教师资格证英语简要语法.docx

1.一般现在时the simple present tenseInEnglish grammar, the simple present tense is a form of theverbthat refers to an action or event that is ongoing or that regularly takes place in present time.In English grammar, there are seven accepted functions of the usage of the simple present for of verbs: to express permanent states, general truths, habitual actions, live commentary, performative actions, past time or historic present, and future time.1) Permanent state:Jupiterisa very massive planet.2) General truth:The earthisround.3) Habitual action:Her daughterworksin Rome.4) Live commentary:In each case Iaddthe two numbers: three plus threegivessix . . .5) Performative:Ipronounceyou man and wife.6) Past time (see historic present):Hemovesto the window alongside, andseesher inside the office moving away from the door. Heshootstwice through the window andkillsher.7) Future time:My flightleavesat four thirty this afternoon.2.一般过去时the simple past tenseIn English grammar, the simple past is averbtense(the secondprincipal part of a verb) indicating action that occurred in the past and which does not extend into the present.Thesimple past tense(also known as thepast simpleorpreterite) ofregular verbsis marked by the ending-d, -ed, or-t.Irregular verbshave a variety of endings. The simple past is not accompanied byhelping verbs.3.一般将来时the simple future tenseIn English grammar, thefutureis a verbtense(or form-see the notes by Pinker and Rissanen below) indicating action that has not yet begun.There is no separateinflection(or ending) for the future in English. Thesimple futureis usually expressed by placing theauxiliarywillorshallin front of thebase form of a verb(Iwill leavetonight). Other ways to express the future include (but are not limited to) the use of:1. a present form ofbeplusgoing to: Weare going to leave.2. thepresent progressive: Theyare leavingtomorrow.3. the simplepresent: The childrenleaveon Wednesday.4.现在进行时5.过去进行时6将来进行时The future continuous tense is used to express action at a particular moment in the future. However, the action will not have finished at the moment.7.现在完成时present perfect tenseThe present perfect tense (sometimes referred to as the present perfect simple tense) is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb “have” (or “has,” if used with third-person singular pronouns) along with the past participle of the “main” verb. Despite its name, the present perfect is used to give general information about something that happened in the past (anytime “before now”), but which did not occur at a definitive point in time， and it influences now or continues in the present.The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.Examples:I have seen that movie twenty times.I think I have met him once before.There have been many earthquakes in California.8.过去完成时The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action or a specific time in the past. Examples: Ihadneverseensuch a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. I did not have any money because Ihad lostmy wallet. Tony knew Istanbul so well because hehad visitedthe city several times.9.将来完成时10.现在完成进行时Definition: Averbconstruction (made up ofhas beenorhave beenplus thepresent participle) that emphasizes the ongoing nature of an action that began in the past and continues in the present. (The decision to usehas beenorhave beenisdetermined byagreementwith thesubject.)The present perfect progressivetenseusually conveys the meaning ofrecentlyor lately.The action reported by the present perfect progressive may or may not have been completed. Try to understand how hard hehas been tryingto make everything better for his family.(Lorraine Hansberry,A Raisin in the Sun, 1959) lhave been paintingwith a palette knife because I dont like to wash the brushes.The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect ProgressiveThepresent perfect progressiveandpresent perfectare sometimes essentially interchangeable. The main difference may be that the present perfect progressive, which includes the progressive aspect, confers a sense of ongoingness.现在完成时与现在完成进行时相同点1.现在完成时和现在完成进行时都可以表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作.如:Ihaveworkedinthisschoolsince2001.Ihavebeenworkingheresince2001.2.现在完成时和现在完成进行时都可以表示一段时间内进行的动作.例如:Mr.SmithhastaughtEnglishfor20years.Mr.SmithhasbeenteachingEnglishfor20years.以上句子用现在完成时与现在完成进行时,含义上没有什么差别,两种时态可以互相换.但两种时态也存在意义和用法上的差别.不同点1.现在完成时可表示已经完成的动作或者状态，常常与already（已经）或ever（曾经）连用。如：WehavealreadylearntModule3.我们已经学习了第三模块.SheisthemostbeautifulgirlIhaveeverseen.她是我见过的最漂亮的女孩.而现在完成进行时则表示的是从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在,有可能还要进行下去的动作,一般不与already或ever等连用,如:WehavebeenlearningModule4.我们一直在学习第四模块.(不一定学完)注意下面这组句子含义上的区别:Ihavereadthenovel.我看过那本书了.(已看完)Ihavebeenreadingthenovel.(一直在看,不一定看完)2.相对于现在完成时表示一次性,现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复.如:Ihavemethimatthelibrary.(我在图书馆见过他.)Ihavebeenmeetinghimatthelibrary.(我经常在图书馆看见他.)3.现在完成时和现在完成进行时都可以表示刚刚结束的动作,但在含义上有区别.现在完成时强调的是动作的结果,而现在完成进行时强调的则是动作的过程.如:Youlooksotired,whathaveyoubeendoing你看起来很累,做什么了(强调动作)Weareverytired.Wevebeencleaningthehouse.我们很累,我们刚才在打扫房子.(强调该动作所导致)Wevecleanedthehouse.Youmaycomeinnow.我们打扫过房子了,你可以进来了.(强调结果房子干净)4.现在完成进行时态不能用来谈某个动作的具体次数或几件事情.这时,我们要用现在完成时态.如:Ihavebeendrinkingfivecupsofcoffeethisafternoon.()Ihavedrunkfivecupsofcoffeethisafternoon.5.现在完成时强调事实;而现在完成进行时则强调动作,并且常含有喜悦,愤怒,不满,厌恶等感情色彩.如:Thelazyboyhaslaininbedforawholeday.这个懒孩子在床上躺了一天.(强调事实)Thelazyboyhasbeenlyinginbedforawholeday.这个懒孩子在床上躺了一天了.(强调动作,含有对小男孩厌恶的感情色彩)6.如果没有时间状语,现在完成进行时有延续性,现在完成时没有.如:IvebeencleaningthehousebutIstillhaventfinished.Ivecleanedthehouse,butIstillhaventfinished.()11.过去完成进行时Averbconstruction (made up ofhad been+ apresent participle) that points to an activity or situation that was ongoing in the past. Also known aspast perfect continuous. Thepast perfect progressive(had been+-ing) tells us about the length of the action and the specific point when it ended. It occurs frequently withsinceorforto specify the duration of the action.I had been looking for it for days before I found it.12.将来完成进行时The FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates a continuous action that will be completed at some point in the future. This tense is formed with the modal WILL plus the modal HAVE plus BEEN plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): Next Thursday, I will have been working on this project for three years.Generally, progressive forms occur only with what are called dynamic verbs and not with stative verbs.二动词的语态1.主动语态Intraditional grammar, the termactive voicerefers to a type of sentenceorclausein which thesubject performs or causes the action expressed by theverb. Contrast with passive voice.2.被动语态In traditional grammar, the term passive voice refers to a type of sentence or clause in which the subject receives the action of the verb. For example, A good time was had by all. Contrast with active voice.The most common form of the passive in English is the short passive or agentless passive: a construction in which the agent (that is, the performer of an action) is not identified. For example, Mistakes were made.Often the passive voiceis formedby using the appropriate form of the verbto be(for example,is) and apast participle(for example,formed). However, passive constructions arent always made up ofbeand a past participle. For example, see the discussion of theget-passive.Though many style guides discourage use of the passive, the construction can be quite useful, especially when the performer of an action is unknown or unimportant. Passive constructions can also enhance cohesion.三非谓语动词In English grammar, a nonfinite verb is a form of the verb that does not show a distinction in tense and normally cannot stand alone as the main verb in a sentence. Contrast with finite verb.The main types of nonfinite verbs are infinitives (with or without to), -ing forms (also known as present participles and gerunds), and past participles (also called en-forms).Except for modal auxiliaries, all verbs have nonfinite forms.1. 动词不定式In English grammar, an infinitive is a base form of a verb-often preceded by the particle to-that can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb (but not as a main verb). The infinitive is a type of verbal. Adjective: infinitival.Infinitives beginning with the particle to (as in She wants to dance) shouldnt be confused with prepositional phrases beginning with the preposition to (as in She drove to Chicago). An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive plus any accompanying objects, modifiers, or complements (as in She plans to write a novel).A negative infinitive phrase is commonly formed by placing the negative particle, not in front of to (as in She told me not to drink the milk).2. 动名词A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. Adjective: gerundial or gerundival.The term gerund is used in traditional grammar. Many contemporary linguists prefer instead to use the term -ing form.A gerund accompanied by its objects, complements, and/or modifiers is called a gerund phrase or simply a noun phrase.Like nouns, gerunds and gerund phrases can function as subjects, objects, and complements in a sentence. Unlike nouns, however, gerunds do not take inflections; in other words, they dont have distinct plural forms.For a discussion of the differences between gerunds and present participles (both of which end in -ing), see Examples and Observations below.3. 分词participleParticiples are words formed from verbs that can function as adjectives or gerunds or can be used to form the continuous tenses and the perfect tenses of verbs. There are two participle forms: the present participle and the past participle.（功能53页）四句法4.祈使句In English grammar, an imperative sentence is a type of sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a request or command. (Compare with sentences that make a statement, ask a question, or express an exclamation.) Also known as a directive or jussive.An imperative sentence typically begins with the base form of a verb, as in Go now! The implied subject you is said to be understood (or elliptical): (You) go now!三句子类型1.简单句：主谓 主谓宾 主系表 主谓宾补 There be2.并列句3.复合句（1）.定语从句I .The definition of attributive clauseGenerally speaking, attributive clause is a sentence that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun, called antecedents in attributive clause, and this noun or pronoun will take up a certain place in the attributive clause, such as a subject, an object, time of an adv, place of an adv or reason of an adv. How to choose between relative pronouns and relative advs is the key to solving the problems in the entrance examination. So, how many relative pronouns are there?and how many relative advs are there?In all,there are six relative pronouns,and three relative advs.IIThe usages of relative pronounnsAs is mentioned above,there are mainly six relative pronouns,which are who,whom,which,that,whose and as. When it refers to a person,who or whom will be considered. Instead, when it refers to something, which and that will be used, they can be used as a subject, an object and so on. Besides, the two relative pronouns can be cancelled when they are used as an object.The usages of relative advsThere are three relative advs, which are why, when and where.First, when the antecedent is about reason, and it acts as an adv in the attributive clause, we will use “why”. Second, when the antecedent is about time, and it plays the role of an adv,“when” will be used. Third, when the antecedent is about place, playing the role of an adv of place, we will consider adopting where.补充 可不说（III.The differences usages between that and whichThere are mainly five cases in which that can be used only.First, when the antecedent is an indefinite pronoun, such as, all, everything, anything, nothing, something, little, much, only that can be used. For example,sentence one:Only a scientist could understand all that this pursuit meant. Sentence two: I am sure she has something that you can borrow. Sentence three: Everything that we saw was of great interest to us. Sentence four: There is little that I can use. Sentence five: I have read all the books that you gave me. Sentence six: All that glitters is not gold. Sentence seven: Is there anything that I can do for you?Second, when the antecedent is modified by the only, the very, the just, that can be used only. For example, sentence one: That white flower is the only one that I really like. Sentence two: This is the very book that I want to find. Sentence three: The last place that we visited was the chemical workshop.Third, 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时，只能用that. For example, sentence one: This is the first composition that he has written in English. Sentence two: The smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bacteria. Sentence three: This is the best novel that I have ever read.Fourth,当先行词既有人，又有物时，只能用that.如，Sentence one: He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. Sentence two: They talked about persons and things that they remembered in the school.Fifth,当主句是以who 或which开始的特殊问句时，在定语从句中，只能用that.如，Sentence one: Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在门口的人是谁？Sentence two: Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?There are mainly two cases where which is used. First,在非限制性定语从句当中，which既能指代前面的名词或代词，也可指代整个句子，在从句中充当主语或宾语时，只能用which.如，Sentence one: He was late for school, which made the teacher very angry.他上学迟到这事让老师生气.Sentence two: The sun gives off light and heat, which makes it possible for plants to grow.Second, in the attributive clause,介词后面只能用which.如，Sentence one: I never forget the day on which I joined the party. Sentence two: This is the factory in which my father used to work.）补充 非限制性定语从句NONRESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSESAn adjective clause set off from the main clause by commas is said to be nonrestrictive.Heres an example:Old Professor Legree, who dresses like a teenager, is going through his second childhood.This who clause is nonrestrictive because the information in the clause doesnt restrict or limit the noun it modifies (Old Professor Legree). The commas signify that the adjective clause provides added, not essential, information.（2）.状语从句What Are Adverbial Clauses? (with Examples)An adverbial clause is a group of words which plays the role of an adverb. For example:Keep hitting the gong hourly.(normal adverb)Keep hitting the gong until I tell you to stop.(adverbial clause)In the examples above, the normal adverb and adverbial clause both tell us when the gong is to be hit. They are both adverbs of time. All adverbs (including adverbial clauses) can usually be categorized as one of the following:Adverbs of TimeAn adverb of time states when something happens or how often. An adverb of time often starts with one of the following subordinating conjunctions: after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, no sooner than, since, until, when, or while. Here are some examples:After the game has finished, the king and pawn go into the same box. (Italian Proverb)I stopped believing in Santa Claus when my mother took me to see him in a department store, and he asked for my autograph. (Shirley Temple)As soon as you trust yourself, you will know how to live. (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)Adverbs of PlaceAn adverb of place states where something happens. An adverb of place often starts with a preposition (e.g., in, on, near) or one of the following subordinating conjunctions: anywhere, everywhere, where, or wherever. Here are some examples:In a world where there is so much to be done, I felt strongly impressed that there must be something for me to do. (Dorothea Dix)I am not afraid of the pen, the scaffold, or the sword. I will tell the truth wherever I please. (Mother Jones)Adverbs of MannerAn adverb of manner states how something is done. An adverb of manner often starts with one of the following subordinating conjunctions: as, like, or the way. Here are some examples:He acts like it is a joke.We dont have conversations. You talk at me the way a teacher talks to a naughty student.Except for an occasional heart attack, I feel as young as I ever did. (Robert Benchley)Adverbs of Degree or ComparisonAn adverb of degree states to what degree something is done or offers a comparison. An adverb of degree often starts with one of the following subordinating conjunctions: than, as.as, so.as, or the.the. Here are some examples:A vacuum is a hell of a lot better than some of the stuff that nature replaces it with. (Tennessee Williams)He is as smart as he is tall.She is not so bright as she thinks she is.Sometimes, the verb in an adverb of degree is understood (i.e., not present). For example:You are taller than I. (In this example, the verb am has been omitted. This is permissible.)You are taller than I am. (This is the full version.)You are taller than me. (This is the colloquial version. This version might irk some o