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Translate the following terms from English into Chinese.把下列术语翻译成中文1. duality of structure _结构的二元性_2. General Linguistics_普通语言学_3. voiceless consonant _清辅音_4. complementary distribution _互补分布_5. free morpheme_自由词素_6. immediate constituent _直接成份_7. Componential Analysis _成份分析_8. American Structuralism _美国结构主义_9. zero morph _零语子_10. structural ambiguity _结构歧义_11. productivity _多产性 _12. linguistic competence _语言能力_13. manner of articulation _发音方法_14. intonation language _语调语言_15. allophone _音位变体_16. inflectional morpheme_曲折语素_17. phrase marker _短语标记_18. denotation _指示_19. Systemic-Functional Grammar_系统功能语法_20. bound morpheme_粘着语素_21. cultural transmission _文化传播_22. Descriptive Linguistics _描写语言学_23. derivational morpheme_派生词素_24. consonant _辅音_25. tone language _声调语言_26. empty morph_虚语子_27. syntax _语法_28. complementary antonym_互补反义词_29. mode of discourse _话语方式_30. free variation _自有变异_31. displacement _取代_32. paradigmatic relation _集合体关系_33. voiced consonant _浊辅音_34. minimal pair _极小对_35. phoneme _音位_36. lexical ambiguity _词法的歧义性_37. connotation _内涵_38. language acquisition device _语言习得机制_39. constituency _选区_40. alien_相异_41. design feature_设计特点_42. Theoretical Linguistics_理论语言学_43. diphthong _双元音_44. contrastive distribution_对立分布_45. translation-loan_借译词_46. ultimate constituent _主要成分_47. relational opposite _关系对立词_48. genre _类型_49. dependency_从属_50. denizen _居民_51. arbitrariness _任意_52. linguistic performance _语言行为_53. vowel_元音_54. free variation _自由变异_55. derivational morpheme _派生词素_56. surface structure _表层结构_57. mode of discourse _话语方式_58. gradable antonym _分级反义词_59. Innateness Hypothesis _天赋假说_60. complementary antonym _互补反义词_61. interchangeability_可交换性_62. syntagmatic relation _结构关系_63. pure vowel _纯元音_64. intonation language_语调语言_65. bound morpheme _粘着语素_66. linguistic competence_语言能力_67. deep structure_深层结构_68. semantic field _语义场_69. context of situation _情境语境_70. manner of articulation_发音方法_71. discreteness _组件_72. Applied Linguistics _应用语言学_73. immediate constituent _直接成分_74. place of articulation _发音部位_75. phoneme_音位;音素_76. zero morph_零语子_77. structural ambiguity _结构歧义_78. hyponymy _上下位关系_79. tenor of discourse _语旨_80. Componential Analysis _成分分析_Answer the following questions.回答一下问题1. What are the differences between grammatical competence and pragmatic competence? 2. What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes? Illustrate it with examples. 3. What are the three syntactic relations? Illustrate them with examples. 4. What does it mean to say that language is arbitrary? Illustrate it with examples.5. What is the difference between tone languages and intonation languages? Illustrate it with examples.6. Explain the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes in terms of both function and position.7. What does it mean to say that language is a system? Illustrate it with examples.8. What is the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph? Illustrate it with examples.9. What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure? Illustrate them with examples.10. What does it mean to say that language is symbolic? Illustrate it with examples. 11. What is a morpheme? Illustrate the relationship between morphemes, morphs, and allomorphs with examples.12. What are the three general types of antonyms? And how do they differ from each other?13. What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?14. What does Semantic Filed Theory mainly propose? Illustrate it with examples.15. What is the difference between segmental features and supra-segmental features? What are the supra-segmental features in English?16. What are the design features of languages?17. How does denotation differ from connotation? Illustrate their difference with examples.18. Why do we say “absolute synonyms are rare or even non-existent”? Illustrate it with examples.19. What does it mean to say that language is dual-structured?20. What does compounding mean? Illustrate with examples the differences between hyphenated compounds, solid compounds and open compounds? 21. What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning? Illustrate them with examples.22. How does a diachronic description of a language differ from a synchronic description of a language? Illustrate their difference with examples.23. What are the three conditions for forming a minimal pair? Illustrate it with examples.24. What does clipping mean in morphology? Illustrate with examples the difference between back clipping, front clipping, front and back clipping, and phrase clipping.Practical work.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions:写对应于每一个下面语音描述的符号Example:a voiceless velar plosive k 1) a voiced bilabial plosive_ b _2) a voiceless labiodental fricative_ f _3) a voiced bilabial nasal_ m _4) a high front unrounded vowel_ i _5) a voiced bilabial glide_w_6) a voiceless dental fricative_7) a voiced labiodental nasal_ _8) a mid central unroudned vowel_ : _9) a voiced velar plosive_ /g/ _10) a voiceless alveolar fricative_ :_11) a voiced alveolar liquid_ _12) a mid back rounded vowel_: _13) a voiced dental fricative_ _14) a voiceless alveo-palatal affricative_ / /_15) a voiced post-alveolar liquid_ / _16) a high back rounded vowel_ u _17) a voiceless bilabial plosive_p_18) a voiced alveolar fricative_s_19) a voiceless post-alveolar affricate_ t _20) a low front unrounded vowel_a_21) a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative_t_22) a voiced post-alveolar affricate _z_23) a voiceless palatal plosive_c_24) a mid front unrounded vowel_25) a voiceless alveolar plosive_ t _26) a voiced alveolar nasal_27) a voiced palatal glide_28) a low central unrounded vowel_29) a voiced alveo-palatal fricative_x_30) a voiceless dental fricative_31) a voiced alveo-palatal affricate_32) a low back rounded vowel_ _Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:Example:bookshelf = book + shelf1) manly = man+ly2) encourage = en+cour+age3) placement = place+ment4) agreement = agree+ment5) affixes = 6) footprint= foot+print7) underestimation= under+estimation8) disapproval = dis+approval9) gentleman = gentle+man10) entertainment = enter+tain+ment11) entitle = en+title12) reread =re+read 13) unfit = un+fit14) waterbed = water+bed15) disorderly = dis+order+ly16) unsuccessful = un+success+ful17) structural = structural 18) sweeten = sweet+en19) marker = mark+er20) decided = decid+ed21) exciting = excit+ing22) greenhouse = green+house23) disgraceful = dis+grace+ful24) enlargement = en+large+ment25) informed =inform+ed 26) amazing = amaz+ing 27) advanced =advance+ed 28) enrich =en+rich 29) deafen =deaf+en 30) undergo = un+dergo31) irregularly = ir+regular+ly32) decoded = decod+ed33) incorrect = in+correct34) undo = un+do35) weekly = week+ly36) functional =func+tion+al 37) illiterate = ill+iterate38) sleepwalk = sleep+walk39) unmanly = un+man+ly40) befriended = be+friend+ed41) disobey = dis+oney42) rewrite = re+write43) yearly = year+ly44) troublesome = trouble+some45) talented = talent+ed46) lookout = look+out47) boyishness = boy+ish+ness48) disappearance = dis+appear+ance49) supervise = super+vise50) costly = cost+ly51) inspiring = inspire+ing52) prescription =pre+scrip+tion 53) threaten = threat+en54) overlook = over+look55) undesirable = un+desir+able56) irreplaceable = ir+re+place+able57) eatable = eat+able58) amusement = amuse+ment59) monthly = month+ly60) generalize =generalize 61) logical =logic+al 62) grandfather = grand+father63) incorruptible = in+corrupt+ible64) reenactment =re+enact+ment Match the names of linguistic figures in column A with the schools or theories or works of linguistics in column B:Column AColumn B1) Saussure( d )a. Systemic-Functional Grammar2) Halliday( a )b. The London School3) Firth ( b )c.Transformational-Generative Grammar4) Chomsky( c )d. The Founder of Structuralism系统功能语法(Systemic-functional Grammar)由英国语言学家韩礼德(Halliday)伦敦学派是以长期在伦敦大学的东方与非洲研究学院教授语音学与语言学并于1944 年成为英国第一任语言学教授弗斯(Firth)为首的语言学派换-生成语法(Transformational-generative grammar,简称TG)是美国语言学家乔姆斯基Column AColumn B5) Chomsky ( c )a. American Structuralism6) Bloomfield ( a )b. Relational Grammar7) Lamb ( b )c. Syntactic Structures8) Perlmutter and Postal( d )d. Stratificational GrammarColumn AColumn B9) Chomsky ( b )a. The Prague School10) Mathesius( a )b. Aspects of The Theory of Syntax11) Malinowski( d )c. Case Grammar12) Fillmore ( c )d. Coral Gardens and Their MagicColumn AColumn B13) Chomsky ( b )a. American Structuralism14) Firth ( d )b. The Minimalist Program15) Bloomfield( a )c. The Distinctive Feature Theory16) Jakobson ( c )d. The Founder of the London SchoolColumn AColumn B17) Chomsky ( c )a. Montague Grammar18) Hjelmslev( d )b. Lexical-Functional Grammar19) Montague( a )c. The Innateness Hypothesis20) Brasnan & Kaplan ( b )d. The Copenhagen SchoolColumn AColumn B21) Chomsky ( b )a. The Copenhagen School22) Jakobson ( d )b. Language Acquisition Device23) Mathesius( c )c. Communicative Dynamism24) Hjelmslev( a )d. The Distinctive Feature TheoryColumn AC

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