必修3 Units3-5 Grammar 主谓一致.doc

Unit3 Grammar 主谓一致 学习目标1知识与能力目标：掌握并运用“主谓一致”2过程与方法目标：通过讲解和练习掌握“主谓致”3情感态度与价值目标：培养对语言的审美能力二、预习导读单 1理解主谓一致的概念。 2掌握主谓一致的用法。、主谓一致的概念： 主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系。例如：1.The house is empty.2.They have already arrived.二、主谓一致的指导原则： 现代英语主谓一致主要遵循以下三条原则：1语法致原则。主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式：主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。 2意义一致原则。主语和谓语的一致不是由主语的语法形式来决定，而是由主语所表达的意义而决定。3就近原则。谓语动词的单、复数取决于最靠近它的主语。由eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also连接或由here，there等引导的句子，谓语动词遵循这一原则。()语法一致原则 语法一致的原则是指谓语动词和它的主语在语法形式上必须取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也要用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语动词也要用复数形式。如： 1.The boy shows his mother much attention这个男孩对母亲很照顾。 2.The boys are playing outside这些男孩正在外面玩耍。 (二)意义一致原则 谓语动词和主语的一致是由主语所表达的单、复数概念来决定的，而不是根据主语的实际语法形式。有时主语的语法形式是单数，但所表达的概念是复数意义，这时动词应采用复数形式。如：1.The class are listening to me全班学生正在听我的讲课。(the class被视为若干个体)2. Five minutes is enough五分钟就够了。(five minutes 表个数目，被视为一个整体) (三)就近原则就近原则是指谓语动词的人称和数要在形式上与最靠近它的那个名词或者代词取得一致。1 当一个句子有两个主语，而它们又是由or，eitheror；neither nor, onlybut also等连接时，位于通常和最邻近的主语一致。如：1.He or you have taken my pen 2.Either you or he is not telling the truth2如果一个句子由There/Here be引起，而主语又不止一个，谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致。如： 1. Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.这有一支笔，几个信封和一些纸给你 2. There is a desk and four chairs in the office.办公室里有一张书桌和四把椅子。 3. There are two chairs and a desk in the office.办公室里有两把椅子和一张书桌。三、以-s结尾的名词作主语时的主谓一致 (一)学科名称和疾病名称作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致：某些学科名称和疾病名称虽是复数形式，但这些词作主语时，谓语动词任用单数形式。 这些词包括：news；某些学科，如：physics，mathematics，politics，electronics，mechanics，classics，linguistics), economics, statistics;某些体育和游戏名称，如：athletics, gymnastics, droughts;以及某些疾病,如:measles, diabetes. 1. The news is not very good.恐怕不是好消息。 2. Electronics is a piece of cake for him.电子学是他喜欢的学科。 3. Draughts is a board game.国际跳棋是在棋盘上玩的游戏。 (二)有些以-s结尾的是复数形式。这类名词有：goods, belongings, clothes, remains, troops. 1. The goods were found to be defective.这些货物被发现有缺陷。 2. My belongings have been destroyed in a fire.我的财物毁于一场火灾。 (三)有些以-s结尾的单复数同形的名词，即可作单数也可作复数。其单复数形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是复数。这类名词有series，species，works，means，headquarters等。1.A new species of mammal has been found. 2.Altogether, about 450 species of flatfish(比目鱼) are known.3.A headquarters was set up to direct the operation(指挥作战). Their headquarters are in Paris.四、复数形式的名词作主语 一些形式为复数，意思为单数的名词，如：trousers，pants，shorts，glasses，scissors，gloves，shoes等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 Her glasses are new. 她的眼镜是新的。注意: 若a+part ofkind oftype ofform ofportion ofseries ofchain ofspecies of+复数名词或one of+复数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。若基数词+parts ofkinds oftypes offorms ofportions ofseries ofchains/species of+复数名词, 谓语动词用复数形式。1. This pair of trousers fits you.2. Two pairs of scissors are missing from my tool boxes. 五、主语为集体名词时的主谓一致1通常作复数的集体名词。有些集体名词，如：people，police，youth，cattle等，通常作复数，谓语动词用复数形式，相应的人称代词也要用复数(they, them，their)。The police say they have caught the thieves.警察说他们已经抓住勒那些盗贼。The cattle were driven away from the hill.那些牲畜从山上被赶走。2通常作不可数的集体名词。有些集体名词，如 machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise, jewelry, 通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。如：（1）All the machinery in the factory is made in China.所有的机械都是中国制造。（1）A lot of equipment has been replaced by the new equipment.许多旧设备已经被新设备代替了。3既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词。有些集体名词，如果当作整体看，谓语动词用单数形式；如果当作一个个成员的组合来看，谓语动词用复数形式。 常见的可作单数、复数意义的集体名词有：class，army, club，committee，family, audience，crowd，group，team，crew, enemy, government，public，staff，population等。如：（1）The population of the earth is increasing very fast. (侧重点在一个整体)（2）One third of the population here are farmers. (侧重点在组成集体的各个成员上)六、以名词性分句作主语的主谓（一）由what，who，why, how, whether 等wh-词引导的主语从句，其后通常用单数。如：What caused the accident is a complete mystery. (二) 两个由and链接的并列名词性分句作主语，如果主语表示两件事，动词则用复数。如：What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remains a mystery to us.(三)在主语从句中，如果其主语的表语是复数时，句子的谓语动词可用复数。如：What was real to him were the details of his life.七、以不定式分句和-ing分句作主语的谓语致 以不定式分句和-ing分句作主语，随后的动词通常是单数。如： 1.To eat well is all he asks. 2. Playing tennis is a very good exercise.拓展训练单I . Select an appropriate number form in brackets.1. The British police (has, have) only very limited power.2. Where (is, are) that five pounds I lent you?3. The family (is, are) a very happy one.4. This kind of car (is, are) highly priced.5. All of the fruit (looks, look) ripe.6. To know merely the main facts (is, are) not enough.7. There (come, comes) the three noisy children from next door.8. There (was, were) nothing he could do and little he could say.9. Attending on-campus concerts (is, are) part of the pleasure of college life.10. The majority (is, are) not always in the right.II. Multiple Choice.1. The old _well looked after by the government in China.A. is B. are C. has been D. was2. Jane is one of the best students in her class who _by their teacher. A. are praised B. is praised C. praised D. praising3. Those who _ in _compositions, please hand them in this afternoon. A. hasnt handed; his B. havent handed; their C. has handed; their D. have handed; his4. He is the only one of the students who _elected.A. are B. have C. has D. is5. Most of his spare time _spent in reading.A. are B. were C. was D. have been6. Half of his goods _ stolen the other day.A. are B. were C. is D. was7. Mathematics _the language of science.A. are B. are going to be C. is D. is to be8. This pair of shoes_made in Nanjing.A. is B. are C. have been D. had been9. No one except my parents _anything about it.A. know B. knows C. is knowing D. have known10. Apples of this kind _.A. tastes good , B. tastes well C. taste good D. taste well11. Nobody _ to smoke in the cinema.A. allows B. allow C. is allowed D. are allowed12. The Chinese people _hard-working and brave.A. are B. is C. has been D. are being13. That they were wrong in these matters _ now clear to us all. A. is B. was C. are D. were14. All _ present and all _ going on well. our teacher said. A. is, is B. are, are C. are, is D. is, are15. What the teacher and the students want to say _ that either of the countries _ beautiful.A. are, are B. are, is C. is, is D. is, are主谓一致(II)一、主语由介词短语连接的主谓一致 如果句子中，主语+with，together with，along with，but，except，like，in addition to，including，besides，as well as，as much as，rather than，more than，no less than(与一样，不亚于)等引起的短语，谓语动词仍旧应与主语的人称和数保持一致。即就远原则。如： 1. An expert, together with some assistants, was send to help in this work.2. No one except my parents knows anything about it.3. The boss, rather than his employees, is to blame.二、主语为代词时的主谓一致（一）all作主语表人时，谓语动词用复数；表示物时，谓语动词用单数。如：1. All is well that ends well.结果好的一切都好。2. All are eager to reach an agreement.大家都急于达成一项协议。(二) both，(a)few，many, several作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如： Both (of) the instruments are not precise ones. 这两种仪器并不是精密仪器。(三)none作主语时，谓语动词即可用单数形式也可以用复数形式，这要取决于说话人的看法。1. None of us seem to have thought of it. 似乎我们全都没有想到这一点。2. None of us has got a camera.我们都没有相机。(四)each，every后接单数动词，在含有every, some，any 和no的复合词后面也用单数动词。1. Each day was the same as the one before.2. Everyone has to take the rest.3. Someone was waiting at the door.4. Nothing ever happens in this place. （五）either, neither, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等，谓语动词常用单数形式。1. Neither likes the friends of the other. 2. Everything around us is beautiful.三、主语为数词或量词词组 (一)分数和百分数词作主语时，谓语动词与它后面修饰的词人称和数的变化一致。1. About three fourths of the earths surface is covered by water.2. Fifty percent of the students in our school are girls.3. Three fourths of the workers in the factory are women. (二) a great / good deal of, a large amount of, amounts of，这些量词词组后接不可数名词，表示“数量”，连接的动词要用单数形式。如： A large amount of / a great deal of water was split on the floor.地板上洒了大量的水。 (三)a great many和a number of后面接复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式.如：A good number of (A great many )trees have been planted on either side of the river.河的两岸种上了许多树。注意：a number of 和the number of的意思不同，两者都能与复数名词搭配，但是the number of 后面接动词一定要用单数。如：The number of books stolen is fifty. (四) a lot / lots of，plenty of，a quantity / quantities of，a percentage of，a pile / piles of 等作主语，既可以与不可数名词搭配也可以与可数名词搭配，谓语动词的数与它们后面的名词相一致。如：1. A lot of us were invited at the last minute.2. A small quantity of sugar was put in the boiled water.3. A great piles of buildings are being built on the banks. (五)many a，more than one后面加单数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1. Many a man has done his duty. 2. More than one game was lost.四、由and连接的并列主语的主谓一致(一)and所连接的两个名词或短语所指的不是同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语动词用复数。如： 1. Medicine and food are badly needed there.2. The English teacher and the head teacher are both young man.(二)and所连接的两个名词或名词短语指的是同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语动词则要用单数。如： 1. The English teacher and head teacher is a young man.英语老师兼班主任是一个年轻人。2. The last and most difficult lesson is Lesson 14.第14课时最后一课也是最难的一课。3. The singer and dancer is popular with the young people.那个歌唱家兼舞蹈家很受年轻人的喜欢。(那个人既是歌唱家也是舞蹈家。)(三) 当and连接的并列名词词组带有each，every, many a时，随后的动词用单数。如：1. Every hour and every minute is important.每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵。2. Each book and each paper is found in its place. 买一本书，每一份文件，都可在一定的地方找到。3. Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need.在这个社区的每个人都感觉到自己很被需要。五、书名、报名、剧名、国名等的主谓一致当表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等名词或词组做主语时，如只指或一种，一本或一个，不论它形式上是单数还是复数，谓语动词只用单数形式。如：1. The New York Times is not available here.纽约时报这里没有。2. The United States was founded in 1776. 美国是1776年建立的。3. Gone with the Wind is my favorite book.飘是我最喜欢的书。六、群岛、山脉、瀑布等专有名词的主谓一致 当有群岛、山脉、瀑布等专有名词如the Alps, the Philippines, Niagara Falls, the Himalayas等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Niagara Falls are a splendid scene尼亚加拉大瀑布是一出壮丽的景观。拓展训练单1. The United States of America _one of the most developed countries in the world.A. is B. are C. was D. were2. Three-fourths of the homework _today. A. has finished B. has been finished C. have finished D. have been finished3. Many a man _ come to help us.A. have B. has C. is D. are4. The secretary and manager_very busy now.A. is B. are C. was D. were5. Both the secretary and the manager _agreed to attend the meeting. A. has B. have C. are D. was6. Tom as well as two of his classmates _invited to the party. A. was B. were C. have been D. had been7. Either you or I _going to the teachers office after class. A. am B. is C. are D. will8. Ten thousand dollars _ quite a large sum.A. are B. is C. were D. have9. About 20 percent of the work_done yesterday.A. are B. is C. were D. was10. Mr. Smith, together with his children, _ arrived. A. are B. has C. is D. have11. It _I who _leaving for London.A. is, is B.am , is C. is , am D.am , am12. Not only Tom but also his wife _ fond of watching television. A. are B. were C. be D. is13. When and where to build the new factory_ yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided14. Each of the students _ a Chinese-English dictionary. A. have B. has C. there is D. there are15. They each _ a beautiful handkerchief.A. have B. has C. there is D. there are16. Between the two rows of trees _the teaching building. A. stand B. stands C. standing D. are17. A number of students _from the south.A. are B. is C. have D. has18. The number of students from the north _small. A. are B. is C. have D. has19. Writing stories and articles _what I enjoy most. A. is B. are C. was D. were20. His Selected Poems _first published in 1965. A. were B. was C. has been D. are21. A good deal of money _spent on books.A. have B. has C. have been D. has been22. On the wall _ two large portraits.A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging23. _turn green in spring.A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves24. Father went to his doctor for _about his heart trouble. A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices25. All but one _ here just now.A. is B. was C. has been D. wereStep 1 Revision1. Read the text and find out the agreements in the sentences.2. Give the students some sentences with agreements and help them to get their meanings. Step 2 Studying the rules. I. 语法一致1.单数主语后由带有：with, along with, together with, like, but, except, besides, a well as, more than, no less than, rather than, including, in addition to引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数。2. 不定代词all, most, some 作主语时，谓语代词的数取决于它所指代的名词的数。3. 4. each, every no 5. Each of +each,6. None7. 名词如：clothes, trousers, goods, glasses, scissors 等主语时，谓语动词用复数。8. News, 9. One and a half+名词，a+名词+ a half, the number +名词等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。10.II内容一致1. all, most, some part of, a lot of, lots of, one of, a number of, plenty of ,here, there, whereIII.就近一致1. 由here, there, where 引导的倒装句，有时主语不止一个。谓语动词的数要跟靠近它的主语一致。2. 用 or, either . or, neither . nor, not only .but also等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数要跟靠近它的主语一致。Finding the rule and applying the ruleI. 语法一致1. Air as well as water is matter.2. A hammer and a saw are useful tools.3. The poet and writer has come.4. Serving the people is my great happiness.5. When well go out for an outing has been decided.6. Each of us has something to say.7. None of us are (is) perfect.8. None of that worries me.9. My trousers are new.10. The number of the students in the class is 56.11. Twenty percent of the workers in the factory are women.12. More than 70 percent of the surface of the earth is covered by water.II. 内容一致1. Most of the apples were rotten.2. Most of the apple was eaten by Tom.3. The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.4. Wisky and soda is always his favourite.5. Ten miles is a long distanceIII就近一致1. Here comes a bus.2. Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away.3. Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.4. He or you have taken my book. Step 4 Exercise1. E-mail, as well as telephones, _ an important part in daily communication. A. is playing B. have played C. are playing