subjunctive 虚拟语气专题.doc

虚拟语气 虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种假设，猜测、建议、可能或空想等等。虚拟语气通常用在表示非真实的条件从句、含蓄条件从句，as if/as though引导的从句以及动词wish等之后的宾语从句中等等。1虚拟语气在非真实条件中的三种用法1) 表示与现在事实相反的情况时，非真实条件从句(Sentence of Unreal Condition)中的动词用过去式(be的过去式，通常用were,有时第三人称单数亦用was)，主句的动词用would/should/could或者might + 动词原形。If I had time I would go for a walk.假如我有时间，我就去散步。If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party假如邀请我,我会去赴宴。I would study very hard if I were you假如我是你的话，我就努力学习。If she knew about it now she would come. 她现在要是知道这件事的话，她是会来的。If I did not water the vegetables every day, they would/could not grow so well.如果我不是每天给菜浇水，菜就不会(不可能)长得那么好。2）表示与过去事实相反的情况时，非真实条件从句的动词用had+过去分词，主句的动词用would/would/could或might have + 过去分词。If Sadam hadnt invaded Kuwait in 1990, there would have been no Gulf War in 1990.If the doctor had been careful, I wouldnt have had this operation. If you had taken his advice, you wouldnt have made such a mistake.如果你当时接受了他的劝告;你是不会犯这样的错误的。3)表示与将来事实很可能相反或实现的可能性不大的条件时，主句的动词形式用would/should/could/might十动词原形。从句的动词有三种情况:I)用动词过去式 这种表示将来时间的假设条件句，在结构上与表示与现在事实相反的假设条件句相同。由于两种结构相同，为了明确所表示的时间，有时需要在从句中加上时间状语。例如：If she got a scholarship next year, she could be able to go on for graduate study in Canada.假如她明年能得到奖学金，她就能在加拿大继续攻读研究生课程。If they came tomorrow, they would find me in the workshop.2)用 were to + 动词不定式If you were to fail to catch the train, you might take the bus.假如你赶不上火车，你可以乘公共汽车。If she were to start early tomorrow morning, she could be at her destination by evening. 假如她明天早上二早动身，傍晚她就会到达目的地了。3)用should + 动词原形If there should be an accident, it would be a tragedy. 假如发生意外，那将是一场悲剧。If it should rain, the football match would be put off.如果今天下午下雨，排球比赛就延期举行。If I should do it, I would do it in a different way.要是我来做这事，我就用另外一种方法。注一般情况下，主句中should只用于第一人称。但若表示允许、决定等等特殊含义时，也可以用于其他人称。would可以用于任何人称。2错综时间条件句有时虚拟条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作在发生的时间上不一致。例如，一个与过去事实相反 另一个与现在事实相反 这种句子可称为错综时间条件句 (Conditional Sen-tences of Mixed Time)。遇到这种情况，就要根据不同的时间概念，适当调整主句和从句的动词形式，即根据所指的实际时间来选用动司形式 例如If the doctor hadnt been called in, the patient would be dead by now.要是大夫不来的话，病人现在就会死去了。 、If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.如果过去天气更好些,现在庄稼还会长得更好。If he were alive now he might have finished his scientific researches on the bridge building three years ago.如果他现在还活着，他可能三年前就完成了他的桥梁建筑科研工作If he were not absent-minded, he would not have made such a stupid mistake.如果他不这样漫不经心，他就不会犯这样愚蠢的错误了。3含蓄条件句 在英语虚拟语气中，有时句子中表示假设的虚拟条件并不一定都带有明显的虚拟条件从句，而是利用某些词（名词，形容词，连词），短语（分词短语，不定式短语或介词短语等）或并列从句来表示；有时还可以通过上下文和句子内在的逻辑关系来暗示。这些手段都起着虚拟条件从句的作用，可以改成与主句动词相适应的虚拟条件句。所以，那些不含有条件从句，而实际上含有虚拟条件从句的句子可称为含蓄条件句（Sentence of Implied condition）。常用来表示虚拟条件的手段有以下几种：1） 介词短语常用来表示虚拟条件的介词有：with, without, in, under, but for 等等。a) without, withwithout 表示否定的条件，意为if not; with与 without意义相反，表示肯定的条件。Without money,(=if you had no money) you couldnt buy anything.With her help, I would do the experiment well.With better equipment (If we had had better equipment), we could have finished the job even sooner.b) underThe production would rise by 8% or more this year under the more favorable international conditions.Under the leadership of another premier, Chinas economy would not have achieved so much.c) inI would have lost my head in his position. (= If I had been in his position)d) but forBut for the traffic jam (= If I hadnt been caught in the traffic jam),we would have arrived here long ago.But for his strong leadership, the company wouldnt be expanding so rapidly today.2） 连接词 or, otherwise, but, but thatIm really too busy, otherwise, I would certainly go with you.I would have taken your laptop out, but the fire spread too quickly.But that I saw it (= If I had not seen it), I could not have believed it.要不是亲眼所见， 我是不会相信的。3）现在分词短语或过去分词短语Meeting (= If we had met) anywhere else, we couldnt have recognized each other. Having known in time(=It we had known in time), we-might have prevented the accident. This same thing, happening (= if it happened)in the old society, would amount to disaster. United (= If they had been united), they wouldnt have been defeated.Given (= If he had been given) more time, he would have done the work even better. Seen from a high mountain (= If it were seen from a high mountain) the field in which wheat is growing would look like a great green sea.Born m the old society (If he were born in the old society), he would work for a capitalist from morning till night.4） 动词不定式短语It would be only partly right to answer m this way(=if we answered in this way).To hear him speak English (= If one were to hear him speak English), one would think him an Englishman. Hed be stupid not to accept her invitation (= if he were not to accept her invitation). To talk with her(=If you talked with her), you would know she could not hear very well.It would be terrible to let people take off the whales from the sea (=if we let people take all the whales from the sea). What would I not have given to be able to say the rules without a mistake (= if I had been able to say the rules without a mistake). 5）形容词或其比较级的形式A man of more responsible couldnt have left the work half done. (= If the man had been more responsible for his work.)A less difficult problem would have already been solved. (= If the problem had been less difficult, it would have already been solved.) A man of less courage would not have dared to work inside enemy headquarters. ( = If the man had had less courage, he wouldnt have dared to work inside enemy headquarters. ) Further delay would cause us even greater losses. ( = If there were further delay, it would cause us even great losses. )An honest man would hot do such a thing. (=If he were an honest man, he would not do such a thing. ) 6）名词A soldier would have acted differently. (=If he had been a soldier, he would have acted differently. ) An honest man would not say this. (= If the man were honesty he wouldnt say this. )7) 名词 + and 的结构“名词 + and 这种结构相当于连词引导条件状语从句，在名词之前往往带有表示数量的词语。Another sound from me and the snake might strike. (=If another sound came from me, the snake might strike. )A word and he would lose his temper !( =If a word was said, he would lose his temper. ) Another half an hour and all doors would be locked. (=If another half an hour should pass, all doors would be locked.One step further and you would be dead. (= If you took one step further, you would be dead. ) 8）独立主格结构或由with引导的复合结构Everything taken into consideration (=If everything had been taken into consideration), they would have raised their output quickly. All things considered (=If all things were considered) ,the price would be reasonable. Even with conditions unfavorable (Even if the conditions had been unfavorable), they would have succeeded. 9）定语从句 Anyone who should do that would be laughed at. (=If anyone should do that he would be laughed at. ) Imagine being married to a man who snored. (= Imagine being married to a man if he snored) 10）通过上下文关系及内在含义This step we should never take. It would give rise to a lot of problems. (= If we took the step, it would give rise to a lot of problems. You could have avoided making such a mistake, but you didnt take her advice. (=If you had taken her advice, you could have avoided making such a mistake. ) 11）say（假定）引导的从句表示Say we paid them in advance, would they do it? Say it were true, what then? 假如这是真的，又怎样呢？ 有时单独使用主句或从句，亦能表达一个完整的句意。It would be very nice (if you should do it.)I would gladly go with you (if I had time). He might have made more rapid progress in his study (if he had made good use of every precious minute). If only the letter had arrived in time. If I could only see him once 4倒装的条件句如果条件从句中含有were, had, should或could，可以省略连词if，把这些词放在主语之前构成倒装句，这种结构常用在书面语中。Were I (=If I were) you, I would do more practice.Should they forget ( = If they should forget) to bring a compass with them, they would get lost in the woods, Had you (= If you had) invited us, we would have come to the party. Could he (= If he could) lend us a helping hand, he would do so. 如果条件从句是否定式，倒装时只能把not放在主语之后，不能用缩写式把not放在主语之前。Had you not told me about the matter, I should never have known the whole thing. 不能说“Hadnt you told me 。Were it not ( for their assistance ,we couldnt have got over the difficulties. ( 不能说Werent it for their assistance) 5wish之后宾语从句中动词的三种形式1）如果宾语从句中的动词用过去时，表示与现在相反的一中愿望。 I wish I mere a PLA man. I wish I knew how to operate this machine. I wish I remembered her address. 2) 如果在wish之后的宾语从句中用过去分词，则表示已经发生了一件遗憾的事，或表示与过去事实相反的一种愿望。I wish he hadnt gone. I wish you had, come to our New Years party.I wish you hadnt given him my telephone number, but I m sorry you did. 3) 如果在wish之后的宾语从句中表示事实很可能相反的一种愿望或不可能实现的愿望时，动词形式用 “would (could) + 动词原形.“Ill be hack before Christmas.” “I wish youd come back before Thanksgiving.” I wish I would try again. We all wish that you could come, but you wont be able to come.6虚拟语气在as if/as though 引导的从句中的应用as if, as though 可用来引导状语从句或表语从句，表示猜测，假定，联想或方式等等。表现形式有三种：a) 动词的过去式；b) had + 过去分词; c) would/might + 动词原形.I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.It seems as if it were (was) spring already. He is running about as if he were a mad man. He is talking as if he had been there at that time. 当时在场They talked as if they had been friends for years. She cried as if her heart would break. He speaks as though he might sever (=cut off) his connections with the companyas if/as though引导的从句也可用陈述语气，表示情况是真实的，或实现的可能性较大时候更是如此。He talks as if he is drunk.It looks as if it is going to rain.as if/as though 可用省略形式，用as if/as/though+形容词，介词短语，副词，分词或动词不定式表示。She hurriedly left the room as though angry.His shoulders were bent as though under a weight. She reached out her hands as though trying to catch something.He leapt up as though shot.He sat on his hands as though to prevent further damage. 畏缩不前7虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用在某些形容词（或过去分词）+ 主语从句的句型中，主语从句中的动词形式可能用 + 动词原形或直接用动词原形。 本句型中常用的形容词有: necessary, important, essential, imperative, obligatory, vital, impossible, strange等等； 常用的过去分词通常是表示提议，要求，命令等动词的过去分词。如：suggested, required, requested, demanded, urged, pro-posed , recommended, ordered, desired, advised 等等。It is natural that he should say so.It is important that we (should) unite with all that can be united in the struggle. It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. It is requested that Xiao Wang (should) give a performance at the party. It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off till next Friday.It is requested that Xiao Wang (should) give a performance at the party. It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off. 8虚拟语气在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用在 idea, proposal, suggestion, order, recommendation, requirement, decision, advice 等表示提议，要求，命令等名词之后的表语从句，同位语从句中，谓语动词可用“should +动词原形”形式，或省去should，直接用动词原形作谓语。My suggestion is that we (should) send a few comrades to help the other groups. His proposal is that the meeting be put off. He gives a proposal that we (should) put on a play at the English evening. He issued the order that the work be done at once. 9虚拟语气在表示“建议”，“命令”等动词之后宾语从句中的应用在表示提议，要求，命令，意志等动词之后的宾语从句中，可以用should + 动词原形或省去, 这类动词有：suggest, request, demand, urge,propose, move (提议), command, desire, insist, prefer, order, pray, recommend 等等:I suggest that the meeting (should) be put off. She desired that he (should) study hard. I move that the report (should) be accepted. He ordered that the medicines (should) be sent by a special plane. 10虚拟语气在 “Its time + that clause”句型中的应用在“Its time + that clause”句型中，从句中的谓语动词经常用过去式，指现在或将来的情况。You look so tired tonight. It is time you went to bed.Its high time you left here.Its time somebody taught you to behave yourself. Its time +that clause之后不可用否定结构。I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy for her present. Its time you did. It is time for 和 It is time to 的不同。 Its time + that clause “表示早该干某事而已经有些晚了”而Its time for /to do 则表示“到了干某事的时间了” Its midnight. Its high time we went to bed. Its time for class. Its time to have breakfast.虚拟语气练习题选择填空1. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come (94)2. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. (95) A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken3. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired. (96) A. drove; didnt get B. drove; wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got4. If I _ you, I would do it at once. A. am B. was C. be D. were5. If I _ time, I would have stayed there longer. A. have had B. had C. had had D. would have had6. _ , I wouldnt have asked him. A. If you have told me of it B. If you would have told me about it C. Would you tell me about it D. Had you told me about it7. If I _ free now, Id go to visit my friend. A. am B. were C. was D. had been8. I _ the test without your help. A. couldnt pass B. will not have passed C. wouldnt pass D. couldnt have passed 9. Our teacher demanded that all the homework _ before the day after tomorrow. A. must be finished B. shall be finished C. had to be finished D. be finished10. _ now, he would probably finish his work in a short time. A. Were he to start B. Were he start C. Would he start D. If he starts11. Its a very important meeting, so the chairman suggested that we _ . A. mustnt be absent B. cant be absent C. not be absent D. not to be absent12. I wish I _ with you last night. A. could go B. had gone C. would have gone D. would go13. Its time _ to school. A. we go B. us to go C. we have gone D. we went14. He looked very tired as if he _ for a long time. A. hadnt slept B. hasnt slept C. didnt sleep D. would not have slept15 . If we _ last night, we _ the task by now. A. didnt interrupt, would have finishedB werent interrupted, would finish C. hadnt been interrupted, would have finished D. hadnt been interrupted, would finish16. Id rather you _ anything about it now. A. arent doing B. wont do C. didnt do D. dont do17. Its high time we _ our work now. A. begin B. would begin C. began D. would begin 18. It is important that you _ your mouth to speak if you want to learn English well. A. would open B. open C. must open D. will open19. Its natural that he _ his teacher. A. must respect B. respects C. ought to respect D. respect20. It looks _ it were going to rain. A. as if B. that C. like that D. as21. I enjoy my life here very much, and I wish I _ have to leave so soon. A. didnt B. wont C. dont D. neednt22. How I wish he _ much kinder to me！ A. is B. was C. were D. will be23. Its necessary that he _ away with telling us. A. has gone B. would have gone C. went D. should go24. All of the students in my class insisted that we _ more English parties to practise our spoken English. A. should have had B. should haveC. would have had D. had25. Mary to