京剧中英文介绍.doc

Beijing Opera combines music, acrobatic dance, and spectacular costumes to tell stories from Chinese history and folklore. Using abstract, symbolic gestures rich in dramatic meaning, actors represent personages from the heroic, divine, and animal worlds, often in martial exploits. The traditional features of the masklike makeup and elaborate costumes immediately identify the characters to a knowing audience. Four Famous Dan Actors 四大名旦 Stage Props in Peking Opera 京剧道具Types of Facial Make-up in Beijing Opera 京剧脸谱 Roles in Beijing Opera 京剧的角色Xipi and Erhuang 西皮和二簧 Wenchang and Wuchang 文场和武场 Piao You and Xia Hai 票友和下海Longtao and Figurant 龙套”和 “跑龙套”Qiba “起霸” Liangxiang “亮相”京剧脸谱（Beijing opera types of facial makeup in operas） 简介(Introduction)： Beijing opera types of facial makeup in operas, is a special feature of a national cosmetic. As each historical figure or a certain type of person has an approximate spectral type, like sing, play music to the music, so called “types of facial makeup in operas”. On the types of facial makeup in operas sources, the general view is from mask. Beijing opera types of facial makeup in operas are based on certain personality, temperament or some special types of figures for the use of certain colors. Red has expressed his Warriors of strong types of facial makeup in operas such as Guan Yu, concubines Victoria, regular book; Black said the types of facial makeup in operas ming criticized people, integrity, bravery and even reckless, such as Zheng and Zhang Fei, Li; Yellow types of facial makeup in operas that vicious brutality, such as Yu Chengdu, and Dian Wei. Blue or green types of facial makeup in operas that some of the figures represented irritable, such as Dou Ambassador, Ma Wu; General treacherous court official said the types of facial makeup in operas white, bad guys, such as Cao Cao, Zhao higher. Beijing opera types of facial makeup in operas of color painting methods, basically divided into three categories : rub face, face towel, different faces. Types of facial makeup in operas initial role is exaggerated her role with striking places and face the veins, using exaggerated by the performance of dramatis personae of personality, psychological and physiological characteristics, and using this to the entire drama circumstances, but Later types of facial makeup in operas by Kan to complex, from rough to the small, Youbiaojili, from shallow to deep, itself becoming a nation of characteristics, to the facial expression means for the pictorial arts. 中文对照:) 京剧脸谱，是具有民族特色的一种特殊的化妆方法。由于每个历史人物或某一种类型的人物都有一种大概的谱式，就像唱歌、奏乐都要按照乐谱一样，所以称为“脸谱”。关于脸谱的来源，一般的说法是来自假面具。 京剧脸谱，是根据某种性格、性情或某种特殊类型的人物为采用某些色彩的。红色有脸谱表示忠勇士义烈，如关羽、姜维、常遇春；黑色的脸谱表示刚烈、正直、勇猛甚至鲁莽，如包拯、张飞、李逵等；黄色的脸谱表示凶狠残暴，如宇文成都、典韦。蓝色或绿色的脸谱表示一些粗豪暴躁的人物，如窦尔敦、马武等；白色的脸谱一般表示奸臣、坏人，如曹操、赵高等。 京剧脸谱的色画方法，基本上分为三类：揉脸、抹脸、勾脸。脸谱最初的作用，只是夸大剧中角色的五官部位和面部的纹理，用夸张的手法表现剧中人的性格、心理和生理上的特征，以此来为整个戏剧的情节服务，可是发展到后来，脸谱由简到繁、由粗到细、由表及里、由浅到深，本身就逐渐成为一种具有民族特色的、以人的面部为表现手段的图案艺术了。 参考资料： 百度京剧在塑造人物方面有其独特的造型语言。它把不同性别、性格、年龄、身份的人物划分为不同的行当，一般说来有生、旦、净、丑四大行当。由于京剧人物造型形象鲜明、风格多样，有强烈的剧场效果，常常更易于激起观众的欣赏兴趣。 生行 京剧中的 生，一般指剧中扮演男子的演员，其中又可细分为老生、小生和武生。老生，顾名思义就是中老年男子角色，在剧中多扮演正直刚毅的人物形象，例如京剧伍子胥中的伍子胥.他们演出时要戴挂在耳朵上的假胡须，在京剧的行话中也叫髯口，因此还专门有一套髯口上的表演功夫。胡须的颜色表示了人物的年龄。京剧四郎探母中的杨四郎年约三十岁，所戴胡须为黑色。京剧秦香莲中王延龄年约六十，所戴胡须为白色。老生在剧中一般注重演唱和细腻表演，唱腔上也最为丰富。台词用京剧中的韵白来表现，演唱用真声，风格刚劲、挺拔、质朴、醇厚，动作造型也以雍容、端方、庄重为基调。与老生相对应的是 小生，在京剧中指青少 年男子角色，他们在剧中的动作造型儒雅倜傥、秀逸飞动。在演唱上采用真假声结合的唱法，演唱风格华美和明亮。例如京剧白蛇传中的许仙. 武生是指扮演剧中年轻的男性武将，他们用高超的武打技术来展示剧中人物的武艺高强。不重演唱，注重武打动作的娴熟和技巧的难度。例如京剧长坂坡中的赵云. Role of Sheng The roles on the Chinese opera stage fall into four categories - Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou. These roles have the natural features of age and sex, as well as social status, and are artificially exaggerated by makeup, costume and gestures. Sheng, a male role, usually a leading one, dates back to Southern Drama of the Song and Yuan Dynasties (960-1368). This role appears in operas in all historical periods. According to the age and social status of the characters, Sheng falls into five sub-groups: Laosheng, Xiaosheng, Wusheng, Hongsheng and Wawasheng (characters of children). Laosheng is also known as Xusheng, meaning bearded men, because the actors wear artificial beards, and they are middle-aged or elderly men. Most are upright and resolute characters. They sing in their natural voices, and their actions are serious ones. Xiaosheng is a sub-category of Sheng representing young male characters. They dont wear artificial beards. They always sing in their real voices, while in Kunqu and Pihuang operas the singing mixes natural and falsetto voices. Wusheng stands for all of the male characters who appear in battle scenes. They are further subdivided into Changkao Wuheng, Duanda Wusheng, Goulian Wusheng and Houxi Wusheng. They always wear helmets and thick-soled boots. The generals always carry long pikes. Wusheng roles call for sturdy and vigorous actions, with resounding declamations. The movements of the waist and legs are powerful, and a high level of martial arts skills is demanded in these roles. Duanda Wusheng roles use short-handled weapons, and their movements are light and swift. 旦行 京剧中把女性统称为旦，其中按照人物的年龄、性格又可细分为许多行当，饰演大家闺秀和有身份的妇女称为正旦，正旦在京剧中俗称青衣，这就是因为正旦所扮演的角色常穿青色的长衫而得名。京剧窦娥冤中的女主角窦娥就是典型的青衣角色。青衣的表演庄重娴静，秀雅柔婉，以唱功为主，一般说来，青衣的唱腔旋律优美，细腻婉转。旦行中的花旦，多扮演天真活泼或放荡泼辣的青衣妇女，在表演上注重做工和念白，例如红娘中的红娘. 武旦和刀马旦相当于生行中的武生，扮演的是擅长武艺的青壮年妇女，装扮和武生差不多，也扎靠服，她们多在剧中扮演 女侠、女将甚至女仙、女妖等。武旦和刀马旦的表演往往还伴随着热闹的锣鼓点，烘托场上的气氛。 老旦，指在剧中扮演老年妇女的角色行当。为突出老年人的特点，走路迈一种沉稳的横八字步，服装色调为色彩偏暗的秋香色、墨绿色，演唱用真声表现。 Role of Dan in Peking Opera The roles on the Chinese opera stage fall into four categories: Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou. These roles have the natural features of age and sex, as well as social status, and are artificially exaggerated by makeup, costume and gestures. Dan is the general term in Peking Opera for female roles. As early as in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), the Zhuangdan role appeared. Southern Drama and Northern Zaju, which developed during the Song and Yuan Dynasties (960-1368), also had Dan roles. After Kunqu matured, it had Zhengdan, Xiaodan, Tidan and Laodan. Later, more Dan types were developed. Nowadays, the Dan roles are subdivided into Zhengdan (or Qingyi), Huadan, Wudan, Laodan and Caidan, in accordance with age, characteristics and social positions of the roles. Zhengdan role was the main Dan role in the Northern Zaju. Zhengdan refers to young or middle-aged women with gentle and refined dispositions. Most of Zhengdan s lines are delivered in song, and even the spoken parts are recited in rhythmic style. Always dressed in a blue gown, Zhengdan is also called Qingyi (blue clothes). Huadan is a role for a vivacious maiden, a young woman with a frank and open personality, or a woman of questionable character. Wudan refers to female characters skilled in the martial arts and can be subdivided into Daomadan and Wudan, according to the social positions and skills represented. Daomadan is good at using pikes and spears, and at riding horses. Wudan always wears short robes and the role emphasizes acrobatics. Wudan plays gods and ghosts and has excellent fighting skills. Laodan usually represents aged women. He/She sings in their natural voices, in a style similar to that of Laosheng but in milder tones. In some types of opera, Laodan is called Fudan or Bodan. Caidan, also called Choudan, represents clownish and cunning females. The performance of this part calls for exuberance. 净行 在京剧中，净角是舞台上具有独特风格的人物类型，脸部化妆最为丰富彩。净因面部化妆要用各种色彩和图案勾勒脸谱，所以又俗称大花脸。一般扮演品貌或者性格有特点的男子，在京剧中多为将军、神化人物或有一定 社会地位的人，虽有文武善恶之分，但在性格气质上都近乎粗犷、奇伟、豪迈，因而在演唱上要求用真声演唱，音色宽阔洪亮、粗壮浑厚，动作造型也要求粗线条，气度恢宏，以突出扮演人物的性格和声势。 Role of Jing The roles on the Chinese opera stage fall into four categories: Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou. These roles have the natural features of age and sex, as well as social status, and are artificially exaggerated by makeup, costume and gestures. Jing refers to painted-face roles, known popularly as Hualian. The different colors and designs on the faces represent males with different characteristics. Some are bold and vigorous and some are sinister, ruthless, crude and rash. The voice is loud and clear, and the movements are exaggerated. The Jing role originates from the Fujing role of the Song Zaju. The Jing roles gradually increased in number, and became further divided into several groups, according to the different social positions and characters of the roles. Dahualian with a fully painted face is known as Zheng Jing. The roles represent men of high social standing and good behavior, often court ministers. Zheng Jing sings in vigorous and sturdy tones. Erhualian, also known as Fu Jing, has powerful bodily movements and sturdy singing voices. Some roles in this group represent rascally ministers, recognizable by their white faces. Wuer Hualian is also known as Wu Jing. This role is more physical than most of the others, with little singing or reciting. You Hualian, also known as Mao Jing, is a clownish role. Some of You Hualian roles have special skills, such as spouting fire from the mouth or baring the teeth. 丑行 京剧中的丑角演员又称为小花脸。丑行的化妆虽与大花脸有点相象，可是他的表演风格却完全不同，有点像夸张的漫画。丑角的出场常会带来满堂的笑声。 丑分文丑和武丑两类。武丑扮演的经常是一些机警风趣、武艺高超的人物，象绿林好汉、侠盗小偷等等。文丑经常扮演花花公子、狱卒、酒保、更夫、老兵等。不管文丑或武丑，虽有文武善恶、身份高低之分，在剧中都是幽默、滑稽的喜剧人物，也并不都是反派。 京剧的行当是经过长期的提炼和规范，突出人物的内在特征，把人物的内在特征加以外化而形成的，是京剧与其他戏剧形式不同的重要特征。 Role of Chou in Peking Opera The roles on the Chinese opera stage fall into four categories: Sheng Dan, Jing and Chou. These roles have the natural features of age and sex, as well as social status, and are artificially exaggerated