2015职称英语新增及2014真题原文出处.doc

2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之综合类 补全短文 第十二篇Men Smell of Cheese and Women of OnionsLittle girls may be made of sugar and all things nice, but their armpits smell of onions. _1_ Thats the conclusion of research in Switzerland that involved taking armpit sweat samples from 24 men and 25 women after he had spent time in a sauna or ridden an exercise bike for 15 minute._2_ “Men smell of cheese, and women of grapefruit or onion,” says Christian Starkenmann of Firmenich, a company in Geneva that researches flavours and perfumes for food and cosmetics companies.The team found that the womens armpit sweat constrained relatively high levels of an odourless sulphur-containning compound 5 milligrams per milliliter of sweat versus 0.5 milligrams in men. When the researchers mixed this compound in the lab with bacteria commonly found in the armpit, the bugs turned it into a thiol- a previously discovered odour from armpits that is akin to onion.“The more sulphur precursor we added, the more intense was the malodour,” says Starkenmann, whose teams results appear in Chemical Senses. _3_The men, meanwhile, had relatively high levels of an odourless fatty acid which turned into a cheesy odour when exposed to the same types of bacteria. The balance of oniony to cheesy precursors in womens sweat made it smell worse than mens as rated by independent smell assessors._4_ “We could make inhibitors that neutralise the precursors, or block the bacterial enzymes that do the conversion,” says Starkenmann.Some researchers are sceptical that gender is the main deciding factor, arguing that the patterns found in Swiss volunteers might not apply to other populations with different diets and genetic background. _5_【词汇】armpit n. 腋（部）malodour n.难闻的气味，恶臭grapefruit n.葡萄柚neutralize v.中和，抵消sulphur n.硫enzyme n.酶thiol n.硫醇【注释】1. smell of onions：.闻起来像洋葱2. . is akin to onion：.近似于洋葱练习：ABacterial enzymes turn the otherwise odourless precursor into the malodour.BAnd while free of slug or snail odours, mens armpits pack a powerful cheesy whiff.CMost cases of skin odor is associated with break down of the compounds found in sweat by bacteria that live on the skin.DNext, the team hope to develop new ingredients for deodorants that fight the smells.EThe researchers found marked differences in the sweat from men and women.F“Other factors include what you eat. what you wash with, what you wear and what genes you inherit,” says Tim Jacob of Cardiff University in the UK.【答案与题解】1. B前一句讲女孩的腋下气味，后一句解释说这是一项研究成果，所以为了完整性，此处应该讲男性腋下的气味是怎么样的。所以，正确答案是选项B。2. E上一段结尾处介绍了这个研究的基本情况，本段又具体讲了一下试验结果，所以此处句首所填的句子应该起到承上启下的作用，并且是本段的中心句。只有选项E概括了本段的主要内容。3. A前一句提到加入越多的硫前体，恶臭味就越浓烈，由此可以推测出后面应该讲到恶臭味出现的原因。所以，正确答案是选项A。4. D根据本段第二句话可以判断出，这句应该讲研究团队接下来要怎么做。所以，正确答案是选项D。5. F本段第一句话在讲其他研究者怀疑有其他因素的影响，可以推测本句会进一步阐释其他因素。所以，正确答案是选项F。2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之综合类 补全短文 第九篇Style, Not FashionStyle goes way beyond fashion: It is the distinctive way we put ourselves together. It is a unique blend of spirit and substance-personal identity imposed on and created through, the world of things. _1_ It is what people really want when they aspire to be fashionable (if they arent just adorning themselves in status symbols).Through clothes, we reinvent ourselves every time we get dressed. Our wardrobe is our visual vocabulary. Style is our distinctive pattern of speech, our individual poetry.Fashion is the least of it. Style is, for starters, one part identity: self-awareness and self-knowledge. _2_And style requires security-feeling at home in your body, physically and mentally. Of course, like all knowledge, self-knowledge must be updated as you grow evolve; style takes ongoing self-assessment.Style is also one part personality: spirit: verve, attitude, wit, inventiveness. It demands the desire and confidence to express whatever mood one wishes. Such variability is not only necessary but a reflection of a persons unique complexity as a human being. _3_ In order to work, style must reflect the real self, the character and personality of the individual; anything less appears to be a costume.Lastly, style is one part fashion. Its possible to have lots of clothes and not an ounce of style. But its also possible to have very few clothes and lots of style. Yes, fashion is the means through which we express style, but it takes fewer clothes to be stylish than you might imagine.Whatever else it is, style is optimism made visible. Style presumes that you are a person of interest: that the world is a place of interest that life is worth making the effort for. It also shows that you are morally responsible. It shows that you dont buy things at the whim of the marketplace or the urging of marketers. _4_ Style exposes peoples ambivalence over good looks. It always demonstrates that appearances do count. Deep down we suspect this, since we ourselves make judgments about others from how they look.No one should be penalized for not having style, of course, but those who have it are distinctive and thus more memorable. _5_ They announce to the world that they are in command of themselves.【词汇】adorn v.装饰，使更美观wardrobe n. (个人的）全部服装suspect v.怀疑，猜想wit n.风趣，说话风趣的人blend v.混在一起，混合ambivalence n.矛盾心理，矛盾心态【注释】1.aspire to be fashionable:渴望赶上时尚潮流2.an ounce of style: 一丁点的风格3.atthe whim of:心血来潮（突发奇想）【练习】A It is a way of capturing something vibrant, making a statement about ourselves in clothes.B Fashion is part of sty1e.C Rather, you focus on what is personally suitable and expressive.D You cant have style until you have a sense of who you are.E They create a unique identity for themselves and express it through grooming and a few well-chosen clothes.F People want to be themselves and to be seen as themselves.【答案与题解】1、A 第一段都在解释什么是风格，六个选项中A、B、D三项都涉及风格，根据文章内容和句式的排比可以看出答案是选项A。2、D 本段的主旨句是第二句话，本句是对主旨句的阐释，讲风格与自我认知的关系。只有选项D符合。3、F 本段的主旨句是第一句话，全段在解释风格与个性的关系。所以，只有选项F符合。4、C 前一句在讲有风格的人不是心血来潮，可以推测此处应该讲有风格的人应该是如何的。只有选项C的句意与其对照，且符合整个段意。所以，正确答案是选项C。5、E 前一句讲有风格的人是独特的，因此也更容易被人记住，选项E在解释他们是通过什么方式做到这一点的。所以，选项E符合本段段意。2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之综合类 补全短文 第三篇The Value of TearsTears can ruin make-up, bring conversation to a stop, and give you a runny nose. They can leave you embarrassed and without energy. However, crying is a fact of lifeand tears are very useful. _1_These create a film over the eyes surface. This film contains a substance that protects your eyes against infection.Tears relieve stress, but we tend to fight them for all sorts of reasons. People worry about showing their emotions. Theyre afraid that once they lose control, theyll never get it back,” explains psychologist Dorothy Rowe. _2_ As adults we still fear the consequences of showing emotions.”Almost any emotiongood or bad, happy or sadcan cause tears. Crying is a way that we release built-up emotions. Tears help you when you feel you are ready to explode because of very strong feelings. _3_When some people become very stressed, however, they cant cry. They may be feeling shock, anger, fear, or grief, but they repress the emotion. “Everyone has the need to cry,” says psychotherapist Vera Diamond. Sometimes in therapy sessions, patients participate in crying exercise. _4_ Diamond says its best to cry in safe, private places, like under the bedcovers or in the car. Thats because many people get uncomfortable when others cry in front of them. In fact, they may be repressing their own need to cry.In certain situations, such as at work, tears are not appropriate. _5_ “But once you are safely behind closed doors, dont just cry,” Diamond says, she suggests that you act out the whole situation again and be as noisy and angry as you like. It will help you feel better. “And,” she adds, “once your tears have released the stress, you can begin to think of logical way to deal with the problem.”Tears are a sign of our ability to feel. You should never be afraid to cry.【词汇】make-up n. 化妆（品）psychotherapist n. 心理治疗师runny nose 流鼻涕infection n. 感染，传染release v. 释放built up 组合的，拼合的【注释】1. create a film over the eyes surface ：在眼睛的表面形成一层薄膜。2. get it back：恢复3. act out the whole situation again： 整个场景重现【练习】A It may explain why people who are afraid to cry often suffer more heart attacks than people cry more freely.B Its good to hold back tears during a tense business discussion.C Crying has good effects on the body.D Even when youre not crying, your eyes produce tears.E They practice crying so that they can get used to expressing emotion.F As children we were sometimes punished for shedding tears or expressing anger.【答案与题解】1. D 此空的上一句讲到眼泪很有用，后一句讲到眼泪的具体用处，并且句首是these，所以所填的这句应该有眼泪，根据上下文只有选项D最适合。选项C与前一句话意思重复。2. F 下文提到作为成人，我们仍然害怕流泪，所填的这句应该讲我们还是孩子时对流泪的恐惧。所以，答案是选项F。3. A 上文讲到哭能够帮助我们发泄心中的强烈情感，所以经常哭的人会比不常哭的人获得某种益处，根据上下文，只有选项A比较贴切。4. E 上文提到患者要练习哭，这里应该讲练习哭的原因。所以，答案是选项E。5. B 上一句提到在某些场合哭是不合适的，所以此处也应该具体解释不适合哭的场景，答案是选项B。2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之综合类 阅读理解 第二十四篇The Romance of ArthurMost cultures have some sort of hero who represents the best values of what its people believe in. The unusual thing about King Arthur is that legends of his heroism have persisted for several centuries and spread far beyond England, the place where they began.The earliest stories of King Arthur represent him as a warrior who fought and subdued the invading Norsemen in the years around A. D. 700. This much of the Arthurian tale is probably based on fact. Whether called Arthur or not, there is a body of evidence supporting the existence of such a warrior. It is the later embellishments of the tale whose authenticity is questionable. According to these, Arthur was born in a castle in Tintagel on the stormy western coast of England and because he was the illegitimate son of King Uther Pendragon, he was spirited away by the magician Merlin and his true identity kept from him. He became king after freeing the sword Excalibur from the stone into which it was thrust. He married the beautiful Guinevere and assembled in his court all the noblest knights of the land, including Lancelot, with whom Guinevere would later be unfaithful to him. He was finally defeated in battle by his illegitimate son Mordred, and his body was spirited away to the isle of Avalon.This romantic tale greatly appealed to the English and the French in the Middle Ages, when the code of chivalry-ideal qualities of knighthood-constituted an important part of many stories. Tales of the heroism of Galahad, Percival, Gawain, and many other of Arthurs knights were circulated as well.In England today, there are many sites claiming apiece of the Arthurian an legend. There is a mined castle at Tintagel. Near Glastonbury are the remains of an ancient abbey where Arthurs and Guineveres bodies were supposedly exhumed in the 12th century. Neither of these proves that the legend is true, but they do keep its mystique alive.【词汇】Arthurn.亚瑟（中世纪传奇故事中的不列颠国王，圆桌骑士团的首领）authenticityn.可靠性，真实性spiritv.偷偷地带走；拐走；绑架warriorn. 战士，勇士chivalryn. 骑士subduev. 制服，慑服embellishmentn. 美化，修饰mystiquen. 神秘气氛【注释】1. This much of theArthurian tale：许多这类亚瑟王的故事2. .was spirited awayby 被偷偷地带走?【练习】1. King Arthurs famer was _A. LancelotB. AvalonC. MordredD. Uther Pendragon2. The writer seems to feel that the truth about Arthur is that he _.A. existedB. was married to GuinevereC. had many knightsD. was born at Tintagael3. The information in the second paragraph is mostly presented in _.A. spatial orderB. order from latest to earliestC. order from earliest to latestD. order from least persuasive4. In the last paragraph the word “exhumed” means_A. dug up from the graveB. buriedC. quarreled overD. built a church around5. Another good title for this passage would be _A. Kings in the Seventh CenturyB. The Knights of the Round TableC. Real or Legend?D. Arthurs Marriage to Guinevere.【答案与题解】1. D 文中第二段提到亚瑟王是国王Uther Pendragon的私生子，所以答案是选项D。2. A 文章第二段第三句话提到大量证据证明是有这样一个战士的存在，不论名字是否叫亚瑟，所以作者认为亚瑟可能是真实的。选项B、C、D选项都是亚瑟传说故事的一部分，所以答案是选项A。3. C 文章第二段从亚瑟王的出生讲起，后又讲他是如何当上国王，又被妻子背叛，最后被私生子杀害。所以是按照时间顺序从早到晚来讲述的，所以答案是选项C。4. A “exhumed”的意思是“从（坟墓等处）掘出尸首”，所以答案是选项A。5. C A选项太宽泛，文章主要讲亚瑟王的传奇，没有关注其他17世纪的国王。选项B和选项D都太片面，只涉及亚瑟王传奇故事的一小部分。用排除法，答案是选项C。2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之综合类 阅读理解 第六篇Native American PotteryThere are several American Indian groups in the Southwest that still make beautiful pottery. Some of this pottery may be sold at fairly high prices. But the makers consider their work as more than a commercial enterprise. By using methods handed down for generations, the potters express their pride in their cultural inheritance.Some of the most interesting pottery is made by the Pueblo Indians. There are 21 individual pueblos in Arizona and New Mexico. Several are famous for their craftsmanship. To make a pot, these potters use a clay base and add long thin coils of clay to it in a spiral pattern. When they have reached the size they want, they use an implement such as a rock or shell to smooth the surfaces of the pot.How a pot is decorated and fired depends on the traditions of the group making it. Traditional pottery produced by the Acoma, who have lived for centuries on a high mesa in New Mexico, is first painted with a clay slip. The resulting pots: which are prized for their delicacy and strength, may be left white. They may also be painted with black and white patterns or with a combination of black, orange, and brown.Very distinctive black pottery comes from the San Ildefonso and Santa Clara pueblos. The black color is the result of carbon being released from the animal manure in which the pot is fired. Some artisans hand rub this ware to a shiny gloss. Others cut patterns into it: resulting in a part shiny: part fiat surface. Potters at San Ildefonso make many types of wares. Potters at Santa Clara are especially known for wedding jars-jars with two necks connected by a handle.Other groups such as the Hopi and the Cochiti also make pottery. Each group uses distinctive methods and produces distinctive forms and designs.【词汇】pottery n. 陶器distinctive adj. 特别的，有特色的enterprise n. 事业，产业，实业inheritance n. 遗产manure n. 肥料，粪肥craftsmanship n. 手艺artisan n. 精美，精致【注释】1. handed down for generations 世代相传2.hand-rub this ware to a shiny gloss 亲手揉搓罐子表面，使它光泽平滑【练习】1.In the first paragraph the word “commercial” means_.A.having to do with advertising products on TVB.having to do with advertising products on TVC.large- scaleD.artistic2.The second paragraph in the passage is developed mainly through_.A.steps in a processB.description of objectsC.the telling of a storyD.examples3.The Sail Ildefonso pueblo is known for_.A.black potteryB.wedding jarsC.thin and delicate shapesD.black, brown, and orange pots4.Traditional methods of making pottery_.A.are rarely used anymoreB.take a lot of timeC.are not of interest to pottery collectorsD.will soon be complete replaced5.Another good title for this passage would be_.A.How to Make a PotB.Living on a High MesaC.The Indians of Arizona and New MexicoD.An Old Art Still Practiced【答案与题解】1. B 前文提到一些陶器会以高价卖出，可以推测commercial在这里的意思是买卖交易。所以，答案是选项B。2. A 第二段主要讲制作一个罐子的步骤，不是在对罐子的形态进行描述，也没有讲具体的例子或者故事。所以，答案是选项A。3. A 第四段第一句话提到具有特色的黑色陶器是有圣伊尔德丰索部落的普韦布洛人制作的，最后一句提到圣克拉拉部落的陶器尤其以他的婚礼罐子闻名，选项C、D与题干无关，所以答案是选项A。4. B 根据文中制作的陶器的过程可以推测出制作陶器的过程很复杂因而费时，选项A、C、D文中均有提及，故可排除。5. D 本文主要介绍了美国本土一些印第安部落的陶器特点及制作过程。选项A过于片面，选项B、C 与文章主旨无关，因此答案是选项D。2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之综合类 阅读判断 第三篇Across the DesertsThe Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day its very hot, and at night its sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray,