电力塔 土木工程专业毕业设计外文翻译.doc

沈阳建筑大学毕业设计-外文翻译（附一、附二）附一（附二在后，为原文）电力塔该电力塔由贡萨加西亚-索夫里诺斯，萨尔瓦多等政府合作建造的过去几十年来，我们目睹了越来越多的新事物，例如可再生能源，可以由太阳，风，氢电池，生物燃料，河流，潮汐，和地球内部的热量来实现。因为它们相对来说比较新颖，各项技术需要进行快速的不断的改进，这在工程中带来了新的挑战。 最近在西班牙的塞维利亚完成的太阳能发电项目 ，就说明了这一点。该项目被称为PS10 ，它有数百个大面积的镜子，该镜面能将太阳光直接辐射到一个位于靠近顶部的115米高的混凝土塔的中央接收器中。组件接收器转将太阳辐射转化为电能。由于该塔是独一无二的，在许多方面，它的设计证明了它非常具有挑战性，尤其是高层建筑，都必须有足够的承载力，以支持如此大的负载，并且还要保持一个漂亮的外观并与周边环境相协调 对于开发太阳能的发展，西班牙是一个最竞争力的国家，因为和任何欧洲国家相比，它拥有最大量的阳光。事实上，它是有欧洲最大的太阳能研究中心，它开发和试验太阳技术。设在阿尔梅里亚的设施是西班牙研究的一部分，该中心主要负责研究工程上的节能和合理的利用能源的技术。此外，西班牙是世界第四大太阳能发电技术制造国。 鉴于这些因素，西班牙政府正在努力使太阳能发电量在2010年前占整个国家发电量的12 。这项计划包括安装一个太阳能发电能力为400兆瓦的设施。 2004年3月，经济壁垒被免去，才使投资者更安全更方便的投资这一可再生能源的领域，促进了可再生能源的发展。 PS 10设施使用了外地面与控制系统，以反射太阳光，将其直接辐射到一个坐落在宽阔地方的中央处理器，集中太阳辐射加热流体在接收端的温度为500 C时和1000 时 ，这种热能才可以用来发电。事实上，ps - 10是欧洲的第一个商业和发电设施，由太阳能提供动力开始运作，今年早些时候在西班牙南部靠近塞维利亚的香格里拉市，建立了第一个集中的太阳能发电厂。在这一地区，到2013年时，将有一个总发电能力超过300兆瓦的发电厂，同时电力系统也将会产生采用多种新技术。ps- 10产生的电力是由有624个面，每个面积120平方米的电板产生的。所有设备，电厂占地共60公顷土地。由一个中央电脑系统控制把集中太阳的射线在塔顶外，使太阳能接收器连接汽轮机的所在位置，涡轮驱动发电机，产生电能该电厂容量11兆瓦，可一次生产24.2百万度的电力。工厂的建设费用为35亿美元。在这一数额中，其中500万美元来自欧洲联盟的第五框架计划，政府基金来支持研究创新性技术。虽然的PS 10生产的电比传统的电厂贵三倍，但因为技术的发展，其成本在同类电厂中预计将有所下降。PS - 10是由solcar能源股份有限公司所拥有，通常被称为solcar。包括设计，推广，财务，建造，管理和运作。电厂利用太阳作为自己的首要能源来源。 solcar是一个附属在塞维利亚的一家科技公司，其主要经营太阳能，生物能源，环境服务，信息技术及工业工程与建设等相关业务。Solcar将PS - 10电厂转包建设给abener能源股份有限公司，这是abengoa的子公司重点建设的项目。反过来， abene又转包设计和建造的太阳能塔，选择了擅长于设计和建造的工业烟囱和高大混凝土结构的西班牙马德里的阿尔塔奇。在项目开始时，该塔设计是不成立。因此，有必要进行评估，以确定一个合适的，可行的，被大家认可的解决方案。举例来说，塔台要支持各种型号的大型，重型设备：1：太阳能接收器包括四个5米宽12米高的板，涵盖的弧度为180度，设置于高度为100米的大楼上，接受器总重量达240.5吨2：一个15米长的汽包是用来收集蒸汽并且驱动总重量达745吨以上的涡轮，鼓是位于113.5米上的大楼 3：四个低于接收器的泵都需要泵水，共重12.5吨，水泵位于海拔85.8米的地方4: 一个5米长的再热器其总重量达6.4吨，位于34.1米高的地面上5：一个3米长的degasifier重量为3.6吨，是位于同一标高6：管道和管水和水蒸汽，分散在几个平台上，满载时总重量达176吨建筑设计阶段也不得不慎重考虑。在可再生能源行业中，普遍认为太阳塔将是一项了不起的工程，客户希望有一个独特的，令人难忘的结构。此外，香格里拉市长也关心电厂的视觉效果和并且反对大规模的混凝土塔。项目参与者认识到，学校团体及其他成员组成的市民都希望前往现场参观。因此为它提供了一个绝佳的场合，塔，被视为一个理想的安装观景平台的地点，供游人使用。但他强调，因为允许访客进入塔，所以需要安装一部电梯和一个双独立通道系统，即，两个系统互相联系，在一旦发生火警，或者一个系统失败，或其他一些突发事件，保证人员的安全。根据以上两点考虑，因为在以前没有类似的结构进行的设计，就构成了一个新的工程和建筑的挑战。因此，可以说该塔的设计是从零开始的。abener能源公司决定将塔分为两大包：设备和民用工程。该整套设备被分为能源效率控制设备和可再生能源的分配设备。因为没有从事专门的混凝土结构设计，abener能源公司在混凝土市场询问几个公司，以争取民用工程方案。阿尔塔奇曾参与制订塔的设计，是一个公认的工程建筑师。由于这些规格相当松散，对于建筑设计，投标人不得不提出一些解决办法。阿尔塔奇提出了若干初步设计，因不同层次的服务来使用。不同的设计取决于美观精致，与施工难度，例如是否直或锥形的几何需要，以及外部或内部平台是否理想。每一个设计都根据其形状被命名。举例来说，根据各塔的形状提出了缸，一个酒杯，一个电讯塔，和一个电筒等。设计最终选定的方案是一个双主轴直塔。在计划来看，塔是一个梯形圆角，从长侧方面，22.3米长，位于北方，从短侧方面， 15.6米长，位于南方。两个内部墙壁垂直平行塔的两边的结构可分为三个主要领域，被称为东，西，中部槽。这梯形形状，是适应几何形状的太阳能接收器，其面板包括一个弧形的180度。东轴房子电梯延伸到零售平台，并配备有水平楼梯通往太阳能接收器。西轴有预热器和相关设备 。在发生火灾事件后，西轴还提供了一种新的交通进出的方式：坐落在10米的间隔的钢铁服务平台和楼梯。从前面看，太阳塔类似于一个双刃刀片。因为结构的要求是完全封闭的，最低的部分塔支持平台，游客在海拔31.0米。一开始，在游客的平台，并持续向上到海拔81.7米，内部墙壁形成两个独立的竖井之间的空间被打开。该槽是用于作为准入，服务，设备安置，并进行维修等用途的。从外，塔顶采用类似的设计。然而，跟本上是不同的，因为它已经没有内部隔墙，整堵墙被拆除，以留出足够的空间，为太阳能接收器安装。 显然，为了开放式的需要，在北墙使太阳的反映射线一开始到达接收器，在海拔100米，开放延伸14.1米，宽15.3米的高度。4个水泵能够运输水到位于下面的太阳能接收器，接收器设在中心轴上，在一个独立的内部平台，这个平台还支持一些管道和小型设备。为了太阳能接收器，顶部平台支持几个蒸汽管道连接鼓。从外看没有水和蒸汽管道，都是为符合最初的建筑设计标准。该大楼的外墙油漆是以便使它能等号的配合与周围环境而定。最后，大楼配备了防雷系统和3个高强度的飞机发出警告信标特殊要求的设备要适应塔的形状，设计建造需要最小的材料。此外开放两国间的竖井，从而减轻风荷载，在塔的最薄弱的方向，那就是南北，它具有最低的惯性。设计阶段另人十分兴奋，因为根据现有的资料进行了发挥和创新。但是，设计过程中并不乏一些份额方面的挑战，尤其是阿尔塔奇在结构设计中的发展，与结构工艺和设备的发展同时进行。偶尔，会需要修改该平台的水平，设备负荷，或进入要求，但事实上，基本的建筑设计很可能是唯一的建立在招投标基础之上的设计。位于海拔100米，太阳能接收器组成，由四个饱和蒸汽交汇处面板支持在一个管状钢结构。经过测量，它5米宽， 12米高，每块面板由经过从底到顶部，方方面面的绑扎的一套管道，这些管道从一个小组连接到其相连的小组。这套被展板覆盖在一个弧形的180度内，并把它作为定日镜区域。为了提供支持和保证空腔中的适当绝缘，所有的面板安装在钢管结构，其中包含一个绝缘地板和天花板。由于钢管结构是完全封闭的，因此所有太阳能光线通过该面板进入腔体中。水从水泵流经整个太阳能接收器，然后再由此产生的蒸汽，而后进入位于塔顶的涡轮机内。框架式钢结构有五个支柱支持，用于传递垂直负荷。因为腔封闭的，造成了更大的风荷载，需要两个水平支撑包括在顶部钢结构的支撑共同连接到大楼的北混凝土墙体，并传递风荷载。最初的计划，钢管结构是总来支撑整个平台的，然而，其他因素促成了计划的改变，首先，由于管道与水泵、以及电气设备位于下面和汽包位于以上，这个级别的塔需要更多的支撑。综合这些因素，共同施加总负荷达到80.5万吨。第二，服务平台将需要包含大楼的整个宽度和高度内。这些事实促使设计师将荷载分化给不同的结构，并安全的传递给塔的混凝土墙。综合平台提供了一个包含了整个塔的宽度的服务平台，并用来支持管道和设备。它是由坐落在南北方向的工字型梁组成，平台由支撑管，盖板，和一个14厘米厚的混凝土板打钉连接而成。为了承担负荷为240.5吨的太阳能接收器，另外一个钢结构被制作在综合平台下0.2米处。因为结构必须涵盖的宽度为11.4米，它的两个主梁被设计成高约120米的工字型桁架。汽包设在塔顶，水泵设在太阳能接收器的下面，同样起到了支撑综合平台的作用。因为大量的负荷，以及需要长度高达11.4米的大跨度，多数内部平台是按照欧盟委员会的欧洲规范设计的。综合平台也是最容易竖立的，由高度在240至500毫米的钢梁支持整个混凝土的薄壳结构。所有的这些结构在连接安装在混凝土薄壳设计是通过使用了普罗菲斯软件求得的，这些连接的负载值为0.5至20.0万吨之间。电梯可容纳4人，并配有标准安全装置作为双向沟通。经过设计，楼梯可直接支持在大楼的墙壁上而不是由三个支柱支持。这样的设计会使游客在塔的内部看到更完美的细节效果。如上所述，坐落在地面以上31米处的由热浸镀锌钢板制成的游客平台，让游客们在了解整体厂房的设计的同时欣赏日光反射器区域因为地面上的承载能力有限，基金会表示将采用深桩支撑塔结构。但是，一旦塔的几何形状被确定后，该基金会只好重新设计。由于塔的形状不是圆筒形，风荷载不是独立的在一个方向发展，又由于该塔的风荷载相当高，其南北方向负有主要风荷载，但有最低的惯性，设计深基础不符合经济原则。这种办法也需要厚板连接塔的混凝土墙和打桩。因此，基金会最终重新设计了一个直径35.0米，厚度不一，从1.0至3.0米的圆形结构。幸运的是，地下水位低于基础底面。有经过承载能力和稳定性的验证，以确保在极限承载能力内的正常使用。钢筋混凝土是由规定的极限状态并依照本西班牙语标准确定的。塔是由壁厚250毫米的墙制成这将使它更容易保持直立方式。出于同样的原因，所有的开口被设计在平板边缘。结构设计也按照西班牙规定的极限状态，并最终确定极限状态。 基础使用了有限元模型进行了基础和架结构互动关系进行设计。模型壳单元由混凝土和钢梁构成。全面分析包括六个基本荷载和20个组合荷载。无论是基础和塔设计足以承受寒冷，检修，风力和地震荷载，所有这些都遵循西班牙的标准。服役荷载被定义为5kn/m2 ，并且适用于所有平台。对于风荷载的定义，是按照基本风速27米/秒考虑的。地震荷载由0.08g基本加速考虑。该项目并不需要使用特殊的材料。具体用于塔和基础是具有抗压强度30兆帕斯卡，屈服强度500兆帕斯卡的钢结构。楼梯和平台钢是由热浸镀锌钢板制成，并且综合平台的钢梁采用都使用屈服强度为275兆帕斯卡的低碳钢。工程定于2005年6月开工，在2006年2月结束。最关键阶段涉及支路组成工作的起重和装配机械的太阳能接收器和汽包。安装的独特性造成了一些延误。举例来说，平台负荷，重复计算（有的已经重新计算了12次） ，客户决定将预算外资金纳入在塔的西轴的钢服务平台。此外，为了避免高温，部分塔已被隔离在混凝土薄壳的外部。该基础使用了近2000立方米混凝土，在夏季期间施工，气温高于35 C以上并且轮班昼夜不停的工作，基础在一个周末完成。在此过程中，每两小时需要对的混凝土的温度核对一次，以避免开裂。该塔是通过一种直木支路形式的手段建造的，开孔和角落，需要极其谨慎，以确保他们的几何精确，位于高度100和115.3米的临时护栏被用来确保塔的开放。一旦滑道系统被拆除，一些临时平台被安装在周围和内塔，以方便余下的工程。从此，一个在中心区，另一个是在横向轴，两个工作独立进行。为了满足客户的要求，在已完成的大楼描绘了软粘土色，以配合其周围地区的建筑。但是，一个小问题出现在了该项目的结尾。因为一个工程设计，在最后收尾阶段，这要求安装比原计划高3米的气囊，鼓状物位于上方大楼的外墙及铝包层，使它在远距离观看下显得明亮。 两个主要的项目进行了评价：通过构造3米高的混凝土外墙涂料或铝包层相同的颜色的墙体来增加塔的高度，从建筑的角度来看，第一选择是可取的，因为这会将汽囊隐藏起来。不过，该项目接近完成了，新增了额外的墙体会延误规定期限至少两个月。这样耗下去是不可能的，然而由于电厂的就职仪式已经被推迟，汽囊是用喷绘完成，结果被认为是可以接受的。 施工在2007年2月完成，各种装置在六月设置完成。该设施似乎是在适当的发电条件下工作。此外，主人因为塔的外型而感到高兴，事实上，塞维利亚居民已经起了绰号给工厂，其中的两个翻译是风指甲和光明塔。附二Tower of PowerBy Gonzalo Garca-Sobrinos, Ignasi Salvador-Vill, ICCP, and Jess Serradilla-Echarri A 115 m high tower is the crowning achievement of PS-10, Europes first commercial generating facility to be powered by the sun. Constructed in Spain, the tower has been designed to support large loads, facilitate public access, and complement its surroundings as much as possible. Photograph: Getty Images The past few decades have witnessed growing interest in such renewable sources of energy as the sun, the wind, hydrogen cells, biofuels, rivers, tides, and the earths internal heat. Because of their relative novelty, the various technologies continue to undergo rapid improvement, generating new engineering challenges. A recently completed solar power project near Sevilla (Seville), Spain, illustrates this point. Known as PS-10, the project consists of several hundred large movable mirrors, known as heliostats, that reflect direct solar radiation to a central receiver located near the top of a 115 m high concrete tower. Components within the receiver convert the solar radiation into electricity. Because the tower is unique in many ways, its design proved challenging. In particular, the tall structure had to be sufficiently robust to support large loads yet maintain an aesthetically pleasing appearance that would be compatible with the surrounding environment. With regard to the potential development of solar energy, Spain is one of the most attractive countries, as it enjoys the greatest amount of sunshine of any European country. In fact, the Plataforma Solar de Almera is Europes largest center for research, development, and testing of technologiesused to concentrate solar energy. Located in Almera, Spain, the facility is part of the Centro de Investigaciones Enrgeticas, Medioambientales y Technolgicas. Moreover, Spain is the worlds fourth largest manufacturer of solar power technology. Several hundred movable mirrors, known as heliostats, below, reflect the suns rays into the 115 m tall tower, which, as the previous pages suggest, appears to learn toward the field of reflectors.Getty ImagesGiven these factors, the Spanish government is committed to producing 12 percent of its primary energy that is, the total amount of energy supplied by the nations power grid from renewable sources by 2010. This plan includes an installed solar generating capacity of 400 Mw. In March 2004 it removed economic barriers that prevented the connection of renewable energy sources to the power grid, making it easier and safer for investors to develop new projects in this field. Facilities of the PS-10 type employ a field of heliostats with a control system to reflect direct solar radiation to a central receiver located on a mast or post. The concentrated solar radiation heats up a fluid located in the receiver to temperatures between 500C and 1,000C. This thermal energy can then be used to generate electricity.In fact, PS-10 is Europes first commercial generating facility to be powered by the sun, having begun operations earlier this year in southern Spain in Sanlcar la Mayor, near Sevilla. It is the first of a set of solar power plants to be structed in the same area that will have a total generating capacity of more than 300 MW by 2013. Power will be generated using a variety of technologies. PS-10 produces electricity with 624 heliostats, each having an area of 120 m2. All told, the power plant occupies 60 ha of land. Directed by a central computerized system, the heliostats concentrate the suns rays at the top of the tower, where a solar receiver and a steam turbine are located. The turbine drives a generator, producing electricity. With a nominal capacity of 11 MW, the plant produces 24.2 GWh of electricity annually. Construction of the plant cost 35 million (U.S.$47.8 million). of that amount, 5 million (U.S.$6.8 million) came from the European Unions Fifth Framework Programme, a fund that supports research and development work on innovative technologies. Although power produced by PS-10 is three times more expensive than that from conventional sources, the cost in similar plants is expected to fall as the technologies develop. ALTACBeginning at an elevation of 100 m, an opening extends 14.1 m in width and 15.3 m in height to enable the suns reflected rays to reach the receiver. The PS-10 plant is owned by Solcar Energa, S.A. The firm, commonly referred to as Solcar, designs, promotes, finances, constructs, and operates power plants that use the sun as their primary energy source. Solcar is a subsidiary of Abengoa, of Sevilla, a technology company whose various business units concern themselves with solar energy, bioenergy, environmental services, information technology, and industrial engineering and construction. Solcar subcontracted the construction of the PS-10 plant to Abener Energa, S.A., a firm that is one of Abengoas subsidiaries and focuses on construction. In turn, Abener subcontracted the design and construction of the solar tower to Alternativas Actuales de Construccin S.L. (ALTAC), of Madrid, Spain. ALTAC specializes in designing and constructing industrial chimneys and tall concrete structures. At the beginning of the project, the tower design was not established. Therefore, it was necessary to assess all requirements to define a suitable, feasible, and attractive solution. For example, the tower had to support various types of large, heavy equipment: The solar receiver comprises four interchanger panels that are 5 m wide and 12 m high. Covering an arc of 180 degrees and located on the tower at an elevation of 100 m, the receiver has a total weight of 240.5 metric tons. A 15 m long steam drum is used to collect the steam, which drives the turbine. with a total weight of 74.5 metric tons, the drum is situated atop the tower 113.5 m aboveground. Four pumps below the receiver are needed to pump up water. weighing a total of 12.5 metric tons, the pumps are located at an elevation of 85.8 m. A 5 m long reheater with a total weight of 6.4 metric tons is located 34.1 m aboveground. A 3 m long degasifier weighing 3.6 metric tons is located at the same elevation as the reheater. Ductwork and pipes for water and steam, distributed among several platforms, have a total weight of 176 metric tons when full. The architectural design also had to be carefully considered during the design stage. recognizing that the solar tower would be a remarkable project in the renewable energy sector, the client wanted to have a unique, memorable structure. Furthermore, the city council of Sanlcar la Mayor was concerned about the power plants visual obtrusiveness and opposed a massive concrete tower. Project participants realized that school groups and other members of the public would want to visit the site as part of guided tours. Because it affords a superb view of the heliostat field, the tower was seen as an ideal location for installing viewing platforms for visitors. However, allowing visitors inside the tower made it necessary to install an elevator and a system for double independent accessthat is, a ladder and a stairwayfor safetyreasons in the event of a fire, a plant failure, or some other emergency. Taken together, these requirements constituted a new engineering and architectural challenge, as no similar structure had ever been designed. Therefore, the towers design had to be executed from scratch. Abener Energa decided to split the tower into two main packages: equipment and civil works. The equipment package was awarded to the energy efficiency and renewables division of Madrid-based Tcnicas Reunidas, commonly known as Tecnical. Because it does not specialize in designing concrete structures, Abener Energa asked several companies in the concrete chimneys market to bid on the civil works package. ALTAC was awarded the civil works package even though no architect had been involved in developing the proposed tower design. Since the specifications were quite loose with regard to architectural design, the bidders had to propose certain solutions. ALTAC presented several preliminary designs to the client with different levels of service, aesthetic sophistication, and construction difficulty. The different designs depended on, for example, whether a straight or a tapered geometry was required and whether external or internal platforms were desired. each design was named according to its shape. For example, the various tower shapes suggested a cylinder, a wine glass, a telecommunications tower, and a torch.The design ultimately chosen by the client was a double-shaft straight tower. In plan view, the tower is a trapezoid with rounded corners, the longer side, measuring 22.3 m in length, located to the north, and the shorter side, 15.6 m in length, located to the south. Two internal walls perpendicular to the towers parallel sides divide the structure into three main areas, referred to as the east, west, and central shafts. This trapezoid shape is adapted to the geometry of the solar receiver, whose panels cover an arc of 180 degrees. with this nonaxisymmetric shape, the tower seems to be looking north to the heliostat field. The east shaft houses an elevator that extends to the pump platform, along with a stairway leading to the solar receiver level. The west shaft houses the preheater and the degasifier. In the event of fire, the west shaft also provides an alternative means of egress by way of steel service platforms and ladders situated at 10 m intervals. From the front, the solar tower resembles a twin-edged blade distinguished by three well-defined areas. Completely closed because of structural requirements, the lowest part of the tower supports the visitor platform at an elevation of 31.0 m. Beginning at the visitor platform and continuing upward to an elevation of 81.7 m, the internal walls form two independent shafts, the space between them being open. The shafts are used for such purposes as access, service, equipment placement, and maintenance. From the outside, the top of the tower appears similar in form to the base. However, the top is fundamentally different in that it has no internal walls. These walls were removed to allow enough space for the solar receiver to be installed. ALTACFrom the exterior, the top of the tower appears similar in form to the base. However, the top is fundamentally different in that it has no internal walls. None of the ductwork that conveys steam to the turbines is visible from the exterior. Obviously, an opening was required in the north wall to enable the suns reflected rays to reach the receiver. Beginning at an elevation of 100 m, the opening extends 14.1 m in width and 15.3 m in height. The four pumps that convey water to the solar receiver are located below the receiver in an independent internal platform located in the central shaft. This platform also supports some ducting and minor equipment. The top platform supports the steam drum and several steam ducts that connect the drum to the solar receiver. None of the water and steam ducts are visible from the outside, in keeping with the initial architectural criteria. The towers exterior was painted so that it would fit in better with its surroundings. Finally, the tower is equipped with a lightning protection system and three high-intensity aircraft warning beacons. By adapting the towers shape to the special requirements of the equipment, the design minimized the quantities of materials needed for construction. Moreover, the opening between the two shafts helps to reduce the wind load in the towers weakest direction, that is, north-south, which has the lowest inertia. The design stage was exciting, as all involved knew that they were creating something original rather than following established paths. However, the design process was not without its share of challenges, particularly as ALTAC was developing the structural design at the same time that Tecnical was developing the process and equipment design. occasionally, modifications were made to the platform levels, equipment loads, or access requirements. In fact, the basic architectural design was