某化工仓储公司成品油及化工原料库储运工艺初步设计
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编号：7010214
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上传时间：2018-01-06
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个人认证
罗**（实名认证）
广西
IP属地：广西
40
积分
- 关 键 词：
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化工
仓储
公司
成品油
原料库
储运
工艺
初步设计
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JOURNALOFNATURALGASCHEMISTRY212012282298REVIEWCONVENTIONALPROCESSESANDMEMBRANETECHNOLOGYFORCARBONDIOXIDEREMOVALFROMNATURALGASAREVIEWZEEYINGYEO1,THIAMLENGCHEW2,PENGWEIZHU1,ABDULRAHMANMOHAMED3,SIANGPIAOCHAI11CHEMICALENGINEERINGDISCIPLINE,SCHOOLOFENGINEERING,MONASHUNIVERSITY,46150BANDARSUNWAY,SELANGOR,MALAYSIA2FACULTYOFENGINEERINGANDGREENTECHNOLOGYFEGT,PERAKCAMPUS,UNIVERSITITUNKUABDULRAHMAN,JALANUNIVERSITI,BANDARBARAT,31900KAMPAR,PERAK,MALAYSIA3SCHOOLOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,ENGINEERINGCAMPUS,UNIVERSITISAINSMALAYSIA,SERIAMPANGAN,14300NIBONGTEBAL,PENANG,MALAYSIAMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDJANUARY11,2012REVISEDFEBRUARY28,2012ABSTRACTMEMBRANETECHNOLOGYISBECOMINGMOREIMPORTANTFORCO2SEPARATIONFROMNATURALGASINTHENEWERADUETOITSPROCESSSIMPLICITY,RELATIVEEASEOFOPERATIONANDCONTROL,COMPACT,ANDEASYTOSCALEUPASCOMPAREDWITHCONVENTIONALPROCESSESCONVENTIONALPROCESSESSUCHASABSORPTIONANDADSORPTIONFORCO2SEPARATIONFROMNATURALGASAREGENERALLYMOREENERGYDEMANDINGANDCOSTLYFORBOTHOPERATIONANDMAINTENANCEPOLYMERICMEMBRANESARETHECURRENTCOMMERCIALMEMBRANESUSEDFORCO2SEPARATIONFROMNATURALGASHOWEVER,POLYMERICMEMBRANESPOSSESSDRAWBACKSSUCHASLOWPERMEABILITYANDSELECTIVITY,PLASTICIZATIONATHIGHTEMPERATURES,ASWELLASINSUFFICIENTTHERMALANDCHEMICALSTABILITYTHESHORTCOMINGSOFCOMMERCIALPOLYMERICMEMBRANESHAVEMOTIVATEDRESEARCHERSTOOPTFOROTHERALTERNATIVES,ESPECIALLYINORGANICMEMBRANESDUETOTHEIRHIGHERTHERMALSTABILITY,GOODCHEMICALRESISTANCETOSOLVENTS,HIGHMECHANICALSTRENGTHANDLONGLIFETIMESURFACEMODIFICATIONSCANBEUTILIZEDININORGANICMEMBRANESTOFURTHERENHANCETHESELECTIVITY,PERMEABILITYORCATALYTICACTIVITIESOFTHEMEMBRANETHISPAPERISTOPROVIDEACOMPREHENSIVEREVIEWONGASSEPARATION,COMPARINGMEMBRANETECHNOLOGYWITHOTHERCONVENTIONALMETHODSOFRECOVERINGCO2FROMNATURALGAS,CHALLENGESOFCURRENTCOMMERCIALPOLYMERICMEMBRANESANDINORGANICMEMBRANESFORCO2REMOVALANDMEMBRANESURFACEMODIFICATIONFORIMPROVEDSELECTIVITYKEYWORDSMEMBRANETECHNOLOGYINORGANICMEMBRANECO2SEPARATIONNATURALGASSURFACEMODIFICATIONZEEYINGYEOPHDSTUDENTATCHEMICALENGINEERINGDISCIPLINE,SCHOOLOFENGINEERING,MONASHUNIVERSITYSUNWAYCAMPUSSHEISWORKINGONINORGANICANDFUNCTIONALMEMBRANESFORCARBONDIOXIDESEPARATIONTHIAMLENGCHEWASSISTANTPROFESSOROFTHEFACULTYOFENGINEERINGANDGREENTECHNOLOGY,UNIVERSITITUNKUABDULRAHMAN,MALAYSIAHERECEIVEDHISPHDDEGREEINCHEMICALENGINEERINGIN2012HISRESEARCHINTERESTSFOCUSONTHEAREASOFTHESEPARATIONOFCARBONDIOXIDEUSINGINORGANICANDFUNCTIONALMEMBRANESANDDEVELOPMENTOFZEOLITEMATERIALSCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL60355146234FAX60355146207EMAILCHAISIANGPIAOMONASHEDUSPCHAITHISWORKWASSUPPORTEDBYTHEMINISTRYOFHIGHEREDUCATIONMALAYSIATHROUGHLONGTERMRESEARCHGRANTSCHEMEA/CNUMBER211022611300COPYRIGHT2012,DALIANINSTITUTEOFCHEMICALPHYSICS,CHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCESALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/S1003995311603666JOURNALOFNATURALGASCHEMISTRYVOL21NO32012283PENGWEIZHUASSOCIATEPROFESSOROFTHESCHOOLOFENGINEERING,MONASHUNIVERSITYSUNWAYCAMPUSHERECEIVEDHISPHDDEGREEINCHEMISTRYIN1994HISMAINRESEARCHINTERESTSAREINFUNCTIONALCOLLOIDS,SURFACTANTSANDEMULSIONS,STIMULIRESPONSIVE/FUNCTIONALMATERIALS,INTERFACIALCONFORMATIONSANDRELEVANTPHENOMENA,NONEQUILIBRIUMANDRELAXATIONSATSURFACES/INTERFACESABDULRAHMANMOHAMEDPROFESSOROFTHESCHOOLOFCHEMICALENGINEERINGANDDIRECTOROFTHECENTREFORENGINEERINGEXCELLENCE,UNIVERSITISAINSMALAYSIAHERECEIVEDHISPHDDEGREEINCHEMICALENGINEERINGIN1993HISRESEARCHINTERESTSFOCUSONREACTIONENGINEERINGANDCATALYSIS,AIRPOLLUTIONANDWASTEWATERCONTROLENGINEERING,FUELTECHNOLOGY,NANOSCIENCEANDNANOTECHNOLOGYSIANGPIAOCHAISENIORLECTUREROFTHESCHOOLOFENGINEERING,MONASHUNIVERSITYSUNWAYCAMPUSHERECEIVEDHISPHDDEGREEINCHEMICALENGINEERINGIN2008HISMAINRESEARCHINTERESTSAREINTHEAREASOFCATALYSISANDREACTIONENGINEERING,MEMBRANETECHNOLOGY,NATURALGASPROCESSINGANDNANOMATERIALSDEVELOPMENT1INTRODUCTION11CO2INNATURALGASTHEREHASBEENINCREASINGDEMANDFORTHEUSEOFNATURALGASASAMOREEFFICIENTANDCLEANERFUELNATURALGASISALSOCONSIDEREDASTHEPRINCIPALFEEDSTOCKFORTHECHEMICALINDUSTRYTHEGLOBALCONSUMPTIONOFNATURALGASISPROJECTEDTOINCREASEFROM95TRILLIONCUBICFEETIN2003TO182TRILLIONCUBICFEETIN20301THECONSUMPTIONOFNATURALGASINTHEUNITEDSTATESISEQUIVALENTTO22TRILLIONCUBICFEETPERYEAR2WHILETHEESTIMATEFORTHENATURALGASCONSUMPTIONINEUROPEANUNIONIS522BILLIONCUBICMETERS3NATURALGASRESERVESINMALAYSIASTOODAT88TRILLIONCUBICFEETASAT1STJANUARY2008,WHICHISTHREETIMESTHATOFCRUDEOILOF546BILLIONBARRELOFTHIS,38ISFOUNDOFFTHEEASTCOASTOFPENINSULARMALAYSIA,48ATOFFSHORESARAWAK,AND14REMAININGATOFFSHORESABAHMALAYSIASGASRESERVESAREEXPECTEDTOLASTFORANOTHER36YEARSWITHCURRENTRATEOFPRODUCTION4CURRENTLY,THEWORLDWIDEMARKETFORNEWNATURALGASSEPARATIONEQUIPMENTCONSUMES5BILLIONPERYEAR,HOWEVER,MEMBRANEPROCESSESONLYHAVELESSTHAN10TOTAL100WATER10000PPMTOTAL100C3CONTENT9501050BTU/SCFDEWPOINT4284ZEEYINGYEOETAL/JOURNALOFNATURALGASCHEMISTRYVOL21NO32012FIGURE1RESERVESTOPRODUCTIONR/PRATIOSOFNATURALGAS5IN2010BYREGIONACIDGASESLIKEH2SANDCO2INNATURALGASWELLSTREAMSHAVENOHEATINGVALUE,ANDTHEYFORMACIDSORACIDICSOLUTIONSINTHEPRESENCEOFWATERWHICHARECORROSIVETHEREMOVALOFCO2ISVERYIMPORTANTASITISONEOFTHEMOSTCOMMONCONTAMINANTSACIDGASESCONTENTCOULDREACHANDEVENOVERPASS50VOLUMEINSOMEUNCONVENTION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ESTRIPPER,THEREGENERATIONOFLEANMETHANOLSOLVENTTAKESPLACE18MANYPOSSIBLEPROCESSCONFIGURATIONSFORRECTISOLPROCESSEXISTSDEPENDINGONPROCESSREQUIREMENT,SPECIFICATIONSANDSCALABILITYTHISPROCESSISEXTENSIVELYUSEDINNATURALGASINDUSTRYTOREMOVECO2THEDRAWBACKSOFRECTISOLINCLUDETHECOMPLEXITYOFTHEPROCESSES,EXTENSIVEUSEOFREFRIGERATIONSWHICHRESULTSINRECTISOLASANEXPENSIVEPROCESS13,1516,20,LOWTEMPERATUREWHICHLEADSTOTHERMALLOSS17,ANDCHILLEDMETHANOLSOLVENTWHICHCOULDABSORBMETALLICTRACECOMPONENTSSUCHASMERCURYTOFORMAMALGAMSINTHEPROCESS16222SELEXOLSINCE1969,SELEXOLHASBEENUSEDTOSWEETENNATURALGAS,BOTHFORBULKCO2REMOVALANDH2SREMOVAL16CURRENTLY,THESELEXOLPROCESSISOWNEDBYUNIVERSALOILPRODUCTSBUTTHISPROCESSWASORIGINALLYDEVELOPEDBYALLIEDCHEMICALCORPORATION21SELEXOLPROCESSUSESDIMETHYLETHERSOFPOLYETHYLENEGLYCOLDMPEG,AGLYCOLBASEDSOLVENTWHICHISEFFECTIVEINCAPTURINGBOTHCO2ANDH2SATHIGHERCONCENTRATIONITHASAVERYLOWVAPORPRESSUREANDHIGHCAPACITYFORVARIOUSIMPURITIESSUCHASH2S,CO2,CARBONYLSULFIDEANDMERCAPTANS21THEIROPERATINGTEMPERATURERANGEIS040C12THISOPERATINGTEMPERATURERANGESOFFERSUBSTANTIALLYREDUCEDCOSTSBYELIMINATINGORREDUCINGTHEREFRIGERATIONDUTY19THEABSORPTIONTEMPERATURETAKESPLACEAROUND05CWHILEDESORPTIONOFTHERICHSOLVENTCANBEDONEBYLETTINGDOWNTHEPRESSURE,ORBYSTRIPPINGWITHINERTGAS,AIRORSTEAM16ALTHOUGHSELEXOLWASUSEDSINCE1969TOSWEETENNATURALGAS,ITHASSEVERALDRAWBACKSSUCHASEXPENSIVESOLVENTS,HIGHCAPITALCOSTSFOREQUIPMENT22,HIGHCIRCULATIONRATE,HIGHSULFUROUTLETCONTENT17ANDUNDESIREDABSORPTIONOFHIGHERHYDROCARBONSWITHCO2WHICHRESULTSINHYDROCARBONLOSSES16,2323PHYSICALCHEMICALABSORPTIONPHYSICALCHEMICALABSORPTIONGENERALLYUSESACOMBINATIONOFAMINEANDOTHERORGANICPHYSICALSOLVENTS,WHICHCANUSUALLYACCEPTAHIGHERLOADINGTHANANAQUEOUSAMINESOLUTION,THEREBYREDUCINGSOLVENTRATES12231SULFINOLPROCESSTHESULFINOLPROCESSISDEVELOPEDIN1960S15ANDLICENSEDBYTHESHELLINTERNATIONALPETROLEUMMAATSCHAPPIJSIPMINNETHERLANDSANDSHELLOILCOMPANYINTHEUS21THESULFINOLPROCESSUSESAMIXTUREOFSOLVENTSCOMPOSEDOFSULFOLANE,DIISOPROPANOLAMINEDIPAANDWATER,ALLOWINGITTOBEHAVEASBOTHACHEMICALANDPHYSICALSOLVENTPROCESSCOMMONSULFINOLMIXTURESARECOMPOSEDOF40AMINEDIPA,40SULFOLANEORGANICSOLVENT,AND20WATER15THESULFOLANEACTSASTHEPHYSICALSOLVENTWHILEDIPAACTSASTHECHEMICALSOLVENT7,14INTHISMIXEDSOLVENTPROCESS,BULKOFTHECO2WILLBEREMOVEDBYTHEPHYSICALSOLVENTWHILETHEPROCESSGASISPURIFIEDBYTHECHEMICALSOLVENTTOSTRINGENTLEVELS,ALLINASINGLESTEP21THESULFINOLDPROCESSUSESDIISOPROPANOLAMINEDIPAWHILESULFINOLMONEUSESMETHYLDIETHANOLAMINEMDEA15WHENCOMPLETEREMOVALOFBOTHH2SANDCO2ANDDEEPREMOVALOFCARBONSULFIDEAREDESIRED,SULFINOLDISUSEDWHENSELECTIVEREMOVALOFHYDROGENSULFIDEOVERCO2ANDPARTIALREMOVALOFCARBONYLSULFIDEISREQUIRED,SULFONILMISUSED21THEOPERATIONPROCESSOFSULFINOLISVERYSIMILARTOTHEAMINEMETHODEVENITSEQUIPMENTCOMPONENTSARESIMILARTOAMINEUNITSHOWEVER,THEMAINDIFFERENCEISTHATTHECONVENTIONALAMINEPROCESSEMPLOYSDILUTEDCONCENTRATIONOFAMINEINWATERTOREMOVEACIDGASESBYCHEMICALREACTION,WHILETHESULFINOLSYSTEMUSESMIXTUREOFHIGHLYCONCENTRATEDAMINEANDPHYSICALSOLVENTTOREMOVEACIDGASESBYPHYSICALANDCHEMICALREACTIONSTHEADVANTAGESOFSULFINOLPROCESSINCLUDELOWSOLVENTCIRCULATIONRATESWITHSMALLEREQUIPMENTANDLOWERCOSTANDTHEDISADVANTAGEISTHEABSORPTIONOFHEAVYHYDROCARBONSANDAROMATICS7,14286ZEEYINGYEOETAL/JOURNALOFNATURALGASCHEMISTRYVOL21NO3201224ADSORPTIONPROCESSADSORPTIONISTHEENRICHMENTOFGASEOUSORDISSOLVEDSOLVENTSONTHEBOUNDARYSURFACEOFASOLIDTHESESURFACESHAVESOCALLEDACTIVESITESWHICHCANBINDFOREIGNMOLECULESDESORPTIONISTHEREVERSALOFADSORPTIONPROCESSWHERETHEADSORBEDMOLECULESISLIBERATED24THECAPABILITYOFADSORBENTONCARRYINGTHEQUANTITYOFCO2COMPONENTDEPENDSNOTONLYONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFCOMPONENTANDSORBENT,BUTALSOONTHETEMPERATUREANDPRESSUREUNDERWHICHITTAKESPLACEBOTHTEMPERATUREANDPRESSUREEFFECTSAREUSEDFORTHECLASSICADSORPTIONDESORPTIONCYCLE,WHEREHIGHPRESSUREANDLOWTEMPERATUREAREUSEDFORADSORPTIONWHILELOWPRESSUREANDHIGHTEMPERATUREAREUSEDFORDESORPTION12PHYSICALADSORBENTSSUCHASCARBONBASEDMATERIAL,ZEOLITESANDMETALORGANICFRAMEWORKMOFMOSTLYADSORBWATERVAPORPREFERENTIALLYOVERCO2ANDTHEIRCO2ADSORPTIONCAPACITYATLOWPRESSUREISNOTSUFFICIENTLYHIGHHOWEVER,EFFORTSLIKESURFACEMODIFICATIONCANBEDONETOENHANCETHEINTERACTIONSWITHCO2,THUSINCREASINGADSORPTIONCAPACITYATLOWPRESSUREANOTHERMETHODISTODESIGNCOMPLETELYNEWMATERIALSSUCHASCOVALENTORGANICFRAMEWORKSANDZMOFSTOINCREASETOLERANCETOMOISTUREINTHEGASFEED,ANDINDIRECTLYIMPROVECO2ADSORPTIVITY25241MOLECULARSIEVEADSORBENTTHEMOSTCOMMONAPPLICATIONOFMOLECULARSIEVESINCONNECTIONWITHGASIFICATIONPLANTSISTHEREMOVALOFWATERANDCO2UPSTREAMOFCRYOGENICUNITSTHESEPROCESSES,CRYOGENICGASSEPARATIONANDAIRSEPARATION,WORKINGATCRYOGENICTEMPERATURES,REQUIREAFEEDGASCOMPLETELYFREEOFWATERANDCO2,WHICHWOULDOTHERWISEFREEZEANDDEPOSITONTHEINLETHEATEXCHANGERSANDEVENTUALLYBLOCKTHEM12MOLECULARSIEVEADSORBENTSHAVEWIDEAPPLICATIONSWHICHINCLUDEGASSEPARATION,DRYINGANDPURIFYINGSEVERALWELLKNOWNMOLECULARSIEVINGADSORBENTSAREZEOLITES,ALUMOPHOSPHATESANDCARBONMOLECULARSIEVESETC,WHILEOTHERNEWTYPESOFMOLECULARSIEVEADSORBENTSAREMETALORGANICFRAMEWORKSOFMILTYPE,MESOPOROUSSILICATES,ANDCARBONSETC26MOLECULARSIEVESARESPECIALLYDESIGNEDTOSEPARATEVARIOUSMOLECULESBASEDONTHEIRMOLECULARWEIGHTORMOLECULARSIZE27THESELECTIVITYANDRETENTIONOFADSORBEDCOMPOUNDSAREDIRECTLYPROPORTIONALTOTHEIRPOLARITYANDEFFECTIVEMOLECULARSIZEWHICHISRATIONALEFOR“MOLECULARSIEVE”28MANYRESEARCHACTIVITIESAREDONEWITHTHEPURPOSEOFIMPROVINGTHECO2ADSORPTIONBYCHEMICALMODIFICATIONOFMOLECULARSIEVESURFACE16,27THEMAININTERESTISFOCUSEDONTHEAMINESORBENTSWHICHINCORPORATEBASICORGANICGROUPSONTOSURFACEOFHIGHSPECIFICAREASOLIDSSUCHASMICROORMESOPOROUSSILICA,ALUMINAORPOLYMERBASEDMATERIALSAMINESORBENTSHAVEBEENUSEDSINCEEARLY1990SFORCO2REMOVALINSPACESHUTTLELIFESUPPORTSYSTEMS,WITHREGENERATIONBYVACUUMSWINGADSORPTION29THEREACTIONBETWEENTHEACIDICCO2MOLECULESANDBASICSURFACEWILLRESULTINTHEFORMATIONOFSURFACEAMMONIUMCARBAMATEUNDERANHYDROUSCONDITIONSANDTHEFORMATIONOFAMMONIUMBICARBONATEANDCARBONATESPECIESINTHEPRESENCEOFWATERSILICA,SBA1,SBA15,MCM41,ANDMCM48AREATTRACTIVEMESOPOROUSSUBSTRATESBECAUSETHEYPOSSESSPORESLARGEENOUGHTOBEACCESSEDBYMOLECULESWITHAMINEGROUPSTHEPOROSITYANDSURFACEFUNCTIONALGROUPSBOTHFACILITATETHECAPTUREOFCO216,27242CO2ADSORPTIONBYACTIVATEDCARBONACTIVATEDCARBONSAREAPPLIEDINAWIDERANGEOFINDUSTRIALANDTECHNOLOGICALPROCESSESWITHITSWELLDEVELOPEDMICROANDMESOPOROSITIES16MOLECULESFROMTHELIQUIDORGASPHASESCANBEBOUNDONTOTHESURFACEOFACTIVATEDCARBONBYPREDOMINANTLYPHYSICALFORCESOFVANDERWAALSTYPEMOREOVER,CHEMISORPTIONSCOULDALSOBECAUSEDBYSTRONGERVALENCEFORCESONTHEACTIVESITESOFTHECARBONSURFACEALTHOUGHPOROSITYANDSURFACEAREAAREPARAMETERSDEFININGTHEQUALITYOFACTIVATEDCARBON,SURFACECHEMISTRYOFTHECARBONSALSOPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEIRADSORPTIVEPROPERTIES30CARBONADSORBERSUSUALLYOPERATEDATTEMPERATURELOWERTHANABOUT52CBECAUSETHECAPTUREANDRETENTIONOFORGANICCONTAMINANTSAREHIGHERATLOWERTEMPERATURES31COMMERCIALACTIVATEDCARBONSHAVESURFACEAREAUSUALLYLIMITEDTOLESSTHAN1200M2/G32THEFUNDAMENTALSOFCO2ADSORPTIONINACTIVATEDCARBONSHAVEGAINEDMOREATTENTION33SELECTIVEADSORPTIONOFCO2ONACTIVATEDCARBONISUSEDCOMMERCIALLYFORSEPARATIONOFBULKCO2FROMGASMIXTUREORTRACECO2FROMACONTAMINATEDGAS34PHYSICALADSORPTIONCAPACITYOFCO2ONACTIVATEDCARBONSCANBEENHANCEDBYINTRODUCINGNITROGENFUNCTIONALGROUPSINTOTHEIRSTRUCTURETHISCANBEACHIEVEDBYIMPREGNATINGTHESURFACEWITHAPPROPRIATECHEMICALSLIKEPOLYETHYLENIMINEPEIORINTRODUCINGNITROGENINTOTHECARBONSTRUCTURE16BESIDES,IMPREGNATIONWITHAMINES,HEATTREATMENTINPRESENCEOFAMMONIAGASANDFUNCTIONALIZATIONWITHAMINOGROUPSBYELECTROPHILICAROMATICCANALSOBEDONETOIMPROVECO2ADSORPTIONCAPACITY34DESPITEITSUSEFULNESSININDUSTRIALAPPLICATION,ADSORPTIONBYACTIVATEDCARBONSTILLCOVERSSEVERALDISADVANTAGESWHICHINCLUDETHELIMITATIONTOVOLATILEORGANICS,LOWREMOVALCAPACITY,HIGHEROPERATINGCOSTS,ANDPOTENTIALFORFIREATTHEBED31243COMPARISONOFMEMBRANETECHNOLOGYANDOTHERMETHODSFORCO2REMOVALABSORBERSTRIPPERUNITSHAVEBEENPROVENTOBEAWELLACCEPTEDTECHNOLOGYINTHEGASPROCESSINGINDUSTRYHOWEVER,ABSORBERTOWERISINPARTICULAREXPENSIVE,LARGE,THICKWALLEDANDHEAVYVESSELSBESIDES,LARGEAMOUNTSOFABSORBENTFLUIDMUSTBEUSEDANDHIGHMAINTENANCESARENEEDEDTOKEEPTHEABSORBERSTRIPPERUNITSINGOODCONDITION2ONTHEOTHERHAND,ADSO
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