高中英语定语从句详解

精品文档 1欢迎下载 高中英语定语从句详解高中英语定语从句详解 英语谚语欣赏 1 He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good for nothing 不懂装懂 一事无成 2 It s the first step that costs 千里之行 始于足下 3 He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf 甘当小绵羊 迟早要 喂狼 概念 1 定语从句 在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句 定语从句一般紧接在先行词 antecedent 后面 2 先行词 被定语从句修饰的成份 先行词可以为一个词 短语 或整个主句 3 引导定语从句的词叫关系词 分为关系代词和关系副词 关系词的作用 1 引导定语从句 连接主句和从句 相当于一个连词 2 必在从句中作某个句子成份 可以做主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 常用的关系代词 that which who whom whose as 常用的关系副词 在从句中只作状语 when why where The student who answered the question was John I know the reason why he was so angry The boy whom you are talking to is my brother I d like a room whose window looks out over the sea 定语从句三步 第一找出先行词 第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能 做主语 宾语或状语 第三选择合适的关系词 几个关系代词的基本用法 that 可指人或物 在定语从句中作主语 宾语 表语 指人时 相当于 who 或 whom 指物时 相当于 which 一般不用于非限制性定语从句 不可置于介词后作宾语 如 1 A letter that which is written in pencil is difficult to read 主语 2 Do you know the gentleman that who spoke just now 3 You can take anything that you like 宾语 4 What is the question that which they are talking about 5 Here is the man who whom that you want to see 6 She s no longer the girl that she used to be before 表语 7 Our hometown is no longer the one that it used to be Our hometown is not the same as it used to be Our hometown is different from what it used to be Our hometown is not what it used to be which 指物 在定语从句中作主语 宾语 表语 定语 如 1 The book which that was on the desk was bought by my father 主语 2 The book which that I bought yesterday is very interesting 宾语 精品文档 2欢迎下载 3 The factory in which his father works is far from here 4 He was proud which his brother never was 表语 5 Tom spent four years in college during which time he learned French 定语 6 He may be late in which case we ought to wait for him who whom whose who 主格 在从句中作主语 在口语或非正式用法中作宾语 只可指人 whom 宾格 在从句中作宾语 只可指人 whose 属格 在从句中作定语 可指人也可指物 I like the students who that work hard 主语 All who heard the story were amazed 代词如 he they any those all one 等后 多用 who Chaplin for whom life had once been very hard was a success as an actor 宾语 He s a man from whom we should learn He s a man whom who that we should learn from A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan 指人 I d like a room whose window faces south 指物 I d like a room of which the window faces south I d like a room the window of which faces south There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck out of whose mouth tea is supposed to come 1 关系代词 whose 引导定语从句时 既可指人 又可指物 在从句中只能作定语 of whom 只能指人 of which 只能指物 有时 whose 可以与 of whom 和 of which 互换使 用 如 The girl whose hair is golden is from England 头发金色的那个女孩是英国人 The house whose doors are green is an office building 门是绿色的那座房子是办公 楼 2 介词 whose 名词 引导定语从句 如 I love my motherland for whose good future I will work hard 我爱我的祖国 为 了她美好的未来我要努力工作 3 在下列情况下 一般只用 of whom 和 of which 1 定语从句的主语是 few little some most many much 等时 一般只用 of whom 和 of which In the room are lots of people many of whom I don t know 房间里有很多人 很多 人我不认识 He has a lot of story books a few of which I have never read 他有很多故事书 有几本故事书我还从未看过 2 定语从句的主语是数词 形容词的最高级时 一般只用 of whom 和 of which 如 The old man has three children two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager 那个老人有三个小孩 其中两个是大学生 另一个是经理 3 定语从句的主语是 all none both neither each 等不定代词时 一般只用 of whom 和 of which 如 There are fifty students in our class all of whom are working hard 我们班有五 精品文档 3欢迎下载 十个学生 所有这五十个学生学习都刻苦 He planted two trees last year both of which are growing well 去年他栽了两棵 树 这两棵树都长得好 4 在定语从句中作表语的定语时 一般只用 of whom 和 of which 如 He has three brothers of whom Li Lei is the youngest one 它有三兄弟 李蕾是他 们中最小的一个 There are many countries in Asia of which China is the largest one 亚洲有很多 国家 中国是最大的一个 关系代词作介词宾语 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时 介词可放于从句之首 也可放于从句之末 但以 放于句首较为正式 介词前置 必须注意不影响动词词组的含义 关系代词 who 和 that 用作介词宾语时 介词必须放在句末 关系代词前介词选择三原则 一先 二动 三意义 重中之重 一先 二动 三意义 重中之重 1 一先 即根据定语从句中介词与先行词的搭配关系选择 I never forget the day on which I came to this school on the day 2 二动 即根据定语从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配关系选择 This is the iPad on which I spent 3000 yuan spend money on sth 3 三意义 即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词 This is my pair of glasses without which I cannot see clearly This is the book for which you asked This is the book that which you asked for Do you know the person with whom I shook hands Do you know the person whom who that I shook hands with The beginning of agriculture was a big step in human progress with which nothing could compare until our information age In the dark street there wasn t a single person to whom she could turn for help Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week This is the girl whom they are looking after 介词介词 afterafter 与与 looklook 构成固定词组 构成固定词组 不可前置 不可前置 looklook at at looklook for for looklook after after taketake carecare of of hearhear of about from of about from carecare for for looklook forward forward paypay attentionattention to to listenlisten toto 等等 as 的用法 as 引导定语从句 在定语从句中作主语 宾语 表语 如为限制性的 多用于 the same as the same as such as as many much as so as 等结构中 如 I have the same book as you have 我有一本和你的一样的书 Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been 关系代词 as 和 指示代词 same 连用 在从句中用作表语 先行词是 same Why didn t you mention that in face of the police just now I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests Don t do such things as you are not sure about 精品文档 4欢迎下载 There is no such place as you dream of in all this world 比较 I live in the same house that he used to live in I m wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday 比较 Here is so big a stone as no one can lift 定语从句 Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it 结果状语从句 如为非限制性的 多单独引导一个定语从句 这种定语从句可置于句首 句中或句尾 译为 正如 这一点 动词常为 know see expect point out etc As we all know smoking is harmful to one s health as 作宾语 As is known to all smoking is harmful to one s health as 作主语 It s known to all that smoking is harmful to one s health Smoking is harmful to one s health as we all know as 作宾语 Smoking as we all know is harmful to one health He was a foreigner as I knew from his accent 宾语 先行词是前面整个句子 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句 When 指时间 在定语从句中作时间状语 其先行词是表时间的名词 如 time day week tear month etc He came last night when I was out We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather would be better 注意 先行词为 时间名词 可用 when 引导定语从句 when 在定语从句中作状语 还可 以用 which 或 that 引导 which 或 that 在从句中作主语或宾语 比较 I still remember the day when on which my brother joined the army 作状 语 Next month when you will be in your hometown is just around the corner I still remember the days which that we spent together 作宾语 Next winter which that you ll spend in Harbin I m sure will be exciting I shall never forget the day when Shen Zhou was launched which has a great effect on my life There are occasions when joking is not permissible Where 指地点 在定语从句中作地点状语 其先行词是表示地点的名词 如 place school factory room etc This is the place where I was born I live in the room where in which he used to live 注意 先行词是 地点名词 定语从句可用 where 引导 还可用 which 或 that 引导 which that 在从句中作主语或宾语 比较 This is the factory where in which he worked last year 作状语 在高中的英语学习中 我们都知道 where 在定语从句中用作关系副词 作状语 先行词 一般指地点 例如 This is the farm where we worked when we were young 这就是我们年轻时候在此干活的农场 He met his wife in the park where they fell in love with each other 他 是在这个公园遇到他的妻子 就是在那里 他们相爱了 当然 在实际的英语学习中 where 在定语从句中的用法远不是这么简单 相反 要复杂得多 为了让学生对 where 在定语从句中的用法有更好的了解 下面我就对学生在 学习过程中的重难点问题谈一谈它的用法 精品文档 5欢迎下载 一 某些在从句中充当地点状语的 介词 关系词 结构可以与 where 互换 where in at on which 例如 This is the house in which I lived two years ago 这是我两年前住过 的房子 This is the house where I lived two years ago 在英语学习中 并不是单纯地让学生知道 where 的这种用法就可以了 很多时候 学生要掌握 where 和其他词的用法的区别 才能更好地把握定语从句的用法 例如 This is the factory where in which you worked last year This is the factory that which you visited last year 在第一句中 关系词在定语从句中作状语 所以用关系副词 where 或者 in which 因为定语从句中 worked 是个不及物动词 而在第二句中 关系词在定语从句中做 宾语 因此用 that 或 which 还可以省略 visited 是个及物动词 学生有时还会碰到更 复杂的情况 例如 Is this factory the one that which you visited last year Is this factory the one where in which you lived last year Is this the factory where in which you lived last year 这几个句子比前面的两个句子又复杂 除了要区别关系词在定语句子作什么成分 还要注意到前两个句子缺成分 所以要补充 the one 二 where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 where 引导的定语从句的先行词大多数情况下是表示地点的名词 但也有特殊情 况 如果定语从句修饰 point situation part condition 和 case 等表示抽象意义的词 关系词在定语从句中充当状语时 常用 where 引导 意思是 到了某种地步 在某种境况 中 为了帮助同学们熟悉这一语言现象 正确掌握这一知识点 对 where 定语从句修饰 抽象名词的用法作一归纳 1 where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 point You reach a point where medicine can t help 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步 We have reached a point where a change is needed 我们到了必须改一改的地 步 注 有时 point 也可以是具体的地点 The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1 事故发生 在 A15 与 M1 交叉的十字路口 2 where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 case There are cases where the word mighty is used as an adverb 在一些情 况下 mighty 一词可用作副词 3 where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 activity Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing 那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为 舞蹈是一种让人看 胜过让人听的活动 4 where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 situation He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面 5 where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 position It s put me in a position where I can t afford to take the job 这使我 精品文档 6欢迎下载 陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地 6 where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 job She wants a job where her management skills can be put to good use 她 想找一份能将她的管理技能派上用场的工作 当然了 我们碰到这些词作为先行词时并不一定都用 where 我们也要具体情况 具体分析 他们只有在定语从句中作状语时才用 where 例如 We are trying to reach a point both sides will sit down together and talk A which B that C where D when Do you have anything to say for yourself Yes there s one point we must insist on A why B where C how D 上面两个句子虽然先行词相同 都是 point 但是由于他们在定语从句中充当的 成分不同 所以我们在选择关系词时就要区别对待 第一个句子中关系词在句中作状语 所以选择 where 关系副词 第二个句子中关系词在定语从句中做宾语 所以选择关系代词 that which 或者不填 这样第一题选择 C 第二题选择 D The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely I think you have got to the point where a change is needed or you would fail Government reports legal papers and most business letters are the main situations where English is used He s got himself into a dangerous situation where he s likely to lose control of the plane The small mountain village where we spent our holiday last month lies in what the place which is now part of Hubei This is the park which that they visited last year 作宾语 Not having been there before he simply had no idea about the place which everyone says is worth visiting Why 指原因 在定语从句中作原因状语 先行词为 reason 时 可用 for which 指代 当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时 则用 which 或 that 引导 如 The reason why for which that he didn t attend the meeting was that he was ill I don t believe the reason that which he gave me 作宾语 Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success 作主语 Ex He was late That s because he got up late He got up late That s why he was late 表语从句 the reason why for which he was late 定语从句 当先行词为 way 时 定语从句常用 that in which 或不用引导 way 后的定语从句 的引 导词不用时较多 但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时 则用 which 或 that 引导 如 This is the way that in which I do such things 比较 Please do the experiment in the way that which I have shown you 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 1 形式上 非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开 2 语法上 非限制性定语从句一般不用 that 精品文档 7欢迎下载 3 语义上 限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密 起限定作用 如果去掉了这个定语从句 整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思 而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密 对先 行词起补充说明或描述的作用 This is the book I like best 这就是我最喜欢的那本书 Beijing which has been China s capital for more than 800 years is rich in cultural and historic relics 北京是中国八百年之久的古都 它有着丰富的文化和历 史遗产 4 翻译时 限制性定语从句可译为一句 较短的一般译为 的 字结构 而非限制性定语 从句可译为两句 见上句翻译 比较 He has a sister who is a musician He has a sister who is a musician 引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词 指人时用 who whom whose 指物时用 which whose 关系副词 when where why etc 1 He studied hard at school when he was young which leads to his success in his later life 2 Tom s father who arrived just now is a famous scientist 3 They set up a separate state of their own where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves 4 He was proud which his brother never was 几个易混淆的关系代词的比较几个易混淆的关系代词的比较 thatthat as we all can see 正如我 们看到的 be announced expected known imagined mentioned said shown reported 等 这些结构常放句首 偶尔也可以放句中或句末 As is known to all China is a developing country Kate was late for school as often happened 5 在非限制性定语从句中 which 指代主句中某一个单词时 as 不可以 My brother enjoyed playing basketball which he really plays well Beijing which he was born in is our capital 6 介词 关系代词 介宾代物 中关系代词只能用 which The Travel Agency with which our company has been dealing for several years 精品文档 10欢迎下载 has opened for new branches Air is a mixture of gases of which oxygen forms 21 percent 7 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时 常用 which He can write a letter in English which I can not Metal will bear beating with a hammer which a stone will not 8 在非限制性定语从句关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时 常用 which He said he had passed the exam which was untrue 定语从句中关系代词省略与保留 我们知道 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略 但也有几种特殊情况 关系代词不 用作宾语也可以省略 同学们学习和使用时请注意 在下列情况下 引导宾语从句的关联词可以省略 一 that 在定语从句中作表语时 例如 She is all that a teacher should be 她具备一个老师应该具备的所有条件 二 that 在从句中作补语时 例如 I m not the fool that you thought me 我不是你以前所认为的那个傻子了 He is the nicest teacher that the students consider him in their school 他就是学生认为学校中最好的那个老师 三 作状语时的省略 1 当先行词是 reason 且在定语从句中作原因状语时 可以用关系副词 why 或关系代 词 that 也可以省略 例如 The reason why that he failed was his laziness 他失败的原因是因为他懒惰 That is the reason I did it 那就是我做那件事的原因 2 当先行词是 way 且在定语从句中作方式状语时 关联词可用 in which 或 that 也可 以省略 例如 The way in which that these comrades look at problems is wrong 这些同志看 待问