International trade国际贸易.docx

International trade国际贸易 is the exchange of goods or services between many countriesImport进口 is the purchase of a good or service made overseasExport出口 is the sale of a good or service made at homeAbsolute advantage绝对优势 Each country will benefit from specialization in those commodities in which it has an absolute advantage, (i.e., being able to produce at a lower real cost than another country), exporting them and importing other commodities which it produces at a higher real cost than another countryComparative advantage Trade will benefit both nations provided only that their relative costs, that is, the ratios of their real costs measured by labor-hour or another commodity, are different for two or more commodities. In short, trade depends on differences in comparative cost or opportunity cost, and one nation can profitably trade with another even though its real costs are higher or lower in every commodity.Benefits of International TradeWider market with the increasing number of trading partnersGrowth of economyCheaper goodsGreat variety with goods coming from more countriesReasons for trade restrictionsPure political reasonsThere is an infant industry argument which maintains that a new industry needs to be protected until the labor force is trained, the production techniques are mastered and the operation becomes large enough to enjoy the economies of scale and to be able to compete in the market.Many countries want a diversified economy to be less dependent on foreign countries both economically and politically. In addition, it is crucial for countries to protect their vital industries, which are strategically related to stability and economic development.Domestic jobs need to be protected from cheap foreign labor.Imposing restrictions on import is aiming to maintain a balance of trade and balance of payments.Protection is needed when foreign firms receive subsidies and government benefits and sell goods abroad at below-cost price to capture a market.Tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into a country.Anti-dumping duty is collected when importing country believes that there is a dumping (one country sells the goods in another country at a lower price, which is below domestic selling price, world market price, or production cost.)Foreign exchange control means various forms of restriction imposed by a government on the purchase of foreign currencies by residents and the purchase of local currency by nonresidents.Green trade barriers also known as environment barrier, is a set of rules, policies and regulations used to restrict and even ban certain export-and-import trade directly in order to protect the ecological environment, natural resources and keep healthy of human being, animals and vegetation.Technical barriers to trade are some compulsory technical measures that a country or a religious organization adopts for the purposes of keeping the security of a country or a region, safeguarding human security and health, protecting the life and health of animals and plants, protecting environment, preventing cheating behaviors, guaranteeing product quality and so on.International rules for the interpretation of trade terms (Incorterms) aims to provide such a set of standardized terms which mean exactly the same to both parties to a contract and which will be interpreted in exactly the same way by courts in every country.EXW工厂交货价FCA货运承交人FAS起运港船边交货FOB装运港船上交货（离岸价）CFR成本加运费CIF到岸价（成本加运保费）CPT运费付至CIP运费加保费付至DAF目的地边境交货DES目的地港上交货DEQ目的地码头交货DDU未完税交货DDP完税交货1) Ex Worksnamed place (EXW)工厂交货价当卖方在其所在地或其他指定的地点（如工厂、工场或仓库）将货物交给买方处置时，即完成交货，买房不办理出口清关手续或将货物装上任何运输工具。【EX指的是point of origin，原产地交货】卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物在指定的地点交货给予买方一切协助以帮助其取得出口单据提货并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地办理出口手续 This term means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has made the goods available at his premises(i.e., works, factory, warehouse, etc) to the buyer The seller is responsible for clearing the goods for export and/or loading the goods on the vehicle provide by the buyer or for clearing the goods for export, unless otherwise agreed. The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the sellers premises to the desired destination. This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller. This term should not be used when the buyer cannot carry out directly or indirectly the export formalities.2) Free Carriernamed place (FCA)货运承交人指卖方只要将货物在指定的地点交给买方指定的承运人，并办理了出口清关手续，即完成交货。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物在指定的地点交货办理货物出口手续并向买方提供取货的凭证提货并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地办理进口手续 This term means that the seller delivers the goods, cleared for export to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place. This term may be used for any mode of transport, including multimodal transport. If the buyer nominates a person other than a carrier to receive the goods, the seller is deemed to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they are delivered to that person.* 【what is carrier】Carrier means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of carriage by rail, road, sea, air, inland waterway, or by a combination of such modes.承运人指人和人，在运输合同中，承诺通过铁路、公路、空运、海运、内河运输或上述运输的联合方式履行运输或由他人履行运输。如果还使用接运的承运人将货物运至约定目的地，则风险自货物交给第一承运人时转移。3) Free Alongside Shipnamed port of shipment (FAS)起运港船边交货指卖方在指定的装运港将货物交到船边，即完成交货。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物将货物交到买方所指派的船边办理货物出口手续并向买方提供取货的凭证办理出口手续，承担出口清关费用船边提货办理进口手续并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地 This term means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. This term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term should not be used when the buyer cannot carry out directly or indirectly the export formalities. This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport.4) Free On Boardnamed port of shipment (FOB)离岸价指卖方在合同规定的装运港和规定的期限内将货物装上买方指定的船只，即刻起，风险由卖方转移至买方。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物将货物交到买方所指派的船只上向买方提供取货的凭证办理出口手续，承担出口清关费用到指定港口提货办理进口手续并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地 This term means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been passed over the ships rail at the named port of shipment. The seller and the buyer can negotiate the division point of responsibilities and costs.FOB Under Tackle(FOB吊钩下交货):The seller fulfils his obligation of delivery once the goods are placed beside the carrying vessel within the reach of the vessels crane.FOB Liner Terms(FOB班轮条件):The ship will be responsible for loading.FOB Stowed(FOB理舱费在内):The seller is responsible for loading the goods on board the vessel and packing the goods carefully and closely in the vessels hold.FOB Trimmed(FOB平舱费在内):Besides loading the goods on board the vessel, the seller should also trim the goods to make the vessel evenly balanced.FOB Free In(船方不负责装货费用):This is a combination of a sales term and a transport term. Free In means the carrying vessel is not responsible for loading the goods. When the ships rail serves no practical purpose, such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, the FCA term is more appropriate to use. This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport.5) Cost And Freightnamed port of destination (CFR)成本加运费指在装运船上交货，卖方需支付将货物运至指定目的地港所需的费用。但货物的风险是在装运港船上交货时转移。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物签订运输合同并支付至目的港的运费将货物交到买方所指派的船只上向买方提供运输单据，不得拖延办理出口手续，承担出口清关费用到指定目的港口从承运人手中提货办理进口手续并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地 This term means that the seller delivers when the good pass the ships rail in the port of shipment. This term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. When the ships rail serves no practical purpose, such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, the CPT term is more appropriate to use. This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport.6) Cost, Insurance And Freightnamed port of destination (CIF)到岸价指在装运船上交货，卖方需支付将货物运至指定目的地港所需的费用，并为买方办理货运保险，支付保险费。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物签订运输合同并支付至目的港的运费将货物交到买方所指派的船只上向买方提供运输单据和保险合同，不得拖延办理出口手续，承担出口清关费用卖方必须自付费用取得货物保险与卖方就货物保险达成一致到指定目的港口从承运人手中提货办理进口手续并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地 This term means that the seller has the same obligations as under CFR but with the addition that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyers risk of loss of ro damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is only required to obtain insurance on the minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of great cover, he would either need to agree as such expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements.如买卖双方未约定具体险别，则卖方只需取得最低限底的保险险别，如买方要求更高的保险险别，则需要与卖方明确地达成协议，或者自行做出额外的保险安排。 When the ships rail serves no practical purpose, such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, the CIP term is more appropriate to use. This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport. This term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.7) Carriage Paid Tonamed place of destination (CPT)运费付至指在卖方向其指定的承运人交货，但卖方还必须支付将货物运至目的地的运费。即卖方承担交货之后一切风险和其他费用。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物签订运输合同并支付至目的港的运费将货物交给承运人向买方提供运输单据和保险合同，不得拖延办理出口手续，承担出口清关费用到指定目的港口从承运人手中提货办理进口手续并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地 This term means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but he must in addition pay the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination. This term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term may be used for any mode of transport including multimodal transport.8) Carriage And Insurance Paid To named place of destination (CIP)运费加保费付至指在卖方向其指定的承运人交货，但卖方还必须支付将货物运至目的地的运费,并办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的保险。即卖方承担卖方交货之后的一切风险和额外费用。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物签订运输合同并支付至目的港的运费将货物交给承运人向买方提供运输单据和保险合同，不得拖延办理出口手续，承担出口清关费用向买方提供运输单据和保险合同与卖方就货物保险达成一致到指定目的港口从承运人手中提货办理进口手续并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地 This term means that the seller delivers has the same obligations as under CPT but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. This term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term may be used for any mode of transport including multimodal transport.9) Delivered At Frontier named place (DAF)目的地边境交货指当卖方在边境的指定地点和具体交货点，在毗邻国家海关边界前，将仍处于交货的运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置，办妥货物出清关手续但尚未办理进口清关手续时，即完成交货。该术语可用于陆地边界交货的各种运输方式，当在目的港船上或码头交货时，应该使用DES术语或者是DEQ术语。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物在指定的交货地点将未卸下的货物交由买方处置将货物交给承运人向买方提供运输单据办理出口手续并承担一切出口费用，包括过境费向买方提供运输单据和保险合同到指定目的地提取未卸下的货物办理进口手续以及后续费用并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地 This term means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named point and place at the frontier, but before the Customs border of the adjoining country. This term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term may be used for any mode of transport.10) Delivered Ex Shipnamed port of destination (DES)目的地港上交货指当卖方将货物运至指定的目的港，并在船上交易，即交易完成。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物将货物送至目的港向买方提供运输单据办理出口手续并承担一切出口费用，包括过境费到指定目的港提取未卸下的货物办理进口手续以及后续费用并将合同的货物从卸货港运输到最终目的地 This term means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available to the buyer on board the ship (before discharging) uncleared for import at the named port of destination. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination.卖方承担在目的港船上将货交由买方处置以前的一切费用和风险。 This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway or multimodal transport on a vessel in the port of destination.与CIF区别：CIF是装运港船上交货，DES是目的港船上交货。 This term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.11) Delivered Ex Quay (Duty Paid)named port of destination (DEQ)目的地码头交货指卖方在指定的目的港码头将货物交给卖方处置，不办理进口清关手续，即完成交货。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物将货物送至指定目的港码头向买方提供运输单据办理出口手续到指定目的港码头提取货物办理进口手续以及后续费用并将合同的货物从卸货港运输到最终目的地 This term means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has made the goods available to the buyer on the quay ship at the named port of destination, but not cleared fo