mountain, the cars looked like little boxes.He rushed into room, his face covered with sweat.GERUND 1 动名词的性质: 名词性动 2 动名词的形式: 一般,完成;主动,被动名 3 动名词的用法: 与名词相当词 4 动名词的逻辑主语 1 性质: a) 名: 动名词是动词的一种非限定形式.它在句中起名词的作用. . b) 动: 动名词是动词的一种形式,因此也具有动词的某些特点,它可以有自己的宾语或状语. a) Making friends with the students is not easy job. My favorite sport is skating. Have you got used to living in China?b) She is fond of collecting stamps.Excuse me for coming late.2 动名词的形式: 主动 被动 一般 doing being done 完成 having done having been done 3 动名词的用法: 与名词相当 3- a) 动名词(结构)用作主语Forgetting the past means betrayal. Its no good waiting here. Lets walk home. 3- b) 动名词(结构)用作表语Seeing is believing. 3- c) 动名词(结构)用作宾语 Have you finished correcting the papers?He insisted on doing it in his own way.Who id responsible for organizing this class?The little boy is keen on playing that toy.He always consulted others before doing anything.1. 注意: 一些动词后面只能用动名词作宾语而不能用动词不定式suggest, advice; finish, stop, leave off; admit, deny; excuse pardon; postpone, put off, delay, avoid; fancy consider; cant help, mind, enjoy, endure; miss, escape; require ,practice, 2. 在love，like，hate，prefer，dislike，begin，start，Continue，intend，attempt，cant bear，propose，want，need，remember，forget，regret，neglect，try，deserve，cant afford等动词后，可以用动名词作宾语，也可以用不定式： I propose making (to make) a change in the plan Then they began making (to make) plans for the work.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大，有时却有不同的意思， 在remember，regret，want, try 等词后差别是比较明显的：I remember seeing her once somewhere I must remember to take my notebooks with me I regret not having accepted your adviceI regret to say I havent given you enough help. She doesnt want (need) to comeThe house wants (needs) cleaning. We must try to get everything done in time Lets try doing the work some other way在 like, hate, prefer等词后，如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词作宾语(a)，如指特定或具体某次行动，用不定式时更多一些(b): a I like reading books of this kind bId like to read this book. I prefer to stay at home today.定语从句ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSE 关系代词: Wh