名词性从句P.doc

英语卷高三语法要点细讲精练（02）（名词性从句）【知识要点】名词性从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。考点1 主语从句 引导主语从句的连接词主要有三类：连接词that，whether；连接代词what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever等；连接副词when，where，why，how等。(1)if不能引导主语从句。(2)形式主语it替代主语从句。（3）主谓一致（单数）（4）陈述句语序1.it 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较2.用it 作形式主语的结构it is adj /n for/of sb to do sth.1)It is名词从句It is a fact that 事实是It is an honor that.非常荣幸It is common knowledge that.是常识2)it is 形容词从句It is natural that.很自然It is strange that.奇怪的是3)it is 不及物动词从句It seems that.似乎 It happened that.碰巧4)it 过去分词从句It is reported that.据报道 It has been proved that.已证实5)It is said ，(reported).结构中的主语从句不可提前 It happens.，It occurs. 结构中的主语从句不可提前6)It doesnt matter how/whether . 主语从句不可提前。含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前考点2 宾语从句 通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。引导宾语从句连接词that，whether，if等，连接代词what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever等，连接副词when，where，why，how等。(1)动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe，guess，suppose，assume等后有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that宾语从句后置。make/consider/think/find/feel it adj/n for/of sb to do sth /that/wh从句(2)hate，like，take，owe，have，take for granted等表示“喜欢；痛恨；认为”的动词或动词短语和see to表示“注意，留意”后有宾语补足语时，需要用it作形式宾语而将宾语从句后置We heard it that she would get married next month. 我们听说她打算下个月结婚。（3）否定的转移若主语是第一人称，主句谓语动词为think，consider，suppose，believe，expect，fancy，guess，imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。（4）作形容词的宾语，I am afraid (that)Ive made a mistake. 我恐怕是犯错了。that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious，aware，certain，confident，convinced，determined，glad，proud，surprised，worried，sorry，thankful，ashamed，disappointed，annoyed，pleased，hurt，satisfied，content 等。（5）doubt宾语从句用否定句和疑问句中用whether/if引导；肯定句用that引导。（6）宾语从句语序用陈述句语序。（7）宾语从句时态呼应 ：主句谓语动词是一般现在时时，从句的时态任何适当的时态。(2)当主句的谓语动词是一般过去式时，从句的时态一般要用适当的过去时态(3)当宾语从句是表达客观真理和规律，其时态用一般现在时。（8）wish,suggest,ask,demand, insist,order,propose,move,desire,require,recommend,would rather等后宾语从句用虚拟语气(9)that引导的从句作介词宾语只可用在except，in，but，besides等介词后。如：I could say nothing but that Im sorry.(10)that引导宾语从句时可省略；注意：下面一句中，第一个that可省略，第二个that不可省略： He said（that） he had been working here for ten years and that he wanted to go home.(11)whether与if区别。（1）在引导宾语从句时whether与if可互换，但如果和or not连用则只用whether。（2）宾语从句是否定结构，则用if而不用whether引导。（3）介词宾语从句只用whether（4）引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句用whether。（5）用it作形式主语时，whether或if都可以引导主语从句。It is not clear to me whether/if he likes the present.考点3、表语从句 常由连接词that，whether；连接代词who，whom，whose，which，what，whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever；连接副词when，where，how，why引导。(1)as/as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在特定动词后面如seem，appear，look，taste，sound，feel等(2)主语是reason时这种用法常见于句型The reason whyis that,The reason is that. 和It is because 等结构。考点4 同位语从句 同位语从句在句子中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词之后，说明该名词的具体内容。这些名词常见的belief，order, news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等（一般的“抽象”名词都可用）。1通常用连词that引导同位语从句，that无词义，也不作句子成分，但不能省略。注意从句用陈述句语序。2同位语从句还可以用whether，when，where，why，how等引导。3.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。考点5 名词性从句需要注意的事项1that的用法，连接完整的句子意思，在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中that一般不能够省略；在宾语从句中有时可以省略，(1)当that从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。(2)当主句谓语动词后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他的不省略。2.if 和whether ,完整的句子意思，表示是否是使用，在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中只能用whether.3.在不完整的句子中，缺什么意思，要选择相关的词补充完整，“缺什么补什么”4.注意从句中要用陈述句的语序。5.注意同位语从句和定语从句的区别。6.注意虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用，特别是关键词（标志词的使用）。7.注意名词性从句只能用-ever 的词连接，而不能用 no matter -的词。【试题放送】【辽宁卷】34. The newcomer went to the library the other day and scarched for_ he could find about Mark Twain. A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whichever【四川卷】17. Scientists study _ human brains work to make computers. A.when B. how C. that D. Whether 【江西卷】25.It suddenly occurred to him _ he had left his keys in the office.AwhetherBWhere C.Which DThat 【浙江卷】4. I made a promise to myself_this year, my first year in high school, would be different. A. Whether B. What C. That D. How 【安徽卷】27.The limits of a persons intelligence,generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but_ he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. A. where B. whether C. that D. why 【全国新课程】24. It is by no means clear _the president can do to end the strike.A. how B. Which C. that D. What 【山东卷】25. It doesnt matter _ you pay by cash or credit card in this store. A. How B. Whether C. What D. why【福建卷】35. We promise _ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.A. whoB. whom C. whoever D. Whomever 【河北省普通高考模拟】28You are sure to know the result，but thats_everybody has finished their workA. when B. why C. before D. Until 【江西省高考模拟】32 _ to gain access to seats at college _the seniors are working hardAThat is； BIt is；that CWhat is；that DWhich is；why 【江西省高考模拟】33 _ he talked about it to reporters surprised meA BThat CWhether DWhat 【四川省成都高三模拟】9We must bear in mind when we watch TV or surf the Internet or talk on the phone _ we are enjoying the fruits of mans laborAas BThat Cwhile DBecause 【甘肃省高三诊断】17- I dont know _ makes her different from others -Confidence, I think. Ahow is it that Bhow it is that Cwhat is it that Dwhat it is that【贵州师大高三年级检测】18. Water, which seems so simple and common, is _ makes life possible. A. whatB. That C. Which D. How 【山西太原】22. The boss refused to sell the car for _ he thought was not satisfactory.A. thatB. which C. how D. What 【江苏省高三】29. Golf is rapidly becoming more popular. Near some towns and cities new courses are being built in _ A. what is farmland B. what farmland is C. what farmland was D. what was farmland 【吉林省吉林市高三第二次模拟】25Ill take seriously _ advice you put forward.A. whatever B. however C. whichever D. Whenever 【山东省菏泽重点高中高三模拟】32. The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. A. When B. Why C. whetherD. That 【广西高考联合调研】28He thought _ mattered most in improving your spoken English was enough confidence and practice. AWhyBWhatCWhichDThat 【河南省郑州英语信息卷（三）】5. It seems _ the company Dubai World is unlikely to survive in this serious financial crisis. A. like if B. because of C. as if D. for that 【浙江杭州重点高中原创模拟】12. The worlds population hit 7 billion on Monday among celebrations and concerns about_ the growing number of people will affect the earths resources.A. why B. how C. whether D. what SENTENCE TRANSLATION1._老师告诉我们世上无难事，只怕有心人。因此，我认为我们应该向能给我们帮助的任何人寻求帮助。2._问题是我们能否在那么短的时间内作好充分的准备。否则,很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。3._他从玛丽那里得知运动会要延期举行,同时他们正在讨论是否让那些学生加入他们的俱乐部。4._他许诺如果谁让他自由，他就让他们非常富有。但是你无论承诺什么对我没有什么吸引力。5._我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的东西好，因此，她总想着如何才能为自己得到更多。6._我相信你已经尽力了，而且情况也会得到改善.但是问题还是他们能否帮助你。7._学生问了我这个问题：这本书是否值得一读，当时我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。8._我们的成功取决于我们的合作情况,因此他是否能按时完成任务对我们来说非常重要。9._他缺席的原因就是他没接到通知，因为我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。10._除了来自同一世界外,他们几乎没共同点，但是，我们的希望是双方能朝着和平的方向发展。SENTENCES CORRECTION1. Whomever went to the concert please sign your name for the gift here but it is a pity that you dont go to see the film.2.The king decision the prisoner would set free surprised all the people.3.Although the college take in more new students this year is true,the news that he told me is what Tom would go aboard for college. 4.I have no idea how they are excited at that time,as a matter of the fact ,the mother made a promise what pleased all her children 5.That is when I realized the important of journalism, so Ive been thinking about what we can make the newspaper a lot of more instructive. 6.The limits of a persons intelligence,general speaking, is fixed at birth, but if he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. 7.We promise whomever attends the party chance to have a photo take with the movie star. 8.We should respect food and think about the people who dont have that we have here and treated food nice. 9.I dont say I against their plan. But the trouble is what they do doesnt agree with that they say.10.Having checked the doors were closed, and all the lights were off, so the woman opened the door to hers bedroom. PASSAGE CORRECTION*Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining the heavy traffic. It has serious influenced people daily life and economic development. To solve the problem, some pieces of advice is put forward. Some people suggest that more streets and roads are built. By this way, the traffic density can be reduced, thus speeding up the flow of buses and cars. Some people advise limiting the number of bikes and cars. This can decrease the traffic flow. But on the other hand, this will effect the consumption and makes buses more crowded. In my opinion，the number of private cars should be put under the control. And at the same time,buses should have their own special routes cannot be used by other vehicles. READING COMPREHENSION*The shortage of clean drinking water is a major problem worldwide. The World Health Organization says more than one billion people live in areas where fresh water resources are not available.The problem is especially serious in Asia and the Pacific. A United Nations report says water availability in that area is the second lowest in the world，after Africa.Nearly half a billion people in Asia and the Pacific dont have enough safe drinking water. The United Nations report notes that the worlds poor countries are also the ones that use the most water for agriculture. Agriculture uses about 80% of the water in the AsiaPacific area. There has also been an increase in water used for industry. India used three times more industrial water between 1999 and 2009 than in the past.The shortage of clean drinking water around the world forces millions of people to drink unsafe water. This leads to an increase in diseases like diarrhea (腹泻)，the second leading cause of death in children. Floods，pollution and climate change have made the water crisis more serious.The Millennium Development Goals for 2015 plans a 50% decrease in the number of people without safe drinking water. Scientists，governments and aid organizations around the world are increasing their efforts to meet these goals. Still the United Nations says there is much work to be done. During this World Water Day celebration it called on other organizations to work together to fight against the water crisis.The American researchers are designing a new technology for turning sea water into drinking water. The process uses electricity to help bring salt out from sea water to make it drinkable.The technology removed 99% of the salt and other harmful materials from sea water.So far the method has purified only small amounts of water.But the researchers say it may someday be available as a personal water purifying machine.26Which of the following has the lowest water availability in the world? AAsia. BAfrica. CEurope. DAustralia.27Whats the condition of water in poor countries?AThe problem of wasting water is much serious. BIndustry has been using most of waterC.Most of the water is used for watering farms. D.The increasing population causes the water crisis.28From the passage we can know _ Amore people around the world are paying attention to the water crisisBWorld Water Day is celebrated every four years by the United Nations Cmore organizations are sending safe drinking water to the people in need Dthe water crisis will be solved with the effort of many organizations by 201529.What do we know about the new technology for turning sea water into drinking water?AIt can take all the salt and harmful materials from sea water.BScientists have made it widely used in daily life by now. C.It turned large amount of sea water into drinking water. D.It will cost some electricity during the process of purification.30The passage mainly tells us _ Awhich country has the least drinking water Bwhich country has the most agricultural land Cthe ways to reduce the water waste Dthe water crisis humans meet with* So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that“ reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible”.Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also public activity. It can be seen and observed.Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable ,what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest（探索）for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. “Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children. ” When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of leaning to read by reading.31. The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that _.A. it is one of the most difficult school courses B. students spend endless hours in readingC. reading tasks are assigned with little guidance D. too much time is spent in teaching about reading32. The teaching of reading will be successful if _A. teachers can improve conditions at school for the students B. teachers can enable students to develop their own way of reading C. teachers can devise the most efficient system for reading D. teachers can make their teaching activities observable33The underlined word“ scrutiny” most probably means“_”. A. Inquiry B. Observation C. Control D. suspicion34According to the passage, learning to read will no longer be a difficult task when _.A. children become highly motivated B. teacher and learner roles are interchangeableC. teaching helps children in the search for knowledge D. reading enriches childrens experience35The main idea of the passage is that _A. teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to readB. teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possible C. reading ability is something acquired rather than taught D. reading is more complicated that generally believed *Millions of people die of hunger in southern Africa every year, but when Zambia was offered thousands of tons of free maize（玉米） by the US, the government politely paid no. “We dont know whether the food is safe,” said Zambias commerce, Trade and Industry Minister Dipak Patel. His worries are shared by countries around the world that are in two minds about Americas genetically modified（GM,转基因的）cropsJust last week, EU（欧盟）member nations were discussing whether or not to import GM sweet corn from the US Ever since people started farming, they have tried to crossbreed（杂交）plants to make them stronger or better tasting. At one time, only related plants could be crossed with each other But when GM techniques were developed in the 1970s, scientists were able to put a single gene from a living creature into an unrelated creature. This means they can make crops more productive and resistant to disease by adding genes from other speciesThey can also create food with special characteristics, such as “golden rice”, which is enriched with vitamin A. But many people believe GM foods are a health risk. At the moment, the official argument is that GM foods “are not likely to present risks for human health”. But there are still many questions to be answered as the foods are produced in different ways. Some experts believe the genetic material added to plants can transfer to humans and give damage to our bodies. Further harm could be caused by the genes from GM plants crossbreeding with naturally produced cropsPeople in China are also getting worried about GM foods. More than 70 percent of the countrys soybean oil is produced from imported GM soybeans. Meanwhile, an investigation last November found that 12 of 60 famous foods sold across the country were GM products. The government has begun to introduce a marking system for GM goods so that people can choose whether or not to eat them. 36. Which is the best title for the passage ? A. GM foods in China B. Advantages of GM foods C. the techniques of GM foods D. GM foods, a health risk?37. Why has Zambia refused the American free maize? A. they worry about the safety of GM foods B. they decide to follow EU members advice C. Their problem of starvation is not serious D. they are too proud to accept free offer38. It has been proved that _ A. GM techniques can increase the production of crops B. GM food is better than naturally produced foods C. only related plans could be crossed with each other D. GM foods are harmful to peoples health 39. Which