语言学考试基本概念.doc

书写系统: s音节书写法：syllabic writing语言的特性任意性：Arbitrariness, 创造性：creativity, 文化传递性：cultural transmission, 二重性：duality, 位移性：displacement, 离散性：discreteness语音学及音位学: 语音学：Phonetics, 语音学的分类：the classification of phonetics; 发音语音学articulatory phonetics, 听觉语音学auditory phonetics, 声学语音学acoustic phonetics, 法医语音学forensic phonetics; 双元音：diphthong 清辅音voiceless, 浊辅音：voiced, 鼻辅音nasal, 双唇音bilabial, 爆破音：stop, 摩擦音：fricative, 边音：lateral音位学：Phonology, 音位配列组合：sound combination, 音位：phoneme, 音素：phone音位变体：allophone,最小对比对：Minimal pair音节：Syllable: 音节头onset, 音节核：nucleus, 音节尾：coda构词法及形态学：形态学：Morphology, 词素：morpheme, 自由词素：Free morpheme, 粘着词素：bound morpheme, 实义词素：lexical morpheme, 功能词素：functional morpheme, 派生词素：derivational morpheme, 曲折词素：inflectional morpheme 词素变体：allomorph,词根：Root, 词干：stems, 词缀：affix, 前缀：prefix, 后缀suffix, 词：word,构词法：合成：compounding, 缩略：clipping, 首字母缩写法acronym, 混合法blending, 派生法：derivation, 逆构法backformation, 借词：borrowing, 造词：coinage句法学句法学Syntax, 直接成分分析法：IC analysis, 树状图：tree diagram, 用括号标记句子成分：bracketing, 句子成分constituent, 语义学语义学：Semantics, 词汇关系：Lexical relations: 同义关系synonymy, 同义词：synonym, 同义关系的：synonymous, 反义关系：, 反义词：antonym, 反义关系的：antonymous, 等级反义：gradable Antonymy, 互补反义关系：complementary Antonymy, 反向反义关系：converse/ reverse Antonymy上下义关系：hyponymy, 下义词：hyponym, 共同下义词：Co-hyponym, 同音异义关系：homophony, 同音异义词：homophone ,同形异义关系：homonymy, 同形异义词：homonym, 同形异义词：homograph, 一词多义：polysemy, 原型：prototype, 词义关系：semantic relation: 施动者：agent, 受动者：theme, 方位：location, 来源：source, 语义特征：semantic features, 具有动物特征的：+animate, 具有成年特征的：+ adult, 具有男性特征的：+male, etc.语用学、语篇分析语用学：Pragmatics合作原则：The co-operative principle: 质量准则：The maxim of quality, 数量准则：The maxim of quantity, 方式准则：The maxim of manner, 关系准则：The maxim of relation预设：Presupposition, 言语行为理论：Speech act theory, 礼貌原则：the politeness theory, 面子理论：face, 消极面子：negative face, 积极面子：positive face第一语言习得过度概括：Overgeneralization, 儿童学习语言的基本条件：basic requirements of a baby to learn a language第二语言习得迁移：Transfer, 负迁移：ne