英语语法基本知识——句子成分.doc

句子成分不同词类的单词，按照一定的语法规则组合在一起，能够表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫句子，一个句子由各种功能不同的部分组成，这些部分叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分有7种，主语，谓语，表语，宾语，定语，状语，补语。它的构成方法与中文很象，中文分：主，谓，宾，定，状，补，六类，再加上表语就形成了英文的形式。下面主要是从词类的角度来分析句子成分：一 主语句子所要说明的人或者事物，是句子的主体，通常放与句首，一般不省略，可以担当主语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式，动名词和主语从句。下面依次举例：Walls have ears.He will take you to the hospital.Three plus four equals seven.To see is to believe.Smoking is not allowed in public places.Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.二 谓语动词说明主语动作或者状态的句子成分，一般又实义动词或者系动词担任，助动词和情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也可以构成谓语动词Actions speak louder than wordsThe chance may never come again.Tom was very sick at heart.Mary has been working at the dress store since 1994.注意：英语中最基本的原则就是：一句话，只能有一个谓语动词三 表语（现代某些语法书直接把表语归类到了补语当中）是用来说明主语的身份，特征和状态，它的位置在系动词之后。可作表语的有名词，代词，形容词与分词，数词，动词不定式与动名词，介词短语，副词以及表语从句。下面依次举例：My father is a professor.Who that? Its me.Everything here is dear to her.The match became very exciting.The story of my life may be of help to others.Three times five is fifteen.His plan is to seek work in the city.My first idea was that you should hid your feelings.四 宾语宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。英语介词后也会跟宾语。可作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动名词等，不定时式也可做及物动词的宾语。下面依次举例：She covered her face with her hands.We havent seen her for a long time.Do you mind opening the window?Give me four please!He wants to dream a nice dream.We need to know what others are doing.I lived in Japan in 1986.五 定语是修饰名词或代词的词，短语或从句。作定语的有名词，形容词，数词，分词机器短语，不定式及其短语，介词短语以及定语从句等。下面依次举例：They are woman workers.Toms father didnt write home until yesterday.Equal pay for equal work should be introduced.The play has three acts.This is her first trip to Europe.China is a developing country.You havent kept your promise to write us often.My cat has a good nose for milk.Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.六 状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词等句子成分。状语表示地点，时间，原因，目的，结果，条件，让步，程度，方式，伴随情况等。做状语的有副词，名词，介词短语，分词及其短语，动词不定式及其短语，状语从句等。下面依次举例：These products are selling quickly.He is knee deep in snow.The best fish swim near the bottom.She sat there doing nothing.Well send a car over to fetch you.She was slow to make up her mind.Strike while the iron is hot.There is no such a word in English so far as I know.七宾语补足语和主语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除了要有宾语外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子意思完整。如果上述结构变为被动语态句，原宾语变为主语，原宾语补足语相应的变为主语补足语。可以担当补语的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。下面依次举例：They elected me captain of the team.He made me ashamed of myself.We found everything there in good order.I should advise you not to miss the chance.I could feel my heart beating fast.The price is expected to rise in the near future.Some goods are left unsold.She was elected director of public relations.主语宾语表语定语