自考00832英语词汇学考试概念题整理

1 Word A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function 1 a minimal free form of a language 2 a sound unity 3 a unit of meaning 4 a form that can function alone in a sentence 2 vocabulary 1 Total number of the words in a language 2 Words used in a particular historical period 3 All the words of a dialect a book a discipline 3 The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language 4 Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine in mathematics in music in education 5 Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts sciences trades and professions communicate among themselves 6 Slang belongs to the sub standard language a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in group words like cant jargon and argot 7 Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words They include nouns verbs adjectives adverbs and numerals 8 Functional words do not have notions of their own Therefore they are also called empty words As their chief function is to express the relation between notions the relation between words as well as between sentences 9 borrowed words are words taken over from foreign languages known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms 10 Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language 11 Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling 12 Translation loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language 13 Semantic loans Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form But their meanings are borrowed 14 Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials namely roots affixes and other elements 15 Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need 16 morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words 17 monomorphemic words coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence 18 allomorphs are alternative morphs realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word 19 Free Morphemes 自由词素 自由词素 have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free 20 Bound Morphemes 粘着语素粘着语素 A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself They are bound to other morphemes to form words Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words 21 Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function 22 affixes can be put into two groups 1 Inflectional affixes 屈折词缀 affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional thus known as inflectional morphemes 2 Derivational affixes 派生词缀 derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words 23 A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology a root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added 24 Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems This process is also known as derivation for new words created in this way are derived from old forms The words formed in this way are called derivatives 25 affixation falls into two subclasses prefixation and suffixation 1 Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems Prefixes do not generally change the word class of the stem but only modify its meaning 2 Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem suffixes have only a small semantic role their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems 26 Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems also called composition Words formed in this way are called compounds 27 Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class 28 Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words 29 clipping is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead 30 Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms depending on the pronunciation of the words 31 Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter In cases likeA D Anno Domini in the year after the birth of Jesus Christ B C Before Christ and C O D cash on delivery 32 Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word for example radar radio detecting and ranging and WAVES Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service etc 33 Back formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation As we know suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases and back formation is the formation of new words by removing the supposed suffixes 34 Reference 所指 It is the relationship between language and the world The reference of a word is arbitrary and conventional It is a kind of abstraction yet with the help of context it can refer to something specific 35 Concept 概念 which is beyond language is the result of human cognition 认识 reflecting the objective world in the human mind Meaning and concept They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories Meaning so is restricted to language use 36 Sense It denotes the relationship inside the language The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language 37 Sense and Reference Unlike reference sense denotes the relationships inside the language The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language ibid Since the sense of an expression is not a thing it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is It is also an abstraction Every word that has meaning has sense not every word has reference 38 Motivation 动机 accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning As we know the relationship between the word form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary and most words can be said to be non motivated 39 Onomatopoeic motivation 象声动机 象声动机 words whose sounds suggest their meaning for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning 40 Morphological motivation 词素动机 词素动机 Compounds and derived words are multi morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines E g airmail 41 Semantic motivation 语义动机 语义动机 refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word E g the foot of the mountain foot 42 Etymological motivation 语源动机 语源动机 The meanings of many words often relate directly to their origins In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word E g pen feather 43 Grammatical Meaning 语法意义 refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words singular and plural meaning of nouns tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms Grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual context 44 Lexical meaning itself has two components conceptual meaning and associative meaning 45 Conceptual meaning 概念意义概念意义 also known as denotative meaning 外延意义 is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning 46 Associative meaning 关联意义关联意义 is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning 47 Connotative 内涵意义 内涵意义 In contrast to denotative meaning overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning traditionally known as connotations 48 Stylistic 文体意义 文体意义 Apart from their conceptual meanings many words have stylistic features which make them appropriate for different contexts 49 Affective 感情意义 感情意义 indicates the speaker s attitude towards the person or thing in question 50 Collocative 搭配意义 搭配意义 This meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation In other words it is the part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion 51 A word which is related to other words is related to them in sense hence sense relations 52 Polysemy the same symbol must be used to express more meanings 53 diachronic approach 历时方法 from the diachronic point of view polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word First meaning is the primary meaning the later meanings are called derived meanings 54 synchronic approach 共时方法 synchronically polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time 55 radiation 辐射型 辐射型 is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes e g face neck 56 concatenation 连锁型 连锁型 meaning linking together is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word move gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning e g treacle 57 区别 Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original there is no direct connection in between 联系 They are closely related being different stages of the development leading to polysemy Generally radiation precedes concatenation In many cases the two processes work together complementing each other 58 Homonymy 同音异义关系 words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling 59 Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词 words identical both in sound and spelling but different in meaning Homographs 同形异义词 words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning Homophones 同音异义词 words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning 最多最常见 60 Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants 同音同形异义词和多义词的区别 同音同形异义词和多义词的区别 Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation This creates the problem of differentiation 1 The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings 2 One important criterion is to see their etymology i e homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development 3 The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree e g neck 4 meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another In dictionaries a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries 61 Synonymy 同义关系 one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning 62 Antonymy 反义关系 it is concerned with semantic opposition Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning 63 Hyponymy 上下义关系 1 Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word 64 Semantic Field 语义场语义场 an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fields 65 Extension generalization 词义的扩大词义的扩大 is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized 66 Narrowing specialization 词义的缩小词义的缩小 is the opposite of widening meaning It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense In other words a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present day English 67 Elevation amelioration 词义的升华词义的升华 refers to the process by which words rise from humble 粗陋的 beginnings to positions of importance 68 Degradation pejoration 词义的降格词义的降格 is the opposite of semantic elevation It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non affective words come to used in derogatory 贬损的 sense 69 Transfer 词义的转移词义的转移 Words which were used to designate 指明 one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer It is a process by which words were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else 70 associated transfer a term used in relation to changes in word meaning in which the meaning is transferred through association e g purse for money dish for food etc 71 Context is used in different senses In a narrow sense it refers to the words clauses sentences in which a word appears This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph a whole chapter and even the entire book In a broad sense it includes the physical situation as well This is called extra linguistic or non linguistic context which embraces the people time place and even the whole cultural background 72 Lexical context 词汇语境 词汇语境 refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question 73 Grammatical context 语法语境 语法语境 refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs 74 contextual clues 上下文线索 上下文线索 Context may prove extremely valuable in guessing the meanings of new words In many cases when a new word thought to be appears for the first time the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea 75 Idioms 习语的定义 习语的定义 Strictly speaking idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable fro