古罗马建筑第二节Wintershammer翻译的字幕(到43分钟).doc

00:00:01 Prof: Last time I introduced you to some of Romes上一次我向你们介绍了古罗马的一些伟大建筑，00:00:05 greatest buildings, and I remind you of two of them在此我让你们回想下其中的两个: 00:00:09 here: the Pantheon, on the left-hand side of the屏幕左手边的00:00:11 screen, the temple to all the gods,万神庙（the Pantheon）00:00:14 and then, of course, the Colosseum,以及屏幕右手边的00:00:16 on the right-hand side of the screen.古罗马竞技场（the Colosseum）。00:00:18 These are two of the greatest masterworks of Roman这是古罗马建筑代表作中最伟大的两座，00:00:21 architecture, and we will gain momentum and在本学期的课程中我们将由浅及深、 00:00:24 work our way up to those in the course of the semester,循序渐进地学习这些，00:00:28 but its not where were going to begin.但我们并不打算从这里开始。00:00:30 Were not going to begin with these masterworks;我们不从万神庙及竞技场这些杰作开始讲授（本课程）；00:00:31 were going to begin at the beginning.我们将从（这些杰作的）源头开始（学习）。00:00:33 And the beginning goes way, way back, in fact all the way而源头事实上要一路追溯到00:00:37 to the Iron Age, indeed to the eighth century铁器时代，确切地说00:00:40 B.C.是公元前8世纪。00:00:41 And we know on precisely what day,我们确切知道的日子 00:00:44 not only the history of Rome but the history of Roman不仅是古罗马的历史而且是00:00:46 architecture began, and that was specifically on古罗马建筑历史的开端，00:00:51 the 21(st) of April in 753 B.C., 明确来说那是在公元前753年4月21日，00:00:55 because it was on the 21(st) of April in 753 B.C.因为在公元前753年4月21日，00:01:00 that, according to legend, Romulus founded the city of据传说，罗慕洛斯发现了00:01:05 Rome.罗马城。00:01:06 Romulus founded the city of Rome on one of Romes seven罗慕洛斯在00:01:10 hills, the Palatine Hill.位于古罗马七丘之一的帕拉蒂尼山建立了罗马城。00:01:11 And I show you here a view of the Palatine Hill.在这里我给你们看一张帕拉蒂尼山的风景图片。00:01:15 This is taken from Google Earth.是从Google Earth上获取的。00:01:17 I urged you last time to make sure that you have Google Earth上次我力劝你们确保00:01:21 downloaded on your computer and to take advantage of using在自己的电脑上已下载了Google Earth并在这个学期的课程中00:01:24 Google Earth in the course of this semester in order to really利用Google Earth 00:01:28 get to know the city of Rome and the location of the various去真正了解罗马城以及00:01:32 buildings that well be talking about within the city fabric.在这样的城市肌理中我们所谈到的不同城市的位置。00:01:37 So I show you one of these views of the Palatine Hill in所以我给你们看一张出自Google Earth的图片，00:01:42 Rome, from Google Earth,是这些罗马帕拉蒂尼山风景图的其中一张。00:01:44 and you can see the relationship of that hill to the你们可以看到这座山峰00:01:47 part of Rome in which it finds itself.与其所处的罗马的一部分之间的关系。00:01:51 Youre going to be able to pick all of these buildings out by你们可以在不久之后00:01:54 yourselves in the very near future, but let me just do that自己收集所有这些建筑的图片，00:01:57 for you here this morning.但今天上午就让我在此代劳了。00:01:59 You can see, of course, the Colosseum,在右上角，00:02:02 in the upper right corner.你们能看到古罗马竞技场。00:02:04 You can see the Roman Forum lying in front of it.在它的前面坐落着古罗马广场。00:02:08 You can see the great-that modern street that you see right在广场后面的就是00:02:11 behind the Forum is the Via dei Fori Imperiali, 雄伟的现代化大道：帝国广场大道（the Via dei Fori Imperiali），00:02:14 commissioned by Mussolini, Il Duce.由墨索里尼下令建造。00:02:19 We can also see in this view the Capitoline Hill with the在这张图上我们同样能看到卡彼托山00:02:24 oval piazza designed by Michelangelo,以及由米开朗基罗设计的椭圆型广场，00:02:27 and down here the famous Circus Maximus,然后沿着这里下来是著名的马克西穆斯竞技场，00:02:33 as you can see, the great stadium,如你们所见，一个巨型露天角斗场，00:02:35 the greatest stadium of Rome.古罗马最大的露天角斗场。00:02:36 It wasnt the only stadium of Rome but it was the largest,这不是古罗马唯一的露天角斗场但它却是最大的，00:02:40 and you can see its hairpin shape right down here.在这里你能看到它的发夹式外形。00:02:42 The hill in question right now is the Palatine Hill,此刻要论及的山峰是帕拉蒂尼山，00:02:46 and this is the Palatine Hill, all of this area here.而这就是帕拉蒂尼山，这里所有区域都是。00:02:50 And as you look down on it, as you gaze down on it,当你俯瞰并往下注视它时，00:02:53 you will see the remains of a colossal structure,你会看到一个巨型建筑物的遗迹，00:02:57 which is actually a late first-century A.D.它存在于公元一世纪晚期。00:03:00 palace that was designed under the direction of the emperor of那时是在一位古罗马皇帝的监督下设计的宫殿，00:03:04 Rome at that particular time, a very colorful character that本学期后半段在一些细节方面我们将谈到00:03:07 well talk about in some detail later in the term,这样一个非常有趣且不同寻常的人物，00:03:11 by the name of Domitian.名为图密善（弗拉维王朝的最后一位罗马皇帝，公元81年-96年在位。由于他执政中后期曾严酷处决许多元老以及迫害基督徒，因此他在后世史书中的评价普遍不佳，引自Wiki百科）00:03:13 This is Domitians Palace on the Palatine Hill.这是图密善在帕拉蒂尼山的宫殿。00:03:16 But that discussion of that palace lies in the future.但对于此宫殿的讨论我们将留在日后。00:03:19 What I want to say today is miraculously the remains of我今天想要说的是位于帕拉蒂尼山00:03:23 Romulus village on the Palatine Hill,建于公元前8世纪00:03:27 founded in the eighth century B.C.,犹如奇迹般的罗慕路斯村遗迹，00:03:29 actually lie beneath the remains of the Palace of事实上它位于罗马图密善宫遗址的地下，00:03:33 Domitian in Rome, and its to Romulus huts on我今天想要开始说的就是00:03:38 the Palatine Hill that I want to turn to today.在帕拉蒂尼山的罗慕路斯的茅草屋。00:03:42 Believe it or not, remains of those huts from the无论相信与否，这些茅草屋的遗迹00:03:45 Iron Age are still there.从铁器时代就已经在那了。00:03:47 Now they dont look like much.现在它们看起来仅存不多。00:03:48 Im showing you what remains of Romulus huts right there,这里我给你们所看到的罗慕路斯茅草屋，00:03:51 and youre probably having a hard time figuring out exactly而你们可能很难分辨出00:03:55 what were looking at.我们在看的东西到底是什么。00:03:56 But what were looking at-the architects that were working for但我们所看的，那些为设计者00:04:00 the designers, that were working for Romulus,及罗慕路斯工作的建筑师00:04:03 were very clever indeed, and they realized that the best其实十分聪明，他们意识到00:04:07 way to create a foundation or a pavement for their huts was to为他们的茅草屋建造一个地基或者铺地最好的方法00:04:11 use the natural rock of the Palatine Hill.就是利用帕拉蒂尼山的天然石材。00:04:14 And thats exactly what they did.而他们也确实这么做了。00:04:16 What youre looking at here is the tufa, t-u-f-a,你们在这里所看到的是石灰华，（石灰华，又称“钙华”，是碳酸钙含量较多的河流、湖泊或泉水所形成的碳酸钙沉积物，引自Wiki百科）00:04:19 the natural tufa rock of the Palatine Hill.帕拉蒂尼山的天然石灰华岩。00:04:22 And what they did was they created a rectangular plan.他们所做的是这些人创造出了一种长方形建筑平面。00:04:27 They gave it rounded corners and they cut the stone back他们赋予这种平面圆形的转角00:04:31 about twenty inches down, to create that rectangular并将石材水平后退、纵向往下切割约20英寸，来建造出这种长方形形状；00:04:35 shape; they rounded the corners,他们打圆这些转角，00:04:38 and then they put holes in the tufa rock.然后在石灰华岩上打洞。00:04:41 The holes were to support wooden poles that served to这些洞用来支撑00:04:46 support the superstructure of the hut and also to support the用以承载茅草屋上层结构以及墙体的00:04:51 walls of the hut.这些木柱。00:04:53 So the pavement of the tufa rock of the Palatine is the因此帕拉蒂尼山石灰华岩的铺地是00:04:58 floor of the hut, and then these holes support茅草屋的地板，而这些洞支撑00:05:02 the wooden poles that supported, in turn, the superstructure.这些木柱，木柱再依次支撑着上层结构。00:05:06 I now show you a restored view, on the left.现在在左边我给你们看一幅复原图。00:05:09 And you should all have your Monument Lists and should be你们应该在遗迹名单上找得到，并且00:05:12 able to follow along with the major monuments.能够留意到这些主要的遗迹。00:05:15 You wont see every image that Im going to be showing here,你们不会看到我在这里将展示的每张图片，00:05:18 but youll see a selection there of the ones that youll但是你们要在那选择一类你需要学的00:05:21 need to learn and be able to talk about for the midterm,并将在期中能够进行讨论的，00:05:25 the two midterm exams in this course.这是本课程的两个期中测试。00:05:27 But youll see there this restored view of one of these但你将在那看到这些帕拉蒂尼茅草屋之一的这张复原图00:05:32 Palatine huts, as well as a view of the model以及模型图，00:05:36 that one can actually see in the archaeological museum thats on其实人们可以在今天帕拉蒂尼山的考古博物馆00:05:41 the Palatine Hill today.看到这个模型。00:05:43 You can see, as you look at this restored但你们看左边这张复原图的时候， 00:05:45 view on the left, you can see that rectangular你们能看到我们谈及的这个长方形建筑平面；00:05:47 plan that we talked about here; you can see the rounded你们可以看到这些圆形转角，00:05:51 corners, and you can see the wooden poles that were placed插进这些孔洞中支撑墙体00:05:55 into those holes to support the walls and the superstructure of以及建筑物上层结构00:05:59 the building.的木柱子。00:06:00 You can see over here the same, the wooden poles.在这里你们可以看到同样的木柱。00:06:05 This gives you a better sense of what they looked like in这张图给予你们一个在现实中，这些木柱以及上层结构00:06:07 actuality, the wooden poles and also the superstructure.是什么样的更直观的感受。00:06:10 We also know what the walls were made out of.我们也了解到这些墙体是什么材料建造的。00:06:14 They were made out of something-and I put some of the它们的材料，我将一些00:06:17 keywords that might be unfamiliar to you on the你们可能不熟悉的关键词也放在了00:06:20 Monument List as well- they were made out of wattle这张遗迹名单上了00:06:24 and daub.它们是抹灰篱笆编条。00:06:24 Well what is wattle and daub?什么是抹灰篱笆编条？00:06:26 Wattle and daub is twigs and rods that are covered and抹灰篱笆编条就是用粘土涂抹和包裹的植物细枝和树杆；00:06:30 plastered with clay; twigs and rods covered and用粘土涂抹和包裹的植物细枝00:06:33 plastered with clay.和树杆。00:06:34 That served as the walls of the structure, and then the sloping这些被用作墙体结构，然后斜屋顶，00:06:39 roof, as you see it here, was thatched.就像你这儿看到的，用茅草覆盖。00:06:42 Now its very hard-there are no huts that look like this in现在给你们一个在古代这些东西是什么样的良好直观感受是非常困难的，00:06:45 Rome still today that I can show you to give you a better sense今天的罗马已经没有像我给你们所展示的00:06:49 of what these wouldve looked like in antiquity.这样的茅草屋了。00:06:52 But Im sure you, like I, have seen huts like但是我确信你们，就像我，在旅游途中曾经看到过00:06:54 this on your travels around the world.像这样的茅草屋。00:06:56 And one example I can show you-and would that we were all我能给你们看的一个例子是但愿我们大家马上能到那。00:07:00 down there right now.00:07:01 This is a view of a small village in the Maya Riviera,一张在Cancun 附近的the Maya Riviera（墨西哥一旅游胜地）一个小村庄的图片，00:07:05 near Cancun, where one sees,在那你可以看到（这样的村庄），00:07:08 if you take the bus or a car from Maya to Chichen Itza,如果你乘坐巴士或者小汽车从Maya到Chichen Itza的话。00:07:13 which I hope some of you have had a chance to do.我希望你们中的一些已有机会去过那里了。00:07:15 If you havent, its a great trip.如果你没去过，那将是一次不错的旅行。00:07:17 And you can see all along the road huts that look very much沿着公路你可以看见00:07:21 like the huts of Romulus village,与罗慕路斯村相像的茅草屋，00:07:23 made out of wood and then with thatched roofs,是由木头建成，然后加上茅草顶，00:07:26 as you can see here.就像你们在这所看到的。00:07:28 So this is the best I can do in terms of conjuring up for you这是我尽力所能做到最好的，使你们（在脑海中）浮现出00:07:32 Romulus village.关于罗慕路斯村的景象。00:07:33 We also have information with regard to what these huts looked我们同样有一些关于这些茅草屋00:07:37 like in ancient Roman times or- not in ancient Roman,在古罗马时期的外观或者不是在古罗马帝国时期，00:07:40 in the Iron Age, as I mentioned before.是在铁器时代，就如我之前所提到过的。00:07:42 We have not only the pavement stone thats still preserved,我们不仅有保留至今的铺地石，00:07:47 but we also have these urns.同样我们有这些骨灰瓮。00:07:50 We call them hut urns, hut urns, because theyre urns我们把它们叫做茅屋瓮，茅屋瓮，因为他们00:07:53 in the shape of huts.是茅草屋形式的骨灰瓮。00:07:54 And these hut urns were used for cremation,这些茅屋瓮是公元前8世纪火葬要用的00:07:58 in the eighth century B.C.-these date also to the这一时期也要追溯到00:08:01 Iron Age- and the cremated remains of the铁器时代被火化个人的残存遗体00:08:04 individual were placed inside the door of the hut.被保存在这个瓮的门内。00:08:09 And if you look at this hut urn, youll see that it looks如果你观察这个茅屋瓮，你会发现它看上去与00:08:12 very similar to the huts of Romulus that weve already been我们已经讨论过的罗慕路斯茅草屋00:08:15 talking about.十分的相似。00:08:16 It is either sort of square or rectangular in shape.在造型上它要么是正方形的要么是长方形的。00:08:20 It has rounded corners, as you can see here,它有圆形的转角，在这你们能看到，00:08:23 and the roof of the hut urn is sloping.这个茅屋瓮的屋顶也是有坡度的。00:08:26 So we do believe we use this, along with the surviving因此我们相信利用这些以及保存下来的铺地00:08:31 pavement, to restore what these huts of Romulus looked like in可以去复原00:08:37 the eighth century B.C.在公元前8世纪的这些罗慕路斯茅草屋外观。00:08:39 Let me also note-its interesting just to see the再让我提醒下在任何一个特定的时期去观察在任一特定文明中00:08:42 status of men and women in any given civilization at any given人们的身份（生活）状态是非常00:08:47 time.有趣的。00:08:47 There are essentially two kinds of hut urns from the eighth基本上在公元前8世纪有两种00:08:51 century B.C.茅屋瓮。00:08:52 Excuse me, there are two kinds of urns in the eighth century不好意思，在公元前8世纪有两种00:08:55 B.C.骨灰瓮。00:08:56 One of them is hut urns and the other is helmet urns,其中一种是茅屋瓮，另一种是盔瓮，00:08:59 and you can guess, as well as anyone,你们都可以去猜测，00:09:01 as to who was buried in which.男性或女性被火化后是各自装在哪一种骨灰瓮里的。00:09:04 The men were buried in the helmet urns and the womens男性被火化后装进盔瓮，而女性00:09:07 remains were placed in the hut urns.的遗体则被安置在茅屋瓮中。00:09:09 So mens domain was considered the battlefield;因此男人们的生活领域被认为在战场上；00:09:12 womens domain was considered the house.而女人们的生活领域则被认为在家里。00:09:16 But the houses are actually more important in terms of然而事实上这些房子于再一次给予我们对公元前8世纪00:09:20 giving us a sense again of what Romulus village looked like in这些罗慕路斯村外观是如何的感受方面00:09:24 the eighth century.是比较重要的。00:09:25 And if you take one of those huts and you combine it with如果你拿这些茅屋中的一个，然后你把它和另一套的茅屋组合起来，00:09:28 another set of huts, you can get a sense of what the你能够有00:09:31 village of Romulus would have looked like in the eighth对公元前8世纪罗慕路斯村全貌的00:09:35 century B.C.印象。00:09:36 This is a model that is on view in the archaeological museum,这里所放的模型是在今天帕拉蒂尼山上的00:09:41 on the Palatine Hill today, and it gives you a very good一个考古博物馆，它给予你们一个非常良好的00:09:45 sense of the village of Romulus in the eighth century.关于公元前8世纪罗慕路斯村的印象。00:09:49 And of course it was from this village that the great city of当然伟大的罗马城从这座村庄开始发展，00:09:53 Rome grew, and of course theres a quite在今天的罗马00:09:55 significant difference between Rome as it is now and Rome as it与公元前8世纪的罗马之间是存在00:09:59 was in the eighth century B.C.巨大差别的。00:10:06 Im going to skip a couple of centuries and take us from the我将跳过几个世纪，将我们从公元前8世纪00:10:10 eighth century B.C.带到公元前6世纪，00:10:12 to the sixth century B.C., and talk about what was the然后探讨在公元前6世纪最伟大的00:10:17 greatest architectural project in the sixth century B.C.建筑工程。00:10:22 Just a few words about what was going on in the sixth century几句话说一下在公元前6世纪00:10:26 B.C.发生了什么。00:10:26 Those who were ascendant in the sixth century B.C.公元前6世纪在根本上00:10:29 were essentially the Etruscans.影响日趋扩大的是伊特鲁里亚人。00:10:31 The Etruscans lived in what is known as Etruria.伊特鲁里亚人居住在叫作伊特鲁里亚的地区。00:10:35 They were a quite advanced civilization prior to the Roman他们是古罗马时期之前的一个先进文明，00:10:39 period, lived in Etruria, which is essentially Tuscany位于伊特鲁里亚地区，在今天意大利的00:10:43 today.托斯卡纳。00:10:44 Etruscan, Tuscany - Tuscany today.伊特鲁里亚，托斯卡纳今天的托斯卡纳。00:10:47 So the area around Florence and so on and so forth is where many因此佛罗伦萨等周边地区是00:10:51 of these individuals lived.许多人类定居的区域。00:10:53 They became a quite powerful civilization and they were able他们变成了一支非常强大的文明并能够00:10:57 to use that power to gain ascendancy also in Rome itself.利用那种能力同样在罗马地区得到优势地位。00:11:02 And theres a period in which there was a succession of有一段时期曾有一系列的00:11:07 Etruscan kings who were leading Rome,伊特鲁里亚国王统治着罗马，00:11:10 and these Etruscan kings eventually kicked out by the这些伊特鲁里亚国王最后被罗马人00:11:13 Romans.赶了出去。00:11:14 But at this time, in the sixth century,但在这一时期，公元前6世纪，00:11:16 they were extremely important.他们非常重要。00:11:18 And it was under Etruscan supervision and patronage that a在伊特鲁里亚的监督与出资下00:11:24 major temple began to be put up in Rome in the sixth century一座巨大的神庙于公元前6世纪开始建造；00:11:30 B.C.; precisely in 509.确切地说是在公元前509年。00:11:34 It was dedicated in the year 509 B.C., as you can see from它在公元前509年被命名，就像你们在00:11:39 the Monument List.遗迹名单上所看到的。00:11:40 The temple in question was the Temple of Jupiter Optimus我们讨论的这座神庙是00:11:45 Maximus Capitolinus.朱庇特神庙（the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus）。00:11:48 Now that is a mouthful, and I dont want you to have to既然这是个拗口的名称，我不要求你们强行00:11:51 necessarily remember all of that: Jupiter Optimus Maximus记住全部：Jupiter Optimus Maximus00:11:54 Capitolinus.Capitolinus。00:11:56 So we will call this temple, for all intents and purposes,所以实际上，我们称这座神庙为00:12:01 the Temple of Jupiter OMC, Jupiter OMC - Optimus Maximus朱庇特OMC神庙Optimus Maximus00:12:06 Capitolinus.Capitolinus。00:12:07 The Temple of Jupiter OMC was dedicated,朱庇特神庙在公元前509年00:12:11 again, in the year 509 B.C., and it was dedicated to再次以朱庇特00:12:16 Jupiter, but also to his female和她的女性配偶：00:12:19 companions, Juno and Minerva.朱诺和密涅瓦来命名。00:12:22 And when we think of those three, or when those three are当我们想到这三位的时候或者当这三人：朱庇特、朱诺和密涅瓦00:12:26 joined together, Jupiter, Juno and Minerva,在一起的时候，00:12:29 they are known as the Capitoline Triad,他们被称作卡彼托三主神（the Capitoline Triad），00:12:32 because their main temple was on the Capitoline Hill in Rome.因为他们的主要神庙位于罗马的卡彼托山（古罗马七丘之一）上。00:12:36 And we will see the Capitoline Triad, not only honored in this我们将会看到卡彼托三神，不仅在这座神庙中受到尊崇，00:12:40 temple, but in other temples.在其他神庙中亦是。00:12:42 I showed you one on Tuesday in Pompeii, for example,我在星期二给你们举过一个例子，在庞培城（古罗马城市，公元79年8月24日被维苏威火山爆发时的火山灰覆盖，部分引自Wiki百科）00:12:46 the so-called Capitolium in Pompeii that honored Jupiter,有一座Capitolium神庙是敬奉朱庇特、00:12:50 Juno and Minerva.朱诺和密涅瓦的。00:12:51 Youll see that when a temple honors the three of them,你们会看到当有一座神庙是敬奉他们三位时，00:12:54 it has implications for the architecture of that building,这座建筑在建筑学上00:12:57 for the design of that b