Week 5 名词从句1.doc

名词性从句一、 名词性从句的表示法名词性从句（Noun Clause）指的是在主句中起的作用相当于名词的从句，多由连词that，wh-疑问词或由what或wh-ever关系代词引导。根据在句子中所起的作用分类，主要包括主语从句（Subject Clause）、宾语从句（Object Clause）、表语从句（Predicative Clause）和同位语从句（Appositive Clause）。二、 主语从句在主句中起主语作用的从句成为主语从句。连接主语从句的连接词主要有三类：从属连词、连接代词、连接副词。从属连词主要有三个：that， whether， if。从属连词在从句中不做任何成分。连接代词（主要包括who，whom，whose，which，what，whoever，whomever，whosever，whichever，whatever等）在从句中起名词的作用，作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。连接副词（主要包括when，where，why，whenever，wherever，however等）在从句中起副词的作用，做状语。That引导的主语从句* 1. that置于句首的主语从句从属连词that在主语从句中不做任何成分，只起连接从句的作用。That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.That in some countries women are still treated unequally is unfair.2. 形式主语it代替主语从句常见的it替代主语从句的句式主要有如下几种：A it + 系动词 + 形容词 + that 从句用于这种结构的形容词常见的有：Necessary right likely unlikely wrong important imperative certain(明确) obvious clear strange essential natural 等It is certain that most of the farmers have brought in more money by all means.很明确大多数农民通过各种方式赚了很多钱。It is likely that there will be a snowstorm tomorrow. 很可能明天会有一场暴风雪。*注意：在 It is necessary/ important/ strange/ natural + that 从句结构中，从句常用should+动词原形的形式（虚拟语气），其中should可以省略。e.g. It is necessary and important that one (should) master the skills of operating computers so as to meet the need of a job.B. It + 系动词 + 名词 + that从句：常用于这种句型的名词有：a pity a shame good news a fact an honor a wonder no wonder等It is a pity that you didnt attend the lecture yesterday.It is no wonder that you have achieved so much success.C. It + be + 动词的-ed + that 从句常用于这种结构的动词-ed形式有：Said据说 told有人告诉 heard有人听说 reported据报道 Decided作出决定 suggested有人建议 advised有人建议 ordered根据命令Remembered有人记得 thought有人认为，据认为 considered据认为Well known很著名 hoped有人希望 turned out 结果 pointed out有人指出Found out据查明 announced据宣布 worked out制定出 estimated据估计Predicted 据预测It is said that the professor has already succeeded in carrying out this experiment. 据说这位教授已经成功地完成了这个实验。*注意：在It + be + suggested/ advised/ ordered/ requested/ insisted/ required等 + that 从句的结构，that从句应用should+动词原形（虚拟语气）的形式，should 通常可以省略。e.g. It was decided that they (should) start the project the next month.（他们下个月开始这项工程已经定下来了。）3. It + 特殊动词 + that 从句常用于这种结构的特殊动词有：Seem看上去 appear显得 happen碰巧 matter重要It seems to me that you object to this plan.在我看来，你似乎反对这个计划。It happened to me that I had been away when he called. 他打电话时我正好不在家。注意：that引导的主语从句可用形式主语it替代，将it前置，做形式主语，而把that从句至于句尾。从句放于句首时（见1.）that不可以省略，从句放于句尾时that 一般不能省略，口语中偶尔可以省略。It has excited every one of us （that）he will come to the conference.练习：1. 实施措施保护环境是刻不容缓的。It that measures for protecting the environment (implement) .2. 人们普遍认为信息技术既有优点又有缺点 It that .3. 整体的状况似乎对我们不利(unfavorable).It that . 4. 学生避免成为涉猎众多却没有专长 a jack of all trade(万金油，博而不精的人) and a master of none 的毕业生是至关重要的。It that students (avoid) becoming a “jack of all trade and a master of none”.5. 显然，选修课应该给学生带来很多好处。It that the optional course (offer) students a variety of benefits.1. It is imperative that measures for environmental protection/ protecting the environment (should) be taken.2. It is (generally) believed that information technology has both advantages and disadvantages.3. It seems that the general situation is against us/ unfavorable to us.If/ whether （“是否”）引导的主语从句注： whether 引导的主语从句可以至于句首，但由if引导的主语从句则不能至于句首，只能放于句末！Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful. It is doubtful that whether the work can be completed on time.It is doubtful that if the work can be completed on time.Wh-类连接词引导的主语从句Wh-类连接词包括wh-类的连接代词（主要包括who，whom，whose，which，what，whoever，whomever，whosever，whichever，whatever等），和连接副词（主要包括when，where，why，whenever，wherever，however等）。When，what和wh-ever类的词有时也可以不表示疑问。Wh-类连接副词或连接代词引导的主语从句可放于句首也可以放于句尾，放于句尾需要用形式主语it代替wh-从句。Who will be in charge of the project hasnt been decided. It hasnt been decided that who will be in charge of this project.When the new road is open to traffic has not been made clear. It has not been made clear that when the new road is open to traffic.What we should do next remains unknown.（what表示疑问）What (= The things that) the lecturer said is of great value. (what 表示陈述)宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句成为宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。连接宾语从句的连接词分为：从属连词、连接代词、连接副词从属连词主要有that，whether，if连接代词主要有who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whomever，whosever，whatever，whichever等连接副词主要有when，where，why，how，whenever，wherever，however等动词的宾语从句1、 大多数及物动词可以带宾语从句（hope，tell，say，know，think，consider，imagine，hear，expect，suppose，guess等）、We all expect that they will win, for members of their team are stronger.He told me that they would help me through the whole work.2. 有的动词短语（作用相当于及物动词）也可以带宾语从句： 常见的这类动词短语有：find out，point out，work out（结果是），turn out（结果是）等 I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. Can you work out how much we will spend during this trip?3.有些“动词 + 副词”结构也可以带宾语从句：常见的这类动词短语有：make sure，make up ones mind（下定决心），keep in mind（记住）等 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your homework before you turn it in.在上交作业之前确保没有任何错误。 We should keep in mind that sports can help us developed both our bodies and characters.我们应当牢记，体育运动不但可以增强我们的体质，还能健全我们的人格。4.可以运用形式宾语it的宾语从句A动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后有宾语补足语时，需要用it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.I felt it a pity that I have not been to the get-together.B 有些动词带宾语从句时习惯上需要在宾语从句前加it。如hate，take，owe，have，see to等I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food.He will have it that our plan is really practical.I take it that you will agree with us.When you start the engine, you must see to it that the car is in neutral.*注意：如果宾语从句wh-类其后有to be短语做宾语，则不可以用it代替e.g. We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.( ) We all consider it to be unbelievable what you said.( )介词的宾语从句1. 用wh-类连接词引导的宾语从句一般情况下介词后只能用wh-类连接词引导宾语从句：We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.The new book is about how Shenzhou VI manned spaceship was sent up into space.注意：用that引导的从句做介词宾语时，需要用形式宾语it代替，然后将that从句放在最后。 e.g. You may depend on it that I shall always help you.2. 用that 引导的宾语从句偶尔except，but，besides三个介词后可以接that引导的宾语从句I know nothing about my new friend except that he used to work in a company.形容词的宾语从句 Sure，certain，glad，pleased，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied，sorry等表示“情感”的形容词后也可以带宾语从句I am sure that they will make it in spite of the terrible weather.I am extremely sorry that I have troubled you so much.We are all pleased that we have once again overcome the difficulty.注意：有一种特殊类型的宾语从句，宾语从句的引导词是who，which，what，when，where，how，why等表示疑问时，不能按正常语序安排，经常将这类引导词置于句首。这时主句中的谓语动词通常是think，say，guess，suppose，suggest，believe，feel，consider等。 e.g. Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year? e.g. what do you suggest we should prepare for Thanksgiving day?直接宾语从句、间接宾语从句和保留宾语从句1. 直接宾语从句 动词或介词后直接跟宾语从句，就构成了直接宾语从句。I wonder if/ whether you would mind making less noise.He didnt say whether or not he would be staying here.2. 间接宾语从句有些动词需要跟两个宾语，一个宾语为直接宾语，；另一个宾语为间接宾语从句。We should give what a child has done a proper prize. 3. 保留宾语从句 有些含有宾语从句的句子变为被动语态时仍保留着宾语从句。We were told that things were getting worse.I was promised that such things wouldnt happen, but it had.表语从句 能引导宾语从句的连接词都能引导表语从句。 表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的，那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。表语从句的连接词：1. 从属连词引导表语从句的从属连词有两个：that和whether，在表语从句中不做任何成分，that无实意，但whether保留“是否”的意义。一般不能用if引导表语从句，而用whether取代。 The reason for your mistake is that you lack confidence in yourself. The question is whether we can reduce the cost of the product.2 连接代词 引导表语从句的连词主要有who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whomever，whosever，whatever，whichever等 This is what I am interested in. The doubt is who has got away with the document.3.连接副词 主