动词不定式.docx

动词不定式动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，既非谓语动词，在句中不能单独作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制。是由“to+动词原形”构成，在句中起名词形容词后副词的作用，同时也保留动词的一些特征，可以带宾语表语后状语。动词不定式的用法灵活多变，使用时多加注意。一动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式可在句中作主语表语补语定语状语等成分。使用时应对以下问题特加注意。1 不定式作主语动词不定式，可前置也可后置。不定式作主语后置，通常将先行词it 放在句中主语的位置作形式主语，再将不定式后移，如：It is better to be envied than to be pitied. (=To be envied is better than to be pitied.) 不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，结构为：It is (was)+adj. +for sb. to do sth. 如：It is hard for him to solve the problem without others help. 2 不定式作表语动词不定式可在大部分系动词后作表语， 表示结果 目的 征求 意见 安排 命令等。1） 表示结果动词不定式可用来表示事态发展的结果后不幸的命运， 如：Mary was born during the illness of he father whom she was never to see . 2) 表示目的动词不定式在系动词后作表语表示目的时，所表达的意思可以为“旨在”“要”等。如：The purpose of this exchange program is to promote the understanding between the two countries.3)表示征求意见动词不定式在系动词后作表语用于第一称时，表示征求意见。如：Whom am I to say if she asks me that question?4)表示同意 安排 命令 决定 劝告等当“be+不定式”表示“安排”“命令”“决定”时， 如：Tom is to go to school this year. “Tom 今年要上学”时安排后计划好的）；You are to be back by ten oclock. (“十点前你必须回来“十命令的口吻)。3 不定式作宾语1） 接不定式作宾语的动词常见的有：afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, aspire, attempt, bear, care, choose, claim, commence, consent, consider, contrive, dare, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, forget, happen, hasten, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, pledge, plot, prefer, prepare, pretend, proceed, promise, propose, refuse, resolve, seek, tend, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, want, wish.2)“it”作不定式的形式宾语在believe, consider, feel, find, judge, make, think等动词后，不定式作宾语且带有自己的补语时，一般将先行词it 放在宾语的位置， 带上不定式的补语， 然后把不定式后移。 如有not 时， 放在不定式符号to 的前面。如：Some students find it boring to remember English words. 4. 不定式作介宾动词不定式一般不单独作介词的宾语，只有少数几个介词可以接不定式作宾语。 这几个介词是：besides, but, except, instead of, save, than等。1） 在but, besides, except, save后接不定式一般只能在含否定意义的句子里，这些介词才能接不定式作宾语。 注意：如果这些介词前面的动词不是do(did, to do) 时，则“to”不能省略。如：There was nothing for it but to give Tom best and go home.2) 在insteadof 前后的成分在介词词组instead of 前后所连接的两个成分应对等，若前面的一个成分为不定式，那麽后面的成分也应用不定式， 而且后面的不定式不带“to”。 如：Jones wants to open a company by himself instead of take over his fathers. 5. 不定式作宾补动词不定式作宾补的情况较多， 有个问题应倍加注意。 乳油解冻此像admit, allow, encourage, permit, recommend等后面只能接-ing分词作宾语。但是，如果这些动词的宾语是人称代词，那么，必须用不定式作宾补，不能用-ing分词。如：1They dont allow us to smoke in the room. 2)I have spent much time encouraging them to read. 6. 不定式作定语不定式作定语与所修饰名词的关系有如下三种情况：1） 主谓关系被修饰的名词或代词为不定式意义上的主语，如：I to do it is out of question. 有时不定式相当于定于从句，表明动作即将发生。如The conference to take place next week is bound to be a great success.在形容词+不定式结构中，若不定式有自己的宾语， 后虽无宾语但有完整的意义， 不定式便与主语构成主谓关系。如：He is ready to say sorry. 2） 同等关系被修饰的名词为抽象名词， 如：ambition, chance, effort, movement, reason, right, time, way 等常跟不定式作宾语， 不定式其相当于形容词的作用； 被修饰的名词为常跟不定式的动词或形容词派生出来的名词，如：ability, agreement, anxiety, attempt, claim, decision, determination, intention, need, plan, promise, readiness, tendency, willingness, wish 等。如;Do you know about her intention to study law? 3） 动宾关系被修饰的名词为不定式意义上的宾语。如果该不定式为不及物动词，其后应有在结构上或义上所需要的介词。如: I have not get a chair to sit on.7. 不定式作状语不定式在句中作状语， 可以表示目的 结果 原因 条件等。1） 表示目的不定式作目的状语，一边放在句子后部，前面可加in order或so as。 但如果是强调，也可放在句首，前面可加in order, 但不能加so as。 注意: 其否定形式不能用“not+不定式”, 必须用“in order not +不定式”或“so as not +不定式”。如：Lets hurry so as not to be late for the party. 2） 表示结果不定式作结果状语，表示事态发展的结果或预期的结果。不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之后。有时不定式前面可加only,表示最终的结果。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his feet. 3) 表示原因不定式常接在许多作表语的形容词或过去分词后面， 说明产生这种情绪或情况的原因。 通常接不定式作原因状语的形容词和过去分词有：anxious, ashamed, clever, considerate, cruel, delighted, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, glad, grieved, sorry, surprised, unwise, wrong 等。如：I have enjoyed my visit here. I am very sorry to leave. 二不带“to”的动词不定式动词不定式符号省略问题比较复杂，难以掌握。为了便于学习掌握， 限分术如下：1 不定式作表语省略“to”的情况不定式在系动词be 后作表语时，以便不可省去“to”但下列情况下，则常省略表语中的不定式符号“to”（1） 主与部分有实义动词do(did, to do ) 是不用“to”如：What I want to do is take a holiday right away.（2） 主语是all或what等引导的从句是不用“to”如：All that it does is take the place of a housewife. （3） 主语是The only, The first, The one, The least 或形容词最高级+带有实义动词do 的从句时，不用“to”。如：The only thing I could do was keep silent. 2. 不定式作宾补时不用“to ”的情况1）作感官动词的宾补时省略“to”不定式作感官动词的宾补时省略to：在感官动词hear, listen to, smell, look at, see, watch, notice, observe, know (看见过，听见过)，perceive等后作宾补的不定式不用“to”如：Have you ever known me tell a lie?2) 在某些使役动词后作宾补时省略to在make, let, have, leave, 后作宾补时， 不定式不用“to”如：John had his sister write the report for him. 注 当这些动词以被动语态的形式出现时， 不定式成了主语补足语，这时不能省略to。 而let 除外。如: The farmhands were made to be done their work. 3) 不定式在某些词后作宾补，由无“to”均可不定式在bid, charge, help 后作宾补， 有无“to”均可3. 不定式作介宾时不用“to”的情况1） 介词前面有实义动词do 在介词前面有实义动词do(did, to do ) 时不用“to” 如：He will do anything for you except lend you money. 2) instead of 连接两个不定式时在介词词组instead of 连接两个不定式时， 后面的不定式一般不带“to”。 如：Jones wants to open a company by himself instead of take over his fathers.4. rather than 或sooner than 位于句首时“to”的省略在rather than 或 sooner than 位于句首时， 其后的动词不用“to”。如：Rather than wait any more, I decided to go home by taxi. 5. 在某些 固定搭配后“to”的省略 在某些固定搭配后通常接不带“to”的不定式。 常见的有：would rather, would ratherthan, would sooner, would (had)soonerthan, rather than, had better, had best, might(just), as well, cant but, cant help but, cant choose but, have nothing to do except(but/save), do nothing than(besides/but/except), do no more than, do more(less) than 等。如：）测试（ 14 18 19 20 21 40 41 46 47）注 在 否定句种， not 放在had better ， would better 后面。 而否定疑问句中， not 则紧跟在had和would后面。测试236 几个动词不定式具有同样的情况几个动词不定式具有同样的功能时， “to” 通常放在第一个不定式 前面。 但为了强调对比， 每个不定式前面都要用不定式符号“to”。 如：To be or to not to bethat is the question.(是生存还是死亡， 这就是问题所在。)7 不定式在go, come, run 后的祈使句中在go, come, run 开头的祈使句中go, come, run 后作状语 的不定式一般不带“to”。 若在陈述句中出现这种情况， 一般go, come, run 不得发生形态变化。 相当于go, come, run 后省略了“and”。测试 428 在某些固定大配中省略“to”不定式在某些固定搭配中省略“to”， 常见的有：make, believe, make do, let go, hear say(tell), go hang, let(leave)go of , let slip, let there be 等。测试 44 45 48 9 在省略主语以why开头的疑问句中不用“to”在省略主语以why 开头的疑问句中， 不用“to”。 表示这么做是愚蠢的或是毫无意义的。 在以why not 开头的疑问句中， 表示建议。测试 36三 动词不定式的时态， 语态及其他情况1 动词不定式的时态动词定式也有自己的时态。 动词不定式 的一般式通常表示在谓语动词动作之后发生的动作， 而动词不定式的完成式则表示在谓语动词的动作之前已经完成或完成的动作。此外， 还应注意以下几个问题：1） “was/ were+不定式完成式”结构“was/ were+不定式完成式”结构，表示原来的计划， 安排要做的事，实际上没有做， 或本来要发生的事没有发生。测试512） 在intend, plan, 等与不定式连用时在intend, mean, plan, hope, expect, think, want, suppose 等动词与不定式完成时连用时， 表示原计划或安排要做的事， 而实际上没有做到。测试50 52 注 谓语动词和做宾语的不定式不能同时使用完成式。测试 523） 在seem, appear, be said 等候免得不定式在具有推断语意的动词， 如：seem, be said, be thought, be known, be believed 等后面不定式， 若为一般式， 则表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作；若为完成式， 则表示 在谓语动词之前发生的动作。如测试49 53 59 4） 在hope, expect 等接不定式完成式在hope, expect 等动词的现在时后接完成式的不定式， 则表示预料要完成的动作。测试542 不定式的语态动词不定式的用法是一个习惯问题。 有的情况下必须用主动语态的不定式， 而有的情况下必须用被动语态的不定式。 现将各种情况分述如下：1） 从逻辑主语判断主动还是被动意义的情况一般情况下， 句中不定式的逻辑主语表示动作的执行者时， 不定式一般用主动语态； 不定式的逻辑主语表示动作的承受者时，不定式通常用被动语态。如测试562） 不定式用主动语态表示被动意义的情况（1） 含动词blame, let, seek 的不定式；在含动词blame, let, seek的不定式作表语时， 用主动语态表示被动意义。有时也可以用被动语态来表示被动意义，但含义不同。如：You are to blame.(这是你的错。)You are to be blamed.(你要受到责备。) 测试57（2） 在形容词easy, difficult, important后的不定式：在形容词easy, hard, difficult, fine, nice, pleasant, safe, fit, delightful, dangerous, important,等候出现的不定式， 用主动语态的形式表示被动的意义。 结构谓：“Sb. (Sth.) is (was)+easy(important,fit)+不定式”, 如： He is hard to convince.如测试58（3） 在主语为something, what, little, much等， 表语为to do 时， 通常用主动语态的形式表示被动的意义。如：What is to do now? Much (A great deal of ) work remains to do.（4） 与worth 连用的不定式当形容词worth与不定时连用时， 常用主动语态的形式表示被动的意义。如：The film is worth going to see.(5) 在too.to .和enogh.to .结构中在too. to .和enough.to. 结构中，不定式可用主动语态， 也可用被动语态来表示被动的意义， 但主动语态更常见。测试626）以there等开头的结构中以there 等开头的结构中， 用被动语态和主动语态都可表示被动的意义， 有些在一以上没有区别， 有些则 有区别。 如：There is a lot of work to do this morning.=There is a lot of work to be done this morning. Ther is nothing to see.(=nothing worth seeing) 句中的“nothing to see”是指“没什么值得看的”；而There is nothing to be seen.(=nothing 。there at all) 句中的nothing to be see 是指“看不见什么东西”。测试607）不定式作宾语的定语在不定式作宾语的定语且不定式的逻辑主语为该不定式动作的施动者时， 不定式要用主动形式来表示被动的意思。句中的谓语动词一般用have(got),want等。测试613 其他情况1） 不定是复合结构不定式的复合结构的基本形式为“for+名词（代词宾格）+不定式”。不定式的这一复合结构除了不能在句中作补语外， 其他功能基本与不定式相同。但是， 不定式复合结构的特殊形式“of +名词（代词宾格）+不定式”在句中的语法功能受到了很大的限制， 在句中只能作主语， 偶尔可作起同位语的定语。此外， 这种特殊形式的不定式复合结构作定语的条件必须是：起逻辑主语为有生的人活动物， 句子的表语为其逻辑主语特征或属性的形容词。（1） 同for 搭配的形容词：easy, hard, difficult, important, necessary, heavy, possible等。 这类形容词同for 后的名词或代词关系不密切，没有意义上的主表关系。但却与不定式结构关系密切， 有意义上的主表关系。（2） 同of 搭配的形容词：nice, kind, good, considerate, thoughtful, clever, wise, generous, careful, right, brave, bold, careless, cruel, foolish, rash, rude, nasty, stupid, silly, wrong 等。这一不定式结构带有感情色彩， 表示好的意思时， 含有“对不胜感激”的意思；表示不好的意思时，含有“真是太了”之意。这类形容词同of 后的名词或代词关系密切， 有意义上的主表关系。测试632） “疑问句+不定式”结构“疑问句+不定式”这一结构， 不但可以作动词know, consider 等的宾语，而且还可以在句中作主语， 表语， 定语， 补语和大多数介词的宾语。测试64 663）“介词+疑问代词+不定式”结构“介词+疑问句which (whom)+不定式”这一结构作定语时， 如果把介词放在不定时之后， 则必须省略疑问代词which 或whom。测试65 测试：1. It is hard _the problem without others help.A. for him to solve C. for him solvingB. that he might solve D. his solving2. It is necessary _a hand at once.A. to lend him C. for him lendingB. that he lends me D. that we are to lend him 3. Before the invention of airplanes, _ in the sky like a bird was only a dream.A. men fly C. for flyingB. to fly D. man flies4. _ such an attitude is to seek truth from facts. A. People adopt C. Being adopted B. While adopting D. To adopt5. What am I _ if she asks me that question？A. saying C. to be saidB. to not say D. to say6. Although he tries his best, much work_.A. remains not done C. does not remain to be doneB. remain not to do D. remains still to be done7. He _ in an accident and to leave a wife and three children.A. was to perish C. had killedB. had to not kill D. has yet killed8. The purpose of this exchange program is _ the understanding between the two countries.A. promote C. promotingB. to not promote D. to promote9. Some students find _.A. boring to remember English wordsB. it to remember English words boringC. it boring to remember English words D. remember English words boring it10. As a matter of fact, I thought _.A. it not to criticize himB. best not to criticize him C. it best to not criticize himD. it best not to criticize him 11. Jones wants _ a company by himself instead of _ his fathers.A. to open/ taking overB. open / take overC. to opening/ take over D. opening / taking over12. On hearing the bad news, she cloud do nothing _.A. but cryingB. while crying C. except cryD. only to cry13. There was nothing _ Tom best and go home.A. for me to make except giveB. for it but to giveC. for it except giveD. for me but give14. Rather than _ any more, I decided to go home by taxi.A. my waiting B,.to have waitedC. waiting for D. wait15. they dont allow _ in the room.A. to smokeB. us smokeC. us to smokeD. to be smoked16. I have not got a chair _.A. to sitB. for sitting C. to sit onD. for my sitting 17. “Id like to buy an expensive camera.”“Well, we have several models _.”B. to choose fromC. for choosing D. to be choose E. of choosing from18. The manage could do nothing _ the secretarys suggestion.A. only to agree to B. until agree to C. but to agreeD. except agreeing to 19. Under the pressure of policemen, the criminal _ confess his guilt.A. could not onlyB. only to C. could not but D. could not unless20. The brave young man would rather die _.A. never surrenderB. than surrender C. without surrendering D. not to surrender21. The companies can not choose _ with each other. A. unless cooperate B. only cooperateC. but cooperate D. apart from cooperate22. I have spent much time encouraging _.A. them readingB. that they readC. them to readingD. their reading23. Had I _ it tomorrow?A. not better to B. better not to do C. better not do D. not better to do 24. He lifted a rock only _ it on his own feet.A. droppingB. dropC. to drop D. for dropping25. Lets hurry _ be late for the party.A. in order to notB. to notC. not toD. so as not to 26. Please tell me which university you want _ .A. to apply for B. to apply toC. for looking toD. applying for27. Do you know about her intention _ law?A. of studyingB. on studyC. to studyD. studying28. I have enjoyed my visit here. I am very sorry _. A. to leaveB. for leavingC. of leavingD. with leaving29. Jean is anxious _ her mother.A. having seenB. for seeingC. about seeing D. to see30. All that it does is _ the place of a housewife.A. takesB. takeC. being takenD. to take31. What I really want to do _ a holiday right away.A. is takingB. is to takeC. are to take D. is take32. Have you ever _ a lie?A. know me to tellB. known me to tellC. know me tellD. known me tell33. The only thing I could do was _ silent.A. to be keptB. keepC. to keepD. keeping34. Did you notice the little boy _ ?A. took the candy and run awayB. taking the candy and run awayC. who take the candy and run awayD. take the candy and run away35. We are interested in hearing him _ the news.A. to tell us B. tell us C. told usD. while tell us36. Why _ at other shops? We have the lowest prices in town.A. to pay much B. for paying moreC. having paid much D. pay more37. John _ the report for him.A. got his sister write B. had his sister writeC. make his sister in writingD. let his sister to write.38. The farmhands were made _ their work.A. doneB. to be doneC. to do D. do39. He will _ except lend you money.A. do anything for you B. give you anythingC. make anything for you D. lend you every40. He had nothing to _ the posters outside the house.A. see except look at B. do except look atC. do except look at do except to look at D. watch except to looking at41. She would sooner _ A. starved than surrenderedB. starve than surrenderC. starved than to surrender D. to starved than to surrender42. The simplest thing to _ your broken tooth back in your mouth.A. is put B. is puttingC. are putD. are to put 43. Why _ at other shops? We have the lowest prices in town.A. to pay muchB. having paid muchC. pay moreD. for paying much44. I have often _ that you country is very beautiful.A. heard to tellB. hear to be toldC. heard to have toldD. heard tell45. He _ that he was a scholar.A. makes believedB.make to believeC. make to be believe D. made believed46.When the typist saw his funny book, she _A. could not help to laugh B. C. could not help but laugh D. could not help but laughing47. “Would you help me with my lessons?”“Of course, but I can do _ give you some advise.”A. no more but to B. not more thanC no more except to. D. no more than48. Jack grabbed the thiefs coat and would _ A. not let go of B. not let to go offC. not let to go of D. not let go off49. He was said _ a gift from her, knowing that it meant a bribe.A. to refuseB.to be refused C. to have been refusedD. to have refused50. Galileo planned _ the problems but failed to do so.A. to have solvedB. for him solvingC. to be solvedD. that will solve51. The leaders _ us in our discussion, but owing to more important business they couldnt come.A. were to join.B. were to be joinedC. had been to joinedD. was to join52. I had intended _ him while he was living in Beijing.A. to visitB of v