3.非谓语动词.doc

非谓语动词1 非谓语动词的共性1） 非谓语动词都不能单独做谓语，故名；2） 非谓语动词有时态、语态变化；3） 非谓语动词保留着动词的特征，因此可有宾语或状语；4） 非谓语动词不受人称和数的影响；5） 动名词相当于名词，因此能担当名词能担当的成分；分词相当于形容词和副词，因此可担当相应的成分；不定式的功能是动名词和分词的和。2 动名词的功能1） Beating a child will do more harm than good.（主）2） He quitted smoking.（宾）3） Her hobby is growing roses.（表）4） She bought a washing machine for her husband.（定）5） His wish, becoming a scientist, is so great.（同位语）6） It looks like raining outside.（介宾）3 分词的功能1） He talked about his coming trip to America.（定）2） The book that I was reading was amusing.（表）3） Hearing the news, we all jumped with joy.（状）4） She watched him walking on the beach.（宾补）5） So many being absent, our meeting has to be put off.（状）4. 不定式的功能1) To act like that is childish.（主）2) My mother tried to comfort me.（宾）3) Have Mary make the bed.（宾补）4) What I like is to swim in the river in winter.（表）5) He was the first Chinese to win the Nobel Prize.（定）6) We had to reduce some staff to save the cost.（状）5非谓语动词在各种时态和语态下的形式（以动词do 为例）动名词和现在分词同形主动式被动式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done注：1）-ing 都加在第一个词的后面； 2）动词的过去分词都具有完成的意思，但只有及物动词才有被动意思。主动式被动式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式to have been doing6非谓语动词的时态是与谓语动词的动作的时间相比较的；非谓语动词的语态是与其逻辑主语的授受关系相关的。7动名词1）动名词的一般式表示的动作和句子谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或大致同时发生；He enjoys watching TV.He insisted on going to Beijing with me.I can still remember teaching you English.2) 动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。I regret not having met you before my marriage.His having left made her feel very lonesome.I know nothing about your having been taught English by him.3) 有些及物动词后只跟动名词做宾语。enjoy, appreciate, fancy/ mind, consider/ keep,practice, endure, cant help/ pardon, excuse/ stop, finish, leave off/ postpone, put off, delay, deny/ suggest, advice/ require, avoid, escape, miss/ admit, acknowledge等。He narrowly escaped being drowned.4) 某些动词如deserve, need, require, be worth 等后面的动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思。The TV needs repairing (to be repaired).These are the places worth seeing (being seen).5)动名词是由动词变来的名词，所以名词能做什么，它就能做什么：主、表、同位、及宾、介宾、定语。6）动名词由动词变来，所以保留着动词的特性，可有自己的宾语、状语或逻辑主语。Smoking cigarSmoking cigar heavilyHim(his, the students) smoking cigar heavily 动名词的复合结构。7） 名词化了的动名词 被形容词修饰：many meetings, meanings, sayings and doings； 如是复数可加-s； 即使是及物动词变来的，也不可有宾语或状语； 它的宾语可由of 引出。he teaching of English, the understanding of the poem8） 动名词和现在分词的做定语的区别：被修饰的名词是现在分词的逻辑主语。a sleeping child a sleeping car / a singing bird a singing contest8. 分词1）分词的否定式是no 加分词；2）现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。过去分词有完成和被动的意味（及物），现在分词有进行和主动的意味。3）及物动词的两种分词的使用，主要看它们与自己的逻辑主语的关系。The job is tiring.(tiring 和the job 是主动关系)I am tired.(tired 与I 是被动关系)I heard them singing the song.我听见他们正在唱歌。（singing 与them 是主动关系，表示动作正在进行）I heard the song sung.我听人唱过这首歌。（sung 与the song 是被动关系，表示动作的完成）4）只有现在分词才有时态形式的变化 现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在稍前发生。He came to visit me, bringing his son. (同时)Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. (稍前) 现在分词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，常做时状或原状。Having finished my work, I went to bed.Having been shot by a bullet, the boy fell down.5) 分词的句法功能（1） 用作谓语的一部分，和助动词一起构成进行时态、完成时态、被动语态和虚拟语气。What are you doing here now?（进行）We have been friends for 10 years.（完成）His leg was hurt in an accident.（被动）You should have done your homework.（虚拟语气）（2）分词相当于形容词和副词，因此可做表语、定语、主补、宾补、状语。 除be 外，分词还在下列的连系动词后做表语，如get, become, feel., seem, appear, remain 等等。be + 过去分词做表语与被动语态的区别：被动语态表示以主语为承受者的动作，be 是助动词，无意义；而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态，be 是系动词“是”的意思。The report was written with care.（被动）The report was carefully written.（系表）When I came into the room, I found the glass was broken.（系表）It was on Friday that the glass was broken. (被动) 做宾补；分词也可做介词with 的宾补。He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 做定语；分词做定语后置，相当于定语从句。unexpected rain, the word written 做状语a. 时状。有时为强调与谓语同时，加上when, while 等。While working, when heated, b. 原状Being blind, how could they see?c. 方式、伴随或附加说明状语 Holding the note in his hand, he stood there dumbfounded.d. 条件状语Considered from, e. 结果状语He dropped the plate, breaking it into pieces.f. 程度状语It became freezing cold.g. 目的状语He used to go swimming.h. 让步状语Though warned of the danger, 做独立成分，用来表示说话人的态度或看问题的角度。Generally speaking, Judging from his accent, 做独立主格结构，分词做状语，其逻辑主语须是句子的主语。否则就须在其前另加自己的主语（名词或主格代词），这叫独立主格结构，作用相当于状语从句。All the guests having arrived, the meeting was declared open.Her tea finished, she went on with her work.Nobody (being) in the room, I didnt go in.“Mama!” he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks.Weather permitting, He sat there thinking, his head (being) on his hand./with his head on his hand. 分词的名词化the dying = the dying people, the wounded = the wounded people9. 不定式1）动词不定式除不能单独做谓语外，可句中的任何成分，是动名词功能加上分词功能之和。2）不定式的时态的用法 不定式的一般式表示该动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或紧接其后发生，形式为to ask。Im glad to meet you.（同时发生）They asked me to go there.(紧接其后发生) 如果谓语动词的动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行，则要用不定式的进行式，形式为to be asking.They will be very happy to be working with you.They are said to be building another bridge there. 如果不定式表示的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生，则要用不定式的完成式，形式为to have asked.We are glad to have had your help.We all know the man to have written a grammar book.如果不定式表示的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生，并且是一直在进行的动作，则要用不定式的完成进行式，形式为to have been asking.We are happy to have been working with you.3) 不定式的语态的用法不定式的主动语态表示其逻辑主语为不定式所表示的动作的执行者；不定式的被动语态则表示其逻辑主语为不定式所表示的动作的承受者。只有及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语动词的不定式方有被动语态。Li wanted a new bike to be bought soon.Li wanted Wang to buy a new bike.The books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.The librarian doesnt allow Yang to take the books out of the reading-room.Television is said to have been invented by an American.It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.4) 不定式的特殊用法 在某些表示“意图”的动词的过去式后的不定式的完成式则表示“过去本想做而未做的事”。这类动词有plan, hope, intend, mean等。I meant to have told you about this, but I forgot to do so.I intended to have read the book again before the exam, but I didnt find the time. 在某些感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语中，如用不定式，则不用to. 这些动词是see, watch, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, have, help等。He would like to listen to other people talk.He would like to look at others play. 上述这类动词在变为被动语态时，其后的不定式要有to.The landlord made them work day and night.They were made to work day and night (by the landlord). 一些词组中不定式不带to. 如 would ratherthan,would rather, would soonerthan, would sooner, had better, cant help but, had rather, canno