语法(名词)[1].doc

语法讲义（一）名词一名 词 的 定 义 名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。 例如 desk 桌子 time 时间 life 生活 book 书本 room 房间 honesty 诚实 worker 工人 pencil 铅笔 computer 计算机二名 词 的 分 类名词分为专有名词和普通名词 （1） 专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。 china 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 （2） 普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如: teacher 老师 tea 茶 reform 改革 普通名词又可进一步分为四类：1)个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。 house 马 car 汽车 room 房间 apple 苹果 fun 风扇 picture 照片 2)集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government政府 group 集团 3)物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk 牛奶 4) 抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力 名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词有单,复数之分,表示一个或多个。 a book 一本书 two books 两本书 不可数名词：不分单,复数；抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。 sand 沙 sugar 糖 有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。 glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件 名词专有名词通常也是不可数名词普通名词个体名词可数名词集体名词物质名词不可数名词抽象名词3 名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。 书包在桌子里边。I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 This is a good book. book 作表语。 这是一本好书。 We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。 我们选他为我们的班长。 Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语.玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。 He is a party member. party 作定语. 他是一名党员。 They study hard day and night. day and night作状语。 他们白天黑夜地学习。四名 词 的 数英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式, 表示一个人或事物用单数形式, 表示一个以上的人或事物用复数形式。 a book 一本书 two books 两本书 a bag 一个包 three bags 三个包 名词的单数形式就是词典上所出现的形式,没有变化, 如: a pen, a bed, a room, an english book。 名词的复数形式,多数名词的复数形式在其单数形式后面加 -s 或 -es 构成,名词复数形式变化如下。 1）一般情况下,在词尾加 -s. 例如: bags，maps，pens，desks，workers 2) 名词以 s,z, ,t ,d 等音结尾在其后加 -es, 如词尾已有 e ,只加-s。 clothes， boxes， buses， horses， watches，dishes 3) 名词以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的,把 -f 或-fe 变成 -ves. bookshelves，wives， knives 4) 名词以辅音+y 结尾的,变 y 为 i ,再加 es。 cities，babies， factories. 5) 名词以辅音 + o 结尾的,加 -es, 变为复数形式。 heroes, potatoes, tomatoes 极少数名词虽然以-o 或者-f 结尾, 变成复数则只加 -s,为数不多, 如 radios pianos photos roofs 等。 6) 英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有， man - men woman - women foot - feet tooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxen sheep - sheep dear - dear fish - fish 英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。 scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯7) 名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。I. 用复数作定语。 如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 II. man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials III. 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车) arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文 clothes brush衣刷 IV. 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如：two-dozen eggs两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划 a seven-years-old child 一个七岁的孩子8) 不同国家的人的单复数名称 总称(谓语用复数）一个人 两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人theantwoAustraliansAustralianAustralians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italian two Italians希腊人the Greek a Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanese two Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes五名 词 的 格在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。 I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾语,是宾格。 名词的所有格: (1)名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。Lu xuns book is worth reading. 鲁迅的书值得一读。This is my fathers room. 这是我父亲的房间。 (2)以-s 或 -es 结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加 。 There are many students exercise books here. 这儿有许多学生的练习本。 (3)复合名词的所有格 s 加在后面的名词之后. This is my son-in-laws bike. 这是我女婿的自行车。 (4)如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在后一个名词后加 s 。 We visited xiao li and xiao zhangs room. 我们参观了小李和小张的房间。 （5）名词所有格所修饰的词,有时可以省略。如前文已经提到,或者指地点。 The book is not mine, but Li huas. 这本书不是我的，是李华的。 I had my hair cut in the barbers. 我在理发店理发了。 (6) 表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与 of 构成短语表示前者属于后者。 Its a map of china. 它是一幅中国画。 I forgot the title of the film. 我忘记电影名字了。 Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。 英语名称分类繁杂,它的单,复数问题,以及可数还是不可数问题直接影响谓语动词,冠词,代词的使用。请注意下列几个问题。 （1） 名称作主语时,谓语动词必须和它的主语人称,数相一致. These books are mine, not yours. 这些书是我的，不是你的。 Miss Li teaches us English. 李小姐教我们英语。 (2) 集体名称作主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。用单数是把集体名称看作整体,用复数是把集体名称看作整体中的组成部分或各成员。 His family is large. 他家人很多。 His family are all teachers 他的家人都是教师。 动词用复数. We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. 我们中国人民勤劳而勇敢。 （3） 下列名词 news mathematics physics polities 等名称作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 The good news is that we have passed the exam. 好消息是我们通过了考试。 (4)下列名词 goods, scissors, trousers, eyeglasses, scales 作主语时,谓语动词用复数. Do you know where my trousers are? 你知道我的裤子在哪儿吗？ （5）用 and 连接的名词作主语,谓语动词用复数。 She and her sister are in the same school. 她和她的妹妹在同一个学校。 （6）there is 句型中,谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。 There are two apples and one egg in it. 这里边有两个苹果和一个鸡旦。 (7)as well as 和名词连用时,谓语动词和第一个名词相一致。 He as well as I is responsible for it. 不但是我，他对这件事也有责任。 either.or， neither.nor， not only.but also 连接名词时,谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。 Either you or he has to hand in the report. 不是你就是他得把报告交上来。练习：（ ）1. This is _ reading-room. A. the teachers B. teachers C. teachers D. the teachers（ ）2. Nothing was found but _ broken. A. the room window B. the rooms window C. the room of the window D. the window of room（ ）3.How many_ would you like? A. paper B.bread C. pieces of papers D. pieces of bread（ ）4. He was praised for his _. A. brave B.bravery C. bravely D. great brave（ ）5. Please get me a new _ when you go to town. A. clothes B.dress C. clothing D. trousers（ ）6. There are 34_ doctors in the hospital. A. woman B.women C. womans D. womens（ ）7. Some_ are even thinner than your little finger.A. bamboo B.bamboos C. kinds of bamboo D. kinds of bamboos（ ）8. He was born in this town and now he lives in _. A. Building second B. Building Two C. the Building Two D. Building the Second（ ）9. Old as he is, he has _to do every day. A. a lot of work B. much works C. lots of homeworks D. quite a lot of homeworks（ ）10. Jacks room is furnished with _. A. new furnitures B. many new furnitures C. many new pieces of furnitures D. many new pieces of furniture（ ）11. Have you read _newspaper yet? A. todays B.todays C. the todays D. your todays（ ）12. Its not far, only _walk from here to our school. A. a ten minutes B. ten minutes C. a ten minutes D. ten minutes（ ）13. Last month, he wrote me _letter. A. a 1000-word B. 1000 words C. a 1000-words D. 1000 words（ ）14. He had a _sleep yesterday. A. a good night B. a good-night C. a good nights D. good-nights（ ）15. _is not a long way to drive. A. Three miles distance B. Three-mile distance C. Three miles distance D. A three-mile-distance（ ）16. His isnt fit for the work. Please get me _. A. something else B. somebody else C. someone elses D. somebodys else（ ）17. Do you know how large _ is? A. population of China B. Chinese population C. China population D. Chinas population（ ）18. _ is too much for the boy to carry. A. The box weight B. The boxs weight C. The weight of the box D. The box of the weight（ ）19. Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest _ shop? A. shoes B. shoe C. shoes D. shoes（ ）20. What _ weather were having these days! A. nice B. a nice C. a bad D. worse（ ）21. They say that the meeting will be _. A. of very important B. great importance C. of great importance D. great important（ ）22. Im going to call at _ this evening. A. Mr Black B. the Blacks C. Mr Blacks D. Blacks（ ）23. What Darwin said was an attack on peoples religious _. A. belief B.beliefs C. beliefs D. believs（ ）24. There are some _waiting for you outside. A. German B. American C. grown-up D. Japanese（ ）25. Their factory has developed a kind of _ to help people walk. A. machine B.machines C. a machine D. the machine（ ）26. Therere many _ in my brothers album. A.leaf B.toys C. books D. stamps（ ）27. Yesterday I went to the super market and bought a lot of _. A. tomatoes B.potatos C. vegetable D. meats（ ）28.Upon hearing what I said, his _ rose. A. anger B.angry C. angrily D. angriness（ ）29. Excuse me, can you change this _ for me? A. five-pound note B. five pounds note C. five-pound notes D. five pounds notes（ ）30. You have to make _ for your journey A. preparing B.preparation C. a preparation D. preparations（ ）31. While washing up, she broke a _. A. glass wine B. wine glass C. glass of wine D. wine of glass（ ）32. You have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _. A. fall B.reality C. practice D. deed（ ）33.Heres my card, Lets keep in _. A. touch B.relation C. connection D. friendship（ ）34. Ill look into the matter as soon as possible, just have a little _. A. wait B.time C. patience D. rest（ ）35. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask him or her to leave a _. A. message B.letter C. sentence D. notice（ ）36. We walked all the _ to the museum. A. trip B.road C. way D. journey（ ）37. Scientists are watching for the earliest _ of harmful _ on the worlds weather. A.signs; effect B. marks; affect C. tracks; affections D. instance; effections（ ）38. These young people are now making an active _ to save the old temple. A. part B.effort C. decision D. plan（ ）39. Dont push to the front; you have to wait your _. A. chance B.duty C. line D. turn（ ）40. You need more _ to keep fit. A. practice B.train C. exercises D.exercise（ ）41. The bird built_ nest in the tree. A. its B. hers C. hers D. its（ ）42. Have you seen _ pen, a black one? A. these B. my C. you D. hers（ ）43. Sorry I have forgot _ telephone number. A. yours B. him C. you D. his（ ）44. The bear was shot in_ head. ? A. the B. its C. a D. this（ ）45. The old man took the girl by _ hand and they went down the street. A. her B. a C. the D. that（ ）46. You have a good room, I should say. But its not as big as_. A. I B. my C. me D. mine（ ）47. Our room is big, but_ is bigger than_. A. their; our B. their; ours C. theirs; ours D. theirs; our（ ）48. They arent our books. Are they_? A. your B. his C. her D. their（ ）49. Our room is bigger than _. A. you B. your C. yours D. her（ ）50. This is my bike.The bike is _. A my B mine C her D him（ ）51.June 1st is _ Day. A. Childs B. Childs C. Childrens D. Childrens（ ）52. I need _ paper, Mum. I want to write _ letter to my English teacher.A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some, any（ ）53. There are two _ and three _ on the table.A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks（ ）54. We have got a lot of_ today. A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to do D. book to read（ ）55. We could see _ children and hear _ noise in the park.A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many（ ）56. Will you pass me _? A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks（ ）57. _ has been invited to the dancing party. A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers D. Friends of her （ ）58. September 10th is_Day. A. the Teacher B.Teachers C.Teacher D. Teachers（ ）59. -Can I help you, sir? -Id like to have 100_. I want the students to draw pictures on them.A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper（ ）60. -Would you like _ milk, please? -No, thank you. I still have some. A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all（ ）61. Im going to help _ with _ English. A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nancys, her C. a friend of Nancys, hers D. a friend of Nancy, her（ ）62. The two desks here are _. You may use the desk over there. A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and Janes D. Marys and Janes( ) 63. She was very happy. She _in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake( ) 64. We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please? A.potato B. potatos C. potatoes D.potatos( ) 65. _are_for cutting things. A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using( ) 66. What big_ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes( ) 67. Please remember to give the horse some tree_. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave( ) 68. -Can we have some _? -Yes, please. A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear( ) 69. On the table there are five_. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato( ) 70. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 71. He gave us_ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice ( ) 72. When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news ( ) 73. What_ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a( ) 74. -Would you like_tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two_. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges ( ) 75. He is hungry. Give him _ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads( ) 76.It really took him_ to draw the nice horse. A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time( ) 77. I would like to have_. A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks( ) 78. Can you give me _? A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea( ) 79. Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of( ) 80. John bought_for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes( ) 81. -How many _ have you got on your farm? -Ive got five. A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken ( ) 82. Some _ came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies( )83. In the picture there are many_ and two. A. sheep; foxes B. sheeps; fox C. sheeps; foxesD. sheep;foxs( )84. A group of_ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American( ) 85. This table is made of_. A. many glass B.glasses C. some glasses D. glass( ) 86.-What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -Id like_! A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken ( ) 87. Children should make_ for old people in a bus. A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room( ) 88. Tables are made of_. A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods( ) 89. I wonder why _ are so interested in action (武打片) films. A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples( ) 90.I have read_ of the young writer. A. works B. work C. this works D. the works( ) 91. Lets meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of_? A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park D. Peoples Park( ) 92._ Chinese people are _ hard working people. A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a( ) 93.How many _were there in the street when the accident happened? A. policeman B.polices C. police D. peoples( ) 94.If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller_. A.set B. one C. piece D. pair( ) 95. Last week I bought a TV_. A. pair . B. set C. piece D. block( ) 96. There is a _of wood left on the ground. A. cup B. piece C. box D. pair（ ) 97. There are sixty-sev