第五章 写作第一节和第二节.doc

第五章 写作第一节 研究综述一、写作题的性质 写作是人们表达思想的一种重要手段，我们称之为comprehensive test的综合测试，考察的是学生综合运用语言的能力。这种能力不仅包括遣词造句、布局谋篇的语言表达能力，还包括观察、分析、解决问题的认识能力，要求要点齐全，格式正确，行文连贯，语言表达地道，句子结构合理，文章内容完整，考核了对词汇和语法的应用、表达能力，思维逻辑和条理性，简言之就是运用语言表达思想的能力。二、英语专业四级写作要求 1. 能根据各种不同的听读材料笔头回答问题，复述内容写摘要、写提纲和记笔记。2. 能根据题目列出写作提纲，在一小时内写出200250词的短文。以上均要求做到内容完整、条理清楚，语法基本正确，语言通顺恰当。3. 能写一般的书信、通知、便条、请帖，填写简单的表格，格式正确，语言得体。写作课培养学生初步写作能力，包括提纲、文章摘要、短文以及最简单的常用应用文。三、考试大纲对英语专业写作的要求和规定(1) 测试目的：按照英语专业基础阶段英语教学大纲的要求，检查学生在基础阶段末期的英语写作能力。(2) 测试要求： (a) 作文： 能根据所给的作文题目、提纲或图表、数据等，写一篇200个单词左右的作文，能做到内容切题、完整，条理楚清，结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺，表达得体。考试时间35分钟。(b) 便条： 能根据所给提示写50至60个单词的便条、通知、请贴等。能做到格式正确，语言得体。考试时间10分钟。(3) 测试形式：本部分分为主观试题，分两节：Section A和Section B。 Section A: Composition 是命题作文，文章体裁主要属于说明文、议论文或记叙文的范围。Section B: Note-Writing 是写便条。四、英语专业四级写作的评分标准英语专业四级作文的评分标准（总体评分）：(1) 文章内容切题。(2) 阐述充分，观点鲜明，论据充分，有较强的说服力。(3) 意思连贯，条理清楚，文字通顺，段落衔接紧密，过渡自然，逻辑性强。(4) 句与句之间的连接顺畅，句式灵活多变，句法结构正确。(5) 用词得体、恰当，词汇丰富。(6) 拼写及标点正确，书写整洁。五个分数段的评分标准：15分：文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，行文通顺流畅，连贯性好，论证严密，论据充分，基本无语言错误。14-12分：文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，语言比较通顺，连贯性较好，有少量语法错误。11-9分：文章内容切题，尚能表达中心思想，但说理不够清楚，文字连贯不够好，有少量语言错误。8-6分：基本切题，有些地方思想表达不够清楚，连贯性差，语言错误多。5-3分：文章条理不清，思想紊乱，语言缺乏连贯，句子错误很多，或语言虽通顺流畅，但完全偏题。五、专业四级作文中常见问题在英语写作教学和专业四级辅导过程中，发现学生在写作部分存在如下问题：1、 审题不完整。一些学生急于下笔，忽略了背景引语或者是只是匆匆浏览背景介绍，不仔细思考题目的意思，这样就容易造成跑题。而内容切题是一篇好作文应具备的基本条件之一。2、 思路狭窄。写出的作文着眼点低，视野不够开阔，导致内容空洞，干瘪无味，语言贫乏。3、 表达不地道。有些同学在写作中仍受到母语的影响，在写作中Chinglish的现象时有发生；串句、破句、不合逻辑的句子也是俯首皆是。4、 意识问题。有些同学看到作文题目就亟不可待地下笔，导致作文跑题，次重点不分，甚至到了无话可写，穷途末路的地步。写提纲不仅能够保证紧扣主题，整体把握布局，还能节省时间。本部分按照”审题思路确定主题写作提纲段落展开”的步骤，对近十年来的作文题进行详细解析，旨在帮助引导学生准确审题，扩展思路，并且养成写提纲的好习惯，有效的提高写作能力。第二节 近十年真题解析大作文写作一、解密TEM-4 写作题型根据考试大纲，TEM-4作文是命题作文，文章体裁主要属于说明文、议论文或记叙文的范围。回顾历年考题，实际上说明文、议论文占绝大多数，涉及的主题多是与社会上的一些热点和大学生活动有关的话题，如课外活动、学生兼职、身体保健、空气污染等。根据命题形式，TEM-4写作题型可分为四类：第一类：自由发挥型，给定题目，但题目呈开放型，由考生自己决定具体的切入点进行说明或论证。第二类：分 析 型，给定了题目并明确规定了观点，要求考生就其进行说明和论证。第三类：择优比较型，限定讨论话题，提供同一议题的两个对立面观点，要求考生明确选择一种观点，并进行是非分明的论证。第四类：问题解决型，先提出问题，然后要求考生提供一个、多个或最好、最有效的解决途径，并加以解释，也称how-to结构。综合分析历年的TEM-4考题，具体情况如下：年份作文题目自由发挥型分析型择优比较型问题解决型2008The Benefits of Volunteering2007Is It Wise to Make Friends Online?2006Saving money or spending tomorrows today money2005My Idea of a University Arts Festival2004Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?2003The Importance of Keeping a Good Mind2002The Best Way to Stay Healthy2001Travel Broadens the Mind2000The Importance of Extracurricular Activities1999A Major Advantage / Disadvantage of Advertising on Television总计题数10占百分比100 %10%40%40%10%二、分类解析（一）自由发挥型自由发挥型的题目，在提出一个话题之后，要求考生对这一话题给予一定的看法和分析，并且对观点进行充分地论证。这种题目对论点不做限制，考生可以自由发挥，围绕话题即可。请看2005年的考题：The students Union of your university is planning to hold an arts festival next semester, and they are inviting students to contribute their ideas and suggestions as to how it should be organized or what should be included.Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:MY IDEA OF A UNIVERSITY ARTS FESTIVALYou are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea OR describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.参考范文My Idea of a University Arts FestivalIm glad to present my idea of the university arts festival to be held in the next semester. As an English major, I think its a good idea to have an English song contest during the arts festival.First, there is a strong demand for English-related activities on campus. Several English-related activities organized before, such as English drama performances, English reading contest, have been warmly received and have produced satisfactory results. The feedbacks show that students are very interested in such activities, and they hope to jump at all these chances. So I assume an English song contest can serve this purpose. In addition, everybody can participate and display his skill in the contest. A further reason is that such an activity can surely promote the atmosphere of English learning. If English examinations are the only driving force for us to study English, our work is dull and boring. An English song contest provides a kind of stimulation. In the course of preparation for the contest, the players will improve their listening and speaking capabilities. Whats more, the audience will also find their passion for English renewed.To sum up, an English song contest offers so many benefits that it is really a sensible decision to include it in the university arts festival.审题思路这是一篇自由发挥型的命题式作文，考生不限定观点，可以根据命题，自己提出观点，然后加以论证。题目要求考生对学生会下学期要举办的艺术节就如何组织及包括何种内容提出建议，并且要求考生对自己的这一想法予充分论证。确定主题论题一经确定，我们就能根据这一命题给出观点，及可以考虑在艺术节里加入一个英语歌曲大赛。范文中第一段只有两句话，第一句给出命题，简单的为主题的引出做了铺垫，然后第二句就直接给观点：自己作为一个英语专业学生，提出可以在大学艺术节里加入一个英语歌曲大赛。这就是我们这篇作文的主题，通常在第一段的最后一句简洁了当地给出。英语歌曲大赛这一主题在写作中处于主导地位，下文如何安排文章结构都要服从于这个中心。写作纲要主题确定，如何来围绕这一中心展开论证？英语歌唱比赛有什么好处呢？我们可以采用一种头脑风暴法，把脑海中相关的例子或事实写下来，然后从中进行剔除，即除掉不必要和不重要的东西，并且加以归纳分类，得出的便是我们的分论点。我们的提纲也就出炉了。Topic: My Idea of a University Arts FestivalThesis: we can have an English song contest during the arts festivalOutline: I. a strong demand for English-related activities on campus A. several activities warmly received and produced satisfactory results B. everybodys skill displayedII. the atmosphere of English learning promotedA. stimulation providedB. capabilities improved段落展开在第二段中，文章提出了两个理由。一是希望多出现与英语相关的活动。对于这个理由，作者又用两点加以说明。首先运用例证法进行解释自己经历的话剧表演及朗读大赛非常成功，说明学生有此需求；然后说明学生希望参与展示自己的技能。二是这样的活动能促进校园英语学习的氛围。英语歌曲大赛能给我们枯燥的学习注入活力，并且提高听说能力。在论述中，作者运用一些必要的衔接手段，如First, such as, also, further reason, whats more, in addition, 使整个第二段落实现论点清晰、连贯性强的效果。文章结尾通过一个so that 从句不仅用benefits 这一词总结了全文，并提出了自己的愿望，言简意赅、简洁有力。但是如能在论述理由时加一些实例论证，会更有说服力。（二）分析型分析型的题目，给定了题目并明确规定了观点，要考生就其进行说明和论证。分析型议论文主要是判断和分析所议论的事物或观点的性质，具体地说就是其重要性、正确性、必要性或荒谬性、危害性等。请看2000年的考题：Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic: College life should be varied and colorful. And extracurricular activities are an important aspect of it. However, at present, there is much room for improvement in this regard. Write an article to the university radio entitled:The Importance of Extracurricular Activities In the first part of your article you should clearly present your view, and in the second part you should support your opinion with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure e to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.参考范文The Importance of Extracurricular ActivitiesPeople have different views about how to spend college life. But its universally acknowledged that college life should be varied and colorful. Extracurricular activities, as a part of college life, is very important for the all-round development of college students. Firstly, such activities can enrich our college life. As students, our main task is to concentrate on our academic study. But it doesnt mean that we should spend every hour and minute on academic study. That will make our life monotonous and boring and will not improve work efficiency, just as a proverb says, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” As an effective way of both physical and mental relaxation, extracurricular activities can provide students with different opportunities to enjoy and relax ourselves. Secondly, such activities can help develop students sense of teamwork. When we are involved in the activities, we will realize the limitation of the individual effort and the importance of cooperation. To sum up, extracurricular activities is beneficial to college students. So I suggest that students do extracurricular activities along with their academic studies.审题思路这是一篇分析型的命题式作文，给定了观点，即课外活动的重要性，要求考生对重要性加以分析和论证，考生不需要考虑给出论点，只需要考虑如何能很好的证明论点。确定主题不同于以上的自由发挥型作文，该文主题在题目中已经给出，即课外活动对大学生活是非常重要的。在第一段中运用了背景法的方式，对主题做了简单的引入，人们对于如何度过大学生活有不同观点，但承认大学生活是丰富多彩的。在最后一句简洁了当地给出这一主题，课外活动，作为大学生活的一部分，在大学生活中是重要的。写作纲要课外活动的重要性体现在什么地方呢？我们会想到打篮球、做游戏等多种课外活动，不仅可以锻炼身体，丰富生活，保持良好的心情，还可以增强团队意识。如此多的分论点，选择一两个即可，但要注意阐述深刻，切忌面面俱到。Topic: The Importance of Extracurricular ActivitiesThesis: Extracurricular Activities is important for college students.Outline: I. our college life enriched A. monotonous and boring life changed B. different opportunities providedII. students sense of teamwork developedA. the limitation of individual workB. the importance of cooperation段落展开在第二段中，文章提出了两个理由。一是丰富大学生活。对于这个理由，作者又用两点加以说明。首先运用正反法解释单纯的学习会让生活枯燥乏味，然后说明课外活动可以改变这种状况，娱乐放松自己。二是这样的活动增强学生的团队精神，使学生在活动中意识到自己能力的局限性和合作的重要性。在论述中，作者不仅运用一些必要的衔接手段，如First, such，so等，使整个第二段落论点清晰，表达流畅，而且运用了引用手法，使论证更具说服力。但如果对第二点论述稍微深入一些，会更具说服力。文章结尾总结了全文，并提出了自己的建议，言简意赅，简洁有力。请看2001年的考题Travel has become part of our life. And more and more of us have come to know the significance of travel through our own experience. Write on answer sheet one a composition of about 150 words on the following topic: Travel Broadens the Mind You are to write in three parts. In the first part, state what the topic actually means to you.In the second part, give one or two examples to illustrate your ideas. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.参考范文Travel Broadens the MindNowadays, travel has become a popular activity. Many people are rich enough to afford a travel at home or abroad. As a matter of fact, travel has become part of our life. The increasing popularity of travel is, among others, lies in that travel broadens our minds to an extent which may not be reached previously.Last summer, I got an opportunity to visit Qufu. Before that time, I had no idea of the history and cultural details of Qufu. In the trip, I saw the Kong Family Mansion, the Cemetery of Confucius and Confucius Temple, which are called “San Kong”. I was thoroughly attracted by our great culture and long history of civilization, especially the contribution made by our great educator Confucius. I couldnt help adoring the people living there and being proud of our country. I felt a bit sorry that I should have visited here earlier. Reading makes an erudite man; practicing a capable man; and traveling a broad-minded man. Only by traveling, can we learn better about the long history and the profound culture of our country. 审题思路这是一篇分析型的命题式作文，给定了观点，即旅游开阔视野。有些考生写了旅游给我们带来的几点好处，如开拓视野、强身健体、结交朋友等，显然没有审好题。并且要求考生对这一论点通过经历加以分析和论证，说明考生在论证时最好通过自己的经历来加以说明，很多考生忽略了题目中的这一要求。确定主题主题在题目中已经给出，即旅游对开拓视野的作用。在第一段中运用了背景法的方式，先是说明旅游深受欢迎，成为人们生活中的一部分，然后画龙点睛在最后一句简洁了当地给出这一主题，旅游受欢迎的原因之一是旅游可以拓宽人们的视野。写作纲要旅游拓宽视野的作用需通过亲生经历来说明，方具说服力。Topic: Travel Broadens the MindThesis: Travel broadens our minds to an extent which may not be reached previously.Outline: I. no idea of QufuA. the history of QufuB. cultural details of QufuII. attraction of our great culture and long history of civilizationA. adoration and proudnessB. sorry for not having visiting here earlier段落展开在论证部分，文章通过曲阜之行的亲身经历论证了自己的观点，颇具说服力。文章运用了对比法，即到曲阜以前对曲阜知之甚少，到了曲阜之后通过逛三孔见识到了曲阜悠久的历史和博大精深的文化，感到羡慕和自豪，还有点遗憾没有早点到来，使观点更加鲜明突出。作者对亲身经历的论证使自己的观点更加具备说服力。在论证过程中，如能注重多种句式的应用，效果会更好一些。文章结尾运用排比句式，活学活用，再次点题。请看2003年的考题People in modern society live under a lot of pressure, from education, career, or family. So it is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:THE IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING A GOOD MOODYou are to write in three parts. In the first part, state specifically what your view is. In the second part, support your view with one or two reasons. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.参考范文The Importance of Keeping a Good MoodPeople in modern society live under a lot of pressure from education, family and career. There are often tragic stories in newspapers about going insane or committing suicide by those who can not manage stress will. So it is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.For one thing, keeping a good mood can help to succeed in ones work. There is no doubt that one in good mood when learning can acquire more than that one in bad mood during the same time, for he treats it as an interesting thing but not as an aversion. Thats why he can learn more relatively. In contrast to the bad mood, the bad mood could not only make things a mess to leave everything to be desired but also push himself into a morass of annoyance and worry. While good mood ensures that everything goes to perfect, the bad mood ensures that nothing goes to perfect. For another, ones health benefits from ones good mood. Psychologists have proved that a healthy body is due to a healthy mind. If one is in good mood, he will smile more, be upset less, which make our body healthier. Through the above analysis, we can realize how important it is to keep a good mood in order to face the pressure and challenges. When most people are aware of the importance of physical health, we must simultaneously remind them of the importance of mental health.审题思路这是一篇分析型的命题式作文，给定考生一个明确的观点，即保持良好心情很重要，要求考生对这一论点给出论据加以分析和论证。这个题目谈到在现代社会中人们面临很多压力，因此保持良好的心情很重要。确定主题主题在题目中已经给出，即保持良好心情很重要。在第一段中运用了背景法的方式，先是说明现代社会中的人们面临多方面的压力，由此产生很多悲剧性的后果，然后引出文章的主题保持心态很重要。写作纲要Topic: The Importance of Keeping a Good MoodThesis: It is important for them to keep a good mood. Outline: I. help in ones workA. good mood and workB. bad mood and workII. benefit for healthA. Psychologists study B. more smile and health段落展开正文从两方面进行了论证。一方面保持良好的情绪有助于事业的成功。在这一方面，作者运用对比手法论述了心情好与心情不好两种情况对工作产生的截然不同的结果。这里如能加入引用或者实例进行论述，效果会更好一些。另一方面，作者引用心理学家的话阐述了好的心情会使人保持健康的身体，很有说服力。文章结尾通过两句话不仅总结了全文，为了应对各种压力，人们意识到了保持良好心情的重要性，而且提出了建议，我们应该提醒更多的人注意保持良好的情绪。请看2008年的考题December 5th is International Volunteers Day. Since 1985, when the United Nations announced the special day, tens of millions of people around the world have volunteered to help those in need. China now has 4.5 million registered volunteers who have provided more than 4.5 billion hours of volunteer work. What can you gain from volunteering?Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:The Benefits of VolunteeringYou are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, support your opinion with appropriate details.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.参考范文The Benefits of VolunteeringSome people think of volunteer work as a waste of time, or something that millionaires or retirees do with their spare time. Volunteer work is for people who dont need money or who are bored, right? Wrong. Volunteer work is not just something people with altruistic tendencies do to fill their time; it can also be an excellent source for beefing up your resume, and making you feel good about yourself. If you are pursuing a profession or looking for a new job, volunteer work can do wonders for your resume. You can find volunteer work in just about any area and profession and it gives you noted experience, which your prospective employers will not be able to overlook. Volunteering shows you are ambitious and enthusiastic about your field and also shows that you take your work seriously and are interested in keeping your skills honed. Whether you volunteer for a community organization or start your own volunteer project, your resume will glow with the reference. Besides, if you are suffering from depression, volunteer work can often give you a whole new perspective on life. Volunteer work helps you see that you are needed and important and that you can make a difference in someone elses life. People will depend on you and you will gain a sense of purpose. Sometimes just having something do can help lift our spirits and put us on the right track. To sum up., volunteering helps a lot in hunting a job and shaping spirit. When people realize the benefits of doing volunteering work, there will be more and more people are devoted to this great cause.审题思路这是一篇分析型的命题式作文，给定了观点，即做志愿者的益处。与旅游拓宽视野这一命题相比较，这个命题比较宽泛，要求考生对这一命题通过分论点加以分析和论证，说明考生在论证时注重阐述要深刻。确定主题主题在题目中已经给出，即做志愿者的益处。在第一段中运用了反驳的方式，先是说明一些人的错误想法，即志愿者工作只是浪费时间，是百万富翁和退休人群打发时间的一种方式。或者说，是为不需要钱或无聊的人准备的。然后话锋一转，批判了这种看法，进而提出主题句，即志愿者工作可以丰富我们的简历，而且可以增强自我感觉，非常明确。写作纲要Topic: The Benefits of VolunteeringThesis: It can also be an excellent source for beefing up your resume, and making you feel good about yourself. Outline: I. wonders done for your resumeA. noted experienceB. ambition and enthusiasm shownII. a whole new perspective on life givenA. awareness that you are needed and important B. a sense of purpose gained段落展开在论证部分，文章从两个方面论证了自己的观点，颇具说服力。一方面，志愿者工作可为简历创造奇迹，如何创造的呢？一是志愿者工作涉及任何领域和职业，可以提供阅历，而这正是雇主最需要的；二是志愿者工作可以展示你的抱负和热情，你对工作认真负责并且随时愿意锻炼自己的技能。另一方面，志愿者工作可给予一种全新的生活观，在工作过程中，你不仅能感觉到自己被别人需要，并且在别人依赖你时会产生一种目的感。整个论证部分层次清晰，分析深刻，语言很有说服力。文章结尾不仅总结了全文，而且采用了引申法，展望志愿者事业，会有更多的人参与到这一伟大事业当中来。（三）择优比较型择优比较型的题目，限定讨论话题，提供同一议题的两个对立面观点，要求考生明确选择一种观点，并进行是非分明的论证。请看1999年的考题We see advert