8.虚拟语气.doc

望子成龙学校（高中英语语法） 8. 虚拟语气 by Bryson ZHAO虚拟语气（SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD）语气是动词的一种形式。它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语动词有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，它用来表示说话人主观上所说的话并不是事实或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议、命令或是与事实相反的假设。1、 虚拟语气在if引导的非真实条件句中的应用1、非真实条件句表示不大可能或不可能发生或实现的假设，句中的条件从句与主句皆须用虚拟语气。其形式如下：if虚拟条件句主 句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+动词的过去式（be动词用were）主+should /would / could /might + 动词原形与过去事实相反的假设 If+主语+had+过去分词 主+should /would / could /might + have+过去分词与将来事实相反的假设If+主语+ 动词过去式If + 主语 + were to + 动词原形If + 主语 + should + 动词原形 主+should /would / could /might + 动词原形If I had enough money, I would buy myself a computer.If it were to snow tomorrow, we would take photos.If I should see/were to see/saw him tomorrow, I would invite him home.If we had had enough rain last year, we could have gained a good harvest.注意：would, could, might在主句中的意义不同。其中would表示_，could表示_，might表示_。2、 如果条件句中含有were, should或had，有时可将if省略，把were, should或had移到主语之前。If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam._If I were you, I would apply for the job._3、 有时主句和从句的动作发生的时间不一致，主句与从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间，选择适当的动词形式，这可称为错综时间的虚拟语气或混合虚拟语气。If you had worked hard, you would be very tired now.If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.4、 有时假设的情况并不用从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词或介词短语（如：but for, without等）、上下文、连词（如otherwise, or, but, but that, once, though等），或其他方式表现出来，这种句子要用含蓄语气。Without air, there wouldnt be living things in the world.She would have come to see you, but she was so busy that day.But for your advice, I would have failed.2、 虚拟语气在各种从句中的用法1、 虚拟语气用于主语从句之中在虚拟语气中，虚拟语气用should+动词原形或只用动词原形。这种从句由连词that引导，常用在以下两个句型之中。（1） It is/was important/necessary/essential/impossible/natural/unthinkable/strange/surprising+thatIt is/was very important that one (should) master the skills of computers.It is surprising that you (should) not understand me.（2） It is/was suggested/requested/required/ordered/proposed/decided+thatIt is advised that one (should) take plenty of boiled water.It is required that the students should learn a foreign language and the IT course.（3） It is a pity/ a shame thatIt is a pity that he should be so proud.2、 虚拟语气用于宾语从句（1） wish后的宾语从句主句表达的愿望宾语从句中谓语动词的形式表示与现在事实相反的愿望过去式(be动词用were)表示与过去事实相反的愿望had+过去分词表示与将来事实相反的愿望would/could+动词原形I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.I wish (that) I had met that film star.I wish I could help him.（2） 某些表示“坚持、命令、建议、要求”的动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词的形式为should+动词原形，should可以省略The teacher suggested that we (should) not lose heart.The general ordered that the work (should) be finished at once.He insisted/ordered/commanded/suggested/advised/demanded/asked/requested/required that we (should) go.注意：一个坚持，两个命令，三个建议，四个要求insist; order, command; suggest, propose, advise; demand, require, request, ask但是当suggest表示“暗示”时，insist表“坚持说”时，其后的that从句不用虚拟语气。We all suggest that a lab (should) be built.Her expression suggested that she was angry.She insisted that we should find the source of the river and begin our journey there.She insisted that she had done nothing wrong.（3） would rather, would prefer, would sooner（宁愿）后跟宾语从句时用虚拟语气。表示现在或将来要做的事，用一般过去式表示过去的动作，用过去完成时（此时可以与wish换用）Id rather you told me the truth.Hed rather his father had been at his party.3、 虚拟语气用于表语从句中（1） 表示决定、主张、要求、命令、建议等的动词相对应的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形His suggestion is that we（should）get started at once.My advice is that you（should）quit smoking.注意：常见的这类名词有advice demand order insistance desire requirement request proposal suggestion command decision（2） as if, as though引导的表语从句中的虚拟语气It seems as if the meeting would never end.It seems as if it were spring already.as if/though也可引导事实或很可能是事实的从句，常用在系动词look, seem, taste, smell, sound等词后。It looks as if it is going to rain.4、 虚拟语气用于定语从句中It is（high）time句型中，从句的谓语动词须用于过去时态或用should+动词原形，should不可以省略，翻译为“该做某事的时候了”Its time we went to bed. Its time we shoud go to bed.Its（high）time we did our homework.5、 虚拟语气用于状语从句中as if/though引导的方式状语从句所表达的内容如果与事实相反或发生的可能性不大，则从句中需要用虚拟语气。（1） 表示在主句的动作之前发生的事情，用过去完成时（2） 表示与主句的动作同时发生的动作或状态，用一般过去式（be动词用were）He speaks English perfectly as if he had lived in England.He spoke as though he were sick.6、 虚拟语气用于if only引导的感叹句中，表示过去的动作用过去完成时，表示现在或将来的动作用一般过去式，译为要是就好了。If only I had seen the film.If only I were a bird.7、 在in case , for fear that引导的从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形He took his raincoat with him in case/for fear that he should be caught in the rain.8、 虚拟语气常用于表示祝愿的句子May you succeed.May you be happy.9、 用于what if？“要是怎么办”句式中What if I should fail?望子成龙学校家庭作业科目：英语 课次：第（ ）次课 作业等级：校区： 老师：赵1. If only he quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie2. How I wish every family _a large house with a beautiful garden.A. has B. had C. will have D. had had3. You did not let me drive. If we _in turn, you _ so tiredA. drove; didnt get B. drove; wouldnt getC. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven ; wouldnt have got4. _it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu BridgeA. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will5. I suggested the person _ to be put into prisonA. refers B. referring C. referred D. refer6. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it_.A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken7. I insisted _to see a doctor, but he insisted nothing _ wrong with him.A. on him to go; should be B. he went; be C. he go; was D. he should to; is8.Your aunt invites you to the movies todayI had rather she _ me tomorrow than todayA. tells B. told C. would tell D. had told9.Would you have called her up had it been possibleYes, but I _busy doing my homeworkA. was B. were C. had been D. would be10. I was ill that day, otherwise I _ the sports meetA. would have taken part in B. took part inC. had taken part in D. would take part in11. _the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easilyA. Had it not been for B. If it were notC. If it had not been for D. Were it not for12. If my lawyer _here last Sunday, he _ me from goingA. had been, would have prevented B. had been, would preventC. were, prevent D. were, would have prevented13. _hard, he would have passed the examA. If he were to work B. Had he worked C. Should he work D. Were he to work14. _today, he would get there by FridayA. Were he to leave B. If he had left C. Did he to leave D. Had he left15. Had you listened to the doctor, you _all right now.A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been16. I did not see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brotherA. has come B. did come C. come D. had come17. He _busy yesterday, or he _you with your experiment.A. was, had helped B. was, would have helpedC. had been, would have helped D. were, would have helped18. If it for the snow, we_ the mountain yesterdayA. were not, could have climb B. were not, could climbC. had not been, could have climbed D. hadnt been, could climb19. Without electricity, human life _quite difficult todayA. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be20. I am going to tell her the news I would as soon you _her about itA. didnt tell B. dont tell C. hadnt tell D. wont tell21. Mikes father, as well as his mother, insisted he _homeA. stayed B. could stay C. has stayed D. stay22. It was requested that the play _againA. should put on B. would put on C. be put on D. put on23. Sorry, Professor Smith. I didnt finish the assignment yesterday.Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline.A. must B. mustnt C. should D. shouldnt24. Bob would have helped us yesterday, but he-_A. was busy B. is busy C. had been busy D. will be busy 25. If he my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job.A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow26. John went to the hospital alone. If he me about it, I would have gone with him.A