听力理解和阅读理解常遇到的干扰项

1高考英语阅读理解专题复习英语阅读理解正确选项与干扰选项的特点第一节正确选项往往是根据原文的词或句进行语意转换一般来说,阅读理解测试中要求找出主要事实或特定细节的问题,在文章中均可找到回答。但是,需要注意的是,这些问题的表述常常不是采用文章中的原话,而是根据原文的词或句进行语意转换。一、利用原文词句的同义词句或相似结构，转换表达形式。【考例1】Shrilkhasgreatpotential,theinventorssaid.Materialsfromwhichitismadeareplentifulinnature,foundineverythingrangingfromshrimpshells,insectbodiestolivingplants.Thatmakesshrilklowcost,anditsmassproductionpossibleshoulditbeusedforproductsdemandingalotofmaterial.(2012湖南卷C篇)68.Accordingtotheinventors,shrilkhasgreatpotentialpartlybecause_.A.itcanhelpplasticdegradeB.itcanbefoundinlivingthingsC.itsmassproductionhasbeenrealizedD.itsrawmaterialsareabundantinmature【考例2】“WeshowthatEasternersandWesternerslookatdifferentfacefeaturestoreadfacialexpressions,”Jacksaid.“Westernerslookattheeyesandthemouthinequalmeasure,whereasEasternersfavortheeyesandneglect(忽略)themouth”(2010湖南卷C篇)ThediscoveryshowsthatWesterners_.A.payequalattentiontotheeyesandthemouthB.considerfacialexpressionsuniversallyreliableC.observetheeyesandthemouthindifferentwaysD.havemoredifficultyinrecognizingfacialexpressions二、利用原文词句的反义词或相反结构，转换表达形式。【考例3】Yetdespitethat,readingisincreasinglyunpopularamongchildren.Accordingtostatisticsin199723%saidtheydidntlikereadinginall.In2003,35%did.Andaround6%ofchildrenleaveprimaryschooleachyearunabletoreadproperly.（2007山东B）Statisticssuggestedthat_.A.thenumberoftopstudentsincreasedwiththeuseofcomputersB.adecreasingnumberofchildrenshowedinterestinreadingC.aminorityofprimacyschoolchildrenreadproperlyD.ahugepercentageofchildrenreadregularly【考例4】WhenIputonmyflashlights,Iwassayingtootherdrivers,“Ihaveaproblemhere.IamweakanddoingthebestIcan.”Andeveryoneunderstood.insteadofgettingimpatientandangry, var script = document.createElement(script); script.src = /resource/baichuan/ns.js; document.body.appendChild(script); 2theywaited,knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.(2011广东卷A)Whatdidtheotherdriversdowhentheysawtheflashlights?A.Theyspeeduptopass.B.Theywaitedwithpatience.C.Theytriedtheirbesttohelp.D.Theyputontheirflashlightstoo.三、通过词性变化，转换表达的形式【考例5】ZackHocking,theheadofChildTrustFunds,said:“Itspossiblethatonegoodthingtoarisefromthedownturnwillbeagenerationthatsfinanciallywiserandbetterequippedtomanagetheirmoneythroughtimesofeconomicuncertainty.”（2009山东D）AccordingtoHocking,theglobaleconomiccrisismightmaketheyoungsters.A.wiserinmoneymanagementB.haveaccesstobetterequipmentC.confidentabouttheirfuturecareersD.getjobsinChildTrustFunds四、使用原文的词句的上下义结构，转换表达形式。【考例6】Universityapplicationsrose7%lastyear,buttherewererisesaboveaverageinseveralsubjects.Nursingsawa15%jump,withpeoplesrenewedinterestincareersinthepubicsector(部门),whichareseenasmoresecureineconomiccrisis.(2009山东D)Careersinthepublicsectoraremoreattractivebecauseoftheir_.A.greaterstabilityB.higherpayC.fewerapplicationsD.betterreputation第二节英语阅读理解干扰项的设置特点分析通过分析干扰项的设置特点可以为我们提供思考的方向。常用的干扰手段有哪些。干扰项的如下特点：(一)偷梁换柱。干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。【考例1】(2011湖南卷A篇)Whenfirstentered,VanakRestaurantdoesnotlooklikemuchofarestaurant,butoncethepleasantsmellsofkabob（烤肉串）hitthesenses,youareincapableofcallingitanythingless.Ownedbyalocalcouple,thisPersianrestauranthasaninviting,homelikeatmospherethatManyrestaurantslack.Thespaceissmallwithonlyafewdiningtablesandnearlynodecoration,butenvironmentistrulycharming.56.Whenfirstenteringtherestaurant,onecanfindthat.A.issplendidlydecoratedB.haspleasantsmellsofkabobsC.iscrowdedwithdiningtablesD.lookslikeacommonrestaurant【考例2】(2011湖南卷A篇)AcommonsightisthatofoldPersianmensittinginthecornertalkingloudlyaboutworldtopics,watchingnewseventsonTV,drinkingablackteaknownasPersianchai,andreadinglocalPersiannewspapersallthewhiletryingtofinishofftheirplatespiledwithfood.57.Whatactivityisalsomentionedapartfromdiningintherestaurant? (window.cproArray = window.cproArray | ).push( id: u2280119 );3A.WatchingnewseventsonTV.B.Drinkingakindofblackcoffee.C.ReadinglocalEnglishnewspapers.D.Discussingworldtopicsinlowvoices.(二)在推理判断中利用词的表面意义来设置干扰推理判断要求在理解原文表面信息的基础上，做出一定的判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义，要注意不能以文字的表面含义代替推理。【考例1】（2010湖南卷B）Butshehasntalwayspracticedwhatsheteaches.Inherbook,shedescribesthatawfulday,almost40yearsago,whenshereceivedtwopiecesoflife-changingnews.First,shehadlostthebabyshewascarrying,andsecond,testsshowedthatshehaddiabetes.Inachildlikeact,sheleftthehospitalandtreatedherselftoaboxofdoughnuts(甜甜圈).Yearswouldpassbeforesherealizedshehadtogrowupagainandtakecontrolofherdiabetes,notletitcontrolher.Onlythendidshekickherthree-pack-a-daycigarettehabit,overcomeheraddictiontoalcohol,andbegintofollowabalanceddiet.WhenMaryreceivedthelife-changingnews,she_.A.lostcontrolofherselfB.beganabalanceddietC.triedtogetatreatmentD.behavedinanadultway【考例2】McKayswarrecordsweredestroyedduringaWorldWarIIairbombingonLondonanexplanationforwhyhewasallbutforgotten.Butnow,thankstotheeffortsofBroadandhisstudents,amarkerinMcKaysmemorywasplacedontheuniversitygroundsinNovember2007.“IfoundmyeyesfillingwithtearsasIreadtheworddeceased(阵亡)nexttohisname,”saidCoreyEverrett,astudentwhofoundapictureofMckayinhisuniform.“Thiswassuchasimpleexampleofthefactthathehadbeenastudentjustlikeus,butinsteadoffinishinghistimeatWestern,hechosetofightanddieforhiscountry.”(2009湖南卷)WecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatMcKay_.A.preferredfighttohisstudyB.wenttowarbeforegraduationC.leftapictureforCoreyEverrettD.setanexampleforhisfellowstudents【考例3】(2009湖北)Afewyearsago,PaulGernerbegantogatheragroupofarchitectsinLasvegastoaskthemwhatitwouldtaketodesignapublicschoolthatused50percentlessenergy,costmuchlesstobuildandobviouslyimprovedstudentlearning.”Ithinkhalfofthemfellofftheirchairs,”Gernersays.HowdidthearchitectsreacttoGarnersdesignrequirements?A.Theylostbalanceinexcitement.B.theyshowedstrongdisbelief.C.theyexpressedlittleinterest.D.theyburstintocheers.【考例4】Isuddenlyheardanelephantcryingasthoughfrightened.Lookingdown,Iimmediatelyrecognizedthatsomethingwaswrong,andrandowntotheedgeofthenearbank.ThereIsawMaShwe4withherthree-month-oldcalfstrugglinginthefast-risingwater,anditwasalife-and-deathstruggle.Hercalfwasfloatingandscreamingwithfear.Thenwithahugeeffort,shepickeditupinhertrunkandtrieduntilshewasabletoplacethecalfonanarrowshelfofrock.Justatthismoment,shefellbackintotheriver.Ifshewerecarrieddown,itwouldbecertaindeath.Iknew,aswellasshedid,thattherewasonespotwhereshecouldgetupthebank,butitwasontheothersidefromwhereshehadputhercalf.WhileIwaswonderingwhatIcoulddonext,Iheardthesoundofamotherslove.MaShwehadcrossedtheriverandgotupthebankandwasmakingherwaybackasfastasshecould,roaring(吼叫)allthetime,buttohercalfitwasmusic.(2009宁夏)Howdidthecalffeelaboutthemotherelephantsroaring?A.Itwasagreatcomfort.B.Itwasasignofdanger.C.Itwasacallforhelp.D.Itwasamusicalnote.（三）以偏概全。把文章中的事实和细节当主旨，把片面的、次要的观点当成主要观点。在猜测文章或段落大意、标题以及释义题中，干扰项总是以偏概全，具体表现为:(1)把文章中的次要观点、细节混进体现文章主要观点、中心思想的选项(2)把超过文章讨论的东西亦作为归纳或结论混进选项。（3）把段落的主旨当作文章的主旨。【考例1】Thereisasimpleeconomicprincipleusedtodetermineprices.Itiscalledthelawofsupplyanddemand.Supplymeanstheamountof,oraccessto,certaingoods.Demandrepresentsthenumberofpeoplewhowantthosegoods.Iftherearemoregoodsthanwanted,thepriceofthemfalls.Ontheotherhand,ifthedemandforthosegoodsismuchgreaterthanthesupply,thenpricerises.Ofcoursemanufacturersprefertosellmoregoodsatincreasedprices.ThemainpurposeofthisParagraphistotellusthat_.A.EconomicPrinciplesB.LawofSupplyandDemandC.MoreGoods,LowerPricesD.FewerGoods,HigherPrices【考例2】Thereisnonecessaryconnectionbetweenthesymbolandthatwhichitstandsfor.Justassocialpositionscanbesymbolizedbyfeatherswornonthehead,bygoldonthewatchchain,orbyathousandotherthingsaccordingtotheculturewelivein,sothefactofbeinghungrycanbesymbolizedbyathousanddifferentnoisesaccordingtotheculturewelivein.(2005北京D)WhatcanweconcludefromParagraph2?A.Differentnoisemaymeandifferentthings.B.Ourculturedetermineswhatasymbolstandsfor.C.Thelanguageweusesymbolizesoursocialpositions.D.Oursocialpositionsdeterminethewaywearedressed.【考例3】ItseemsthattheEnglishmenjustcannotlivewithoutsportsofsomekind.AfamousFrench5humoristoncesaidthatthisisbecausetheEnglishinsistonbehavinglikechildrenalltheirlives.Whereveryougointhiscountry,youwillseebothchildrenandgrown-upsknockingaballaboutwithastickorsomething,asifinBritainmenshallalwaysremainboysandwomengirls!Still,itcanneverbebadtogetexercise,canit?ThemainpurposeofParagraph1istotellusthattheEnglish_.A.areallsportsloversB.behavelikechildrenC.liketokickaballaroundD.remainyoungbygettingexercise(四)张冠李戴。把一个事物的特征说成是另一个事物的特征，因果倒置(把因说成果，把果说成因)；把他人的观点说成是作者的观点。命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或者题干问的是他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。【考例1】Manyyearsago，whenIwasfreshoutofschoolandworkinginDenver，IwasdrivingtomyparentshomeinMissouriforChristmas.Istoppedatagasstation(加油站)about50milesfromOklahomaCity，whereIwasplanningtostopandvisitafriend.WhileIwasstandinginlineatthecashregister(收款台),Isaidhellotoanoldercouplewhowerealsopayingforgas.(2006全国A)TheauthorplannedtostopatOklahomaCity_.A.tovisitafriendB.toseehisparentsC.topayatthecashregisterD.tohavemoregasforhiscar【考例2】Asthepaperburns,itneedsoxygenandusesuptheoxygen（air）inthebottle.Theeggactsasasea