初中 句子结构.docx

Sunny Grammar英语句法入门 By Sunny关于句子* 定义：句子是由( )和( ) 构成的, 是具有一定的( )并表达一个( )意思的语言( )单位。* 分类按用途和语气分为_、_、_、_。按结构分为 _和_。例：(1) 我是一位英语教师。 (2) 你是一位英语教师吗? (3) 听老师的话。 (4) 多么好的一位老师啊! (5) 我是一位英语教师, 但是他是一个医生。句子成分* 组成句子的（ ）叫做句子成分。* 句子成分口诀：（ ）看下面翻译过来的汉语总结句子成分的功能例：1）我怕。 2）我爱杨幂。 3）我是刘恺威。 4）我是 帅气的 刘恺威。 5）我爱 漂亮的 杨幂。 6）在我小时候，我是萌萌的。 7）在沈阳，我遇见了他。 8）我 狠狠地 打了他。 9）他给我一万。 10）他让我笑。 总结: 1） 主语：是句子的（ ），表示所说的是（ ）或是（ ），是动作的（ ）常位于（ ），特殊句型中也可位于（ ）。 2) 谓语：说明主语的（ ），（ ）等，通常是由（ ）词的各种形式或（ ）来充当，如果没有明显的动作，我们用（ ）词充当谓语。 3) 宾语：表示动作的（ ），是动作的（ ），一般位于（ ）或（ ）词后。 4) 表语：位于（ ）词后，说明主语的（ ），（ ），（ ）或（ ）等。 5) 定语：用来修饰（ ）或（ ）是什么样的，相当于汉语中（ ），单词作定语常位于它所修饰的词（ ），词组或句子作定语，常位于它所修饰词的（ ）。6) 状语：用来修饰（ ）词，（ ）词，（ ）等，说明（ ），（ ），（ ）等。7) 补语：补语起（ ）的作用，宾语补足语是对（ ）进一步说明，说明了（ ）的（ ），（ ），（ ），（ ）等。（ ）词也是一种补语，用来补充说明主语，也叫（ ）。如何用符号划分句子成分？ 1) 主语 _ 2) 谓语 _ 3) 宾语 _ (基本成分) 4) 定语 _ 5) 状语 _ 6) 补语 _ (补充成分)* 主语之间和谓语之间可用 _ 表示。以汉语为例例：(1) 一个个高大的 梧桐树 整齐地 站立 在教学楼前方。(2) 彭老师 上了 两节 课，喝 口 茶，看看 报，睡了。 (3) 他们 递给 他们的 妈妈 一份 生日礼物。 (4) 老师 让 学生们 好好 学习。练：(1) 公 路 的 两 边 是 大 片 大 片 的 水 稻 田， 一 颗 颗 水 稻 排 得 密 密麻 麻。 (2) 冬 天，雪 花 飘 落 在 枣 树 的 每 一 根 枝 条 上。 (3) 一 个 小 男 孩，戴 着 圣 诞 帽，翘 首 仰 望 天 空。 (4) 那 个 小 男 孩 儿 是 我 二 舅 家 的 孩 子。 （5）那 个 游 戏 是 那 么 的 好 玩，它 使 我 着迷。 划分英语句子成分 e.g. 1. I swim. 2. It dies. 3. I want you. 4. My teacher brings me some food. 5. I see him playing . 6. He sings a song every day. 7. He loves her very much. 8. I know you love her. 9. She didnt tell me what to do. 10. I love him, but he loves her.句子成分详解：1. 主语（Subject） e.g. 1) The students are playing now. 2) Beijing is the capital of China. 3) Those women teachers are from that school. 4) She goes to school by bus. 5) Everyone is here. 6) Eight is a lucky number. 7) Four and five is nine. 8) To fly is my dream. 9) To read is bad for our eyes. 10) Getting up early is my hobby. 11) Seeing is believing. 12) That you dont love me makes me sad. 13) Its a pity that we cant go. 14）What to do is a question. 15) Play is happy. 16）In the room has three people. 总结：可充当主语的是_。 不可充当主语的是_。2. 谓语 （Verb/Predicate） e.g. 1) She likes singing.2) The girl is beautiful.3) She looks for her lost key.4) He looks after the dogs.5) I know and love her.6) You should be friendly. 7）I can do it well.8) I dont know her.9) I have known her for ten years.10) The cake smells nice.总结：一个词做谓语叫做（ ），多个词作谓语叫做（ ），复合谓语包括（ ）谓语，（ ）谓语和（ ）谓语。（1） 并列谓语：_（2） 搭配谓语：_（3） 合成谓语：_*难点理解系动词：当句子中没有明显动作时，我们用系动词来充当谓语。包括（ ）系动词和（ ）系动词。完全系动词特点：（1）虽为动词，但后接（ ）词修饰。 （2）否疑用（ ） , 但半系动词否定疑问( ) 完全系动词： _ 半系动词口诀：_ _ _ _ _*考点 有些动词兼有系动词和实义动词词性，注意区分，通常意义不同，用法不同。1. The boy goes _ (quick) to his home and just finds the meat goes _ (bad).2. Kitty looks _ (sad) and looks_ (sad) at her mother.3. She always keeps _ (quiet) and he keeps many pets _ (patient).4. Tom grew _ (quick) and she grew _ (rich) within a short time.5. You must smell _ (careful) and soon you will find that it smells _ (nice).3. 宾语 e.g. 1）We study Chinese. 2) Lily likes dogs very much. 3) The students listen to the music for a long time. 4) I saw her last month. 5) We can see nobody there. 6) They help each other with their studies. 7) Two and three equals five. 8) She enjoys singing. 9) She likes to study.10) Theyre helping the poor during the winter.11) The young should respect the elder.12) I dont know what to go.13) I dont know how old she is.14) Do you know who cooked chicken wings first?总结：可充当宾语的是：_ _*难点理解双宾语1. She gives me some books. =2. She cooks me some food. =英语中有些动词，像take, bring, cook, make等词可以接双宾语，通常动作的直接承受者称为( ) ，而另外一个表示方向，或是目的的宾语称为（ ）。这类句型通常可以和（ ）类句型和（ ）类句型转换。l For 类动词： _ _ _ _l To 类动词较多，常考的有_Exx. 1. 老师给了我们一些建议。 _ 2. 她把自行车借给了我。 _ 3. 我父母给我买了很多书。 _ 4. 李老师教我法语。 _ 5. 他给他做了美味的食物，开开心心地带给了他。 _3.表语 e.g. 1) His mother is a teacher. 2) Linda and Tom are classmates.3) The desk is yours.4) I am the first.5) Im nice.6) The song sounds nice.7) My dream is to fly.8) My hobby is reading.9) Im at home.10) She is from Japan.11) Its over there.12) It is what I like best. 13) The leaves turn green.总结：可做表语的是：_4.定语 e.g. 1) There are many apple trees. 2) I see two women teachers. 3) I like the tall girl. 4) The teacher taught 40 students. 5) She is the first girl to do it. 6) She is Toms mother. 7) My father goes to work by bus. 8) I want something to eat. 9) She has a lot of work to do. 10) I can see the sleeping baby. 11) Be careful with the broken glasses. 12) The man here is Mr. King. 13) The girl in red is my sister. 14) The people from China are friendly. 15) The boy who is playing outside is my brother. 16) I find the book which they are looking for. 总结：可做定语的有：_ 注意单词作定语时常位于所修饰的词的_， 如果地点副词，词组（不定式，介词词组）和句子作定语时通常谓语所修饰的词的_。6. 状语 e.g. 1) We go to school every morning. 2) He died on a rainy morning in 1990. 3) He is playing on the playground. 4) He didnt come because he was ill. 5) He didnt come for his illness. 6) You will be No.1 if you study hard. 7) He came to see me. 8) I write it down so that I can remember it very well. 9) She is taller than me. 10) I got up late, so I get to school late. 11) I go to school by bus. 12) Although(尽管) Im poor, Im happy. 13) I always read English books. 14) I love you very much. 15) I lie on the grass, enjoying the sunshine.总结：状语口诀：_ _7补语(宾语补足语) e.g. 1) They name their child Alice. 2) I can see him playing. 3) I always see him play there. 4) They ask me to leave. 5) The teacher told the students to be quiet. 6) I want to have my hair cut. 7) The teacher made his class interesting. 8) Keep yourself healthy. 9) We will keep the class clean.10) Yesterday I saw him there with his mother.11) She found herself in the hospital. 总结：可做宾补口诀：_ 注意“宾语+宾语补足语”通常叫做_，其中第一部分通常为_，而第二部分则是表示第一部分发出的_，_，_和_等。*难点讲解接省to不定式做补语 口诀：_ _这类词变被动时to还原1. My mother makes me study.= I am made to study by my mother.2. He sees her draw a picture.= She is seen _ a picture by him.3. We have observed the thief steal the money.= The thief have been observed _ the money by us.4. His parents watched him run into that room.= _*难点讲解双宾语与复合宾语 区别：（1）双宾语借助介词to和for可调换位置，而宾语与宾补不能； （2）宾语与宾补有“主谓”或“主系”关系，而双宾语没有。Exx. 判断是双宾语还是复合宾语1. They need it to keep it clean. _2. I can hear him crying. _3. Please bring me some water. _4. Could you show me some pictures? _5. She can hear them sing. _6. We left the tap running. _7. She bought me a watch. _8. I o