张宝的论文.doc

贵州民族学院人文科技学院 系别：外语系 年级：2006毕业论文（设计）任务书毕业论文（设计）题目：A Brief Analysis on the Features AndFunctions of English Slang毕业论文（设计）工作内容：英语俚语在现代英语中起着十分重要的作用，是英语语言中举足轻重的组成部分，是亚文化的语言载体。在过去，通常只有低级阶级的人运用俚语，它曾经被认为是粗俗的语言。但现在，俚语受到很多人的喜爱。在每日交流活动中扮演着积极的角色。我们要用发展的眼光看待英语俚语，并在语言使用中恰当的运用英语俚语，使英语表达更加生动活泼。通过学习，掌握关于英语俚语的最基本的知识，从而更好的了解英语国家的文化和社会。n 指导教师： （签名） 年 月 日n 教研室主任： （签名） 年 月 日n 学院院长： （签名） 年 月 日学生姓名：张宝 专业：英语 指导教师：刘祖培 贵州民族学院人文科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）开题报告论文题目A Brief Analysis on the Features And Functions of English Slang系 别 外语系 专 业 英语 班 级 06级1班 姓 名 张宝 学 号 200605010180 指导教师 刘祖培 填表日期 2009年12月 二00九 年 十二 月 说 明1、 毕业设计的开题报告是保证毕业设计质量的一个重要环节，为规范毕业设计的开题报告，特印发此表。2、 学生应在开题报告前，通过调研和资料搜集，主动与指导教师讨论，在指导教师的指导下，完成开题报告。3、 此表一式二份，交学院装入毕业设计（论文）档案袋。4、 开题报告需经指导教师、院（系）领导审查合格后，方可正式进入下一步毕业设计（论文）阶段。5、 理工类不得少于10篇，其他专业类不少于15篇相关文章的阅读量。6、 开题报告撰写不少于1000字。研究的现状：关于俚语的研究很多，目前主要集中在以下几个方面，1 研究英语俚语的定义。阐述英语俚语的发展；2研究英语俚语的特点和分类；3介绍英语俚语的功能；4 研究英语俚语的翻译，具体的研究情况将在文献综述中介绍。以上的研究均是从某一角度出发，而本文正是在前人研究的基础上综合前人的观点，并融入自己的对俚语的看法，进一步完善了俚语领域的研究。研究目的和意义：俚语，作为英语语言中的一个重要组成部分正引起人们的关注。在过去，通常只有低级阶级的人运用俚语，它曾经被认为是粗俗的语言。但是现在，俚语受很多人的喜爱。在每日交流活动中扮演着积极的角色。学习俚语也成为了当今时代的趋势。本文的研究意义和目的在于，第一，在学术上，希望通过本文的研究可以丰富俚语的相关知识的研究成果，提高读者对俚语的认识水平；第二，在现实上，希望通过本文的研究，增进大众对英语俚语的了解，提高对国外文化的认知水平。研究内容(内容、结构框架以及重点、难点)：研究内容英语俚语在现代英语中起着十分重要的交流作用，是英语语言中举足轻重的组成部分，是亚文化的语言载体。随着社会的变化与发展，俚语的使用也越来越广泛。我们要用发展的眼光看待英语俚语，并在语言使用中恰当地运用英语俚语，使英语表达更加生动活泼。本文通过对英语俚语起源及基本特征的描述，分析了俚语的反映功能和使用功能，借以阐述英语俚语存在的价值。结构框架1 引言2 英语俚语简介3 英语俚语的特点4 英语俚语的功能 4.1 英语俚语的修辞功能 4.2 英语俚语的语用功能 4.3 英语俚语的社会功能5 结论重点、难点本文重点介绍了英语俚语的特点和功能，但是由于笔者的知识有限，英语俚语的功能包含着很多方面，在文中，笔者很难将其一一阐述清楚，为此，在论文写作前笔者已经查阅了很多相关的资料，并与同学谈论相关的问题，力求将俚语的功能分析透彻。研究方法、手段：研究方法：在文章的写作过程中，主要使用了例证法、文献法、对比法等。研究手段：首先要始终和论文指导老师保持及时而有效的联系,以确保在指导老师渊博的知识和悉心的指导下能够始终保持论文的正常研究,不至于自己进入研究的瓶颈.其次要始终保持着积极的兴趣来看待研究,进行研究的时候要记得前人的研究成果以及自己的创新处,记得自己完成论文的意义.最后要始终运用科学的研究方法和现代化的研究手段,不断的与时俱进,通过全方面多层次的科学理论的指导来帮助自己不断提高论文水平.研究进度：2008年11月2008年12月 选浅析英语俚语的特征及其功能为论题，收集资料。2008年12月2009年1月 整理资料分析内容划分章节开始卷写初稿。2009年1月2009年3月 深化主题，仔细分析，修改内容。2009年3月2009年4月 对文中个别例证进行查阅证实修改。 2009年4月2009年5月 确定论文结构，继续修改完善，确定正稿。文献综述内容（包括：国内外研究理论、研究方法、进展情况、存在问题、参考依据等）根据Concise Oxford English Dictionary（1985），俚语（slang）最早指的是一些囚犯或流浪汉为了掩饰自己的身份而使用的一些特殊词汇或习语，随着语言的不断变化和发展， 原先局限于某一阶层的俚语，现已被越来越多的人接受。 在英语国家的日常生活中，在文学作品里，在报刊杂志中，甚或在肥皂剧和电影上，俚语无处不在。因此，对于英语俚语的特征和功能已经是一个越来越重要的课题，目前在国内外已经有了一定的研究成果。在国外方面,他们主要研究了俚语的翻译问题，功能目的论二十世纪七十年代,德国出现一派翻译理论功能派翻译理论。它以译文目的为翻译过程的第一准则,发展了功能派的主要理论:目的论。Matthews（1992）所提出的目的论是功能派翻译理论中最重要的理论。该理论可以很好的指导俚语的翻译。 Paul 在作品 Understanding English 中在对俚语的特点和构成等详加阐释的基础上,分析了功能理论与俚语翻译的关系，作者期望实现俚语翻译中的等值,真正做到俚语翻译的“形神兼备”。并在此原则指导下,总结并提出适用于俚语翻译的具体方法:音译,直译,意译,替代,释义,转移和回译等。 在国内方面也有了一定的研究，例如，李淑鹃（2000）的最新中国俚语，认为俚语作为英语文化中非正式的一种语言形式,在英语学习和英汉互译与跨文化交际中引起越来越多学者和英语使用者的关注。该文章通过分析英语俚语的突出特点,对其英汉翻译的细节提出了三点值得关注的问题,对词义、语体和文化等值性的思考,旨在能更准确、恰到、精确的理解、翻译和运用英语俚语。 随着国内外经济文化往来的不断增多，俚语的特征和功能也将逐步受到人们日益广泛的关注，研究也将更加的深入和细致。主要参考文献：1Catherine, Soanes. Concise Oxford English Dictionary. New York:Oxford University Press,1985.2Matthews. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. New York:Oxford University Press, 1992.3 戴小冰,魏志忠. 美国俚语探析J. 沈阳:辽宁学院学报,2003,(6)4 邓炎昌,刘润清. 语言与文化M. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1991.5 顾嘉社. 语言与文化M. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1990.6 胡壮麟,姜望琪. 语言学高级教程M. 北京:北京大学出版社,2002.7 李淑鹃,颜力钢. 最新中国俚语M. 北京:新世界出版社,2000.8 汪福祥,吴金配. 现代英语俚语500例M. 北京:外文出版社,2000.9 钟智翔. 仰光俚语论J. 解放军外语学院学报,1996,(1)10 朱文俊. 现代英语语言和文化研究M. 北京:北京语言学院出版社,1994.指导教师意见： 签字： 年 月 日系审查意见： 签字： 年 月 日备注：毕业论文（设计）指导教师意见表学生姓名指导教师职 称论文题目：指导过程记录系别：外语系 专业：英语 年级：2006 评语：评分： 签字： 年 月 日备注：毕业论文（设计）评阅教师意见表学生姓名评阅教师职 称论文题目：评语： 评分： 签字： 年 月 日备注：系别：外语系 专业：英语 年级：2006贵州民族学院人文科技学院 系别：外语系 年级：2006毕业论文（设计）答辩记录表论文（设计）题目：毕业论文（设计）答辩委员会意见：成绩：答辩委员会主席：年 月 日毕业论文（设计）最终成绩： 系领导签字： 年 月 日备注：学生姓名： 专业： 指导教师：答辩内容：学生介绍论文时间： 分钟 问答时间： 分钟答辩组人数： 组长姓名： 秘书签字： 年 月 日A Brief Analysis on the Features And Functions of English SlangWritten byZhang BaoTutored byLiu ZupeiA ThesisSubmitted in Partial FulfillmentOf the Requirementsfor the Degree of Bachelor of Arts to the English DepartmentHumanities and Science CollegeGuizhou University for NationalitiesMay, 2010A Brief Analysis on the Features And Functions of English SlangOutlineThesis statement: English slang is one of the most active and sensitive parts of language and an effective weapon in communication.I. IntroductionII. An overview on English slangIII. Features of English slangIV. The function of English slang4.1. Rhetorical functions of English slang4.2. Pragmatic functions of English slang4.3. Social functions of English slangV. ConclusionAbstract: English slang plays an important role in modern English communication, which is an indispensable part of English language and a mirror of sub-culture. The slang is applied more and more in oral and written communication with its expressiveness and vitaliy highly valued. In this paper, the origin and features of English slang will be discussed, and the analyses of existence value of English slang from the aspects of refraction function and usage function will be presented as well.Key words: English slang; feature; functionA Brief Analysis on the Features AndFunctions of English SlangI. IntroductionEvery language in the world share one common similarity, that is , the existence of the slang. There is no exception of English. The composer of American Slang Dictionary, Stuart Berg Flexner thinks that there are 10000 or 20000 words used by average Americans. Among them, about one tenth is slang, which is used more often by every American. The “hi”, and “bye-bye” are all slang words. And this shows that slang can be used widely in peoples daily life. The modern English slang is concise, straightforward and incisive. Just as Harold Wervtworth, the English linguists said: “Slang is more straightforward, more refined and have more characteristics than standard English in communication”(Catherine,1985:35). It can transfer new elements to standard English words and generally spoken words, and take an important part in keeping the standard words flowing continuously. In the following parts, I will analyze slang in the aspects of its origin, its social functions and so on.II. An overview on English slangSlang is quite a controversial language, people have different attitudes toward it. It is no wonder that the definition of slang is so various. However, the slang terms have their own characters, and, of course, the definitions of it are more or less described in the same way.Slang is a kind of special language formation. During a long period, there is no united standard rule to define slang. Longman Contemporary Dictionary defines slang as: very informal language that includes new and sometimes rude words, especially words uses only by particular groups of people such as criminals, schoolchildren, or people who take drugs. Concise Oxford Dictionary define the word slang as: the special word, the inferior and vulgar language that are used by certain communities which are born in any lower levels; a certain class or a certain periods term; a kind of more inferior spoken language that often used in a certain kind of group which include new words or generally-used words that contain special meanings(Hornby,2005:79). Seen from the above, slang belongs to the sociology category rather than a pure linguistic notion. By putting it in the frame of modern society and cultural theory, we can understand its core connotation better. We must pay attention to that it is using slang that marks the social diversity. The understanding and usage of slang words not only surpass its original meaning or special meaning of this sub-cultural group, but also have a definite social purpose.The English slang at first originated in the collected place where assembled variety of people in the ancient counties and towns, and it flourished in the mid-century cities where many kinds of work co-existed dependently. In the 19th century, for the similar but more complicated reasons, slang had been a part of modern city life. More exactly, now, slang mainly has been a part of modern social lives. Seen from the essence, slang rooted from variety of social organizations, and at the same time, it can be used to protect and change the privilege relationship of social structure or social group in a certain degree. Slang is a many-faceted, complicated and dynamic term, which is the unavoidable cultural production made by the highly co-existed modern society. At the primary time, slang means cant or used as an exclusive term by the inferiors and criminal community members. As time goes on, the concept of slang is gradually evolved to all kinds of sub-cultural groups term. After middle 19th century, the main use of slang is to limit the usage of words of certain kind of sub-cultural group members in internal groups, so that they can differ themselves from other groups. For this reason, people who do not belong to this group can hardly understand those special terms. III. Features of English slangEnglish Slang, as a part of English words, full of expression, color, imagination and humor(戴小冰,2003:57). It shows that on the one hand, American youths want to be themselves and desire to display their own characteristics; on the other hand, the use of slang can dispose their vanity of purchasing trend and their fragile soul of following the popular blindly. For one thing, slang can show the living condition and value orientation of youths in a certain period, so it has distinctive time feature, such as groupie, which appeared in 1960s in America. This word was only used to describe the fantastic fans following the popular philharmonic when they made their circuit tour of performances. For another, slangs epidemic just indicates its transient and changeable features. This expression may be popular in this time, but it will be outdated some years later or tens of years later. For example, in 1960s, the representative characters are hippies, they wore ragged clothes, purchased drugs and advocate sexual liberation; in 1980s, the representative characters are yuppies, they wore western-style clothes, preferred wealth and material enjoyment; while now, yettie step on the grand stages. Their unique dressing styles make themselves distinct from others: they wear leisure style, mobile phones, and skateboard. And they also express their own independent value view put the technology at the top place and think science and technology can bring human more free space. Americans are not punctilious and sometimes dissipated, so they dare to show their likes or dislikes and always use slang with strong color in emotion, and exaggerate speech as possible as they can. For example, the word dirty（脏的）, do not mean its original intention in the following sentence: I hear that its a dirty movie. In this sentence, dirty is exaggerated and intensified and means filthy. We can see many harsh mocks and ruthless humiliations in slang. For example, highfalutin means “stand high and look down upon others”. This word is made by adapting high-floating to reach a tone of ironic. Another word gross, which means uncouth and disgusted is now used by youths in any dissatisfactory occasions. From the first years strict limitation and prescription to slang, to the frequently use by now, we can see the growing popularity and vitality in American slang culture. IV. The function of English slang4.1. Rhetorical functions of English slangSlang is mainly used in spoken language. With its rich and plentiful of connotation color and expression, it can arise the speaking atmosphere. Through the rhetorical methods such as metaphor, euphemism, exaggeration, metonymy, etc, we can convey our implicit intention more lifelike by using slang words, so that to reflect the banter, ironic, mock, pejoration and vulgar connotation. Using metaphoric slang words properly in spoken English or literary works can enrich the standard language, enliven the atmosphere, and at the same time avoid the rigid and stiff situation. For example, word dish, which means plate originally, can be analogized to a beautiful girl. For example, I was thinking this was going to be my favorite dish. Another example, rug, which means carpet, can be analogized in slang to wig(假发)( 邓炎昌,1991:43)。In some conditions, people need a kind of conservative way to express themselves, to avoid saying sth directly by using ordinary words. Euphemistic slang can just help people to solve this problem. There are not few words to express “pregnancy” in slang, e.g. to be in the family way, to be in a delicate condition, to wear the apron high, etc. To describe a fat person, we can use portliness. The use of euphemism can not only enrich the English vocabulary, but also make the speech jocular and humorous, lively and implicit.The use of slang can also intensify the intention of irony or strengthen the power of exaggeration so as to express the speakers strong feeling and to shock the audience. For example, people call coward man as chicken; and non-sexy and ugly woman a dog.Speaker can use some brand name or other things to substitute for what he means to reach the succinct effect. As you see in the following: Coke, the brand name of Coca Cola; a wheel means car, for example: those who cannot afford wheels must hitch a ride. 4.2 Pragmatic functions of English slangAt first, slang must exist in the sub-culture groups. Those members in those groups convey their information, and express their value views by using their own special communication methods to intensify their cohesion. So, when slang is used in a certain group, apart from expressing its proper meaning, it also has a pragmatic function, that is: the speakers want to prove that they belong to that sub-culture group. When some slang words penetrate into the leading culture and are applied by people, besides their literal meaning, slang also has special pragmatic functions. That can be reflected in the following aspects:When people have distant relationship to talk with each other, they will adopt a formal way and be polite, while people of close relationship will talk in a casual way and not be punctilious and in this condition, slang will always blurt out. For example,“Hi! Tom, come in and bull a while”. From the above sentence, we can see that words “hi” and “bull” tell us that the speaker must be an acquaintance or friend with the person named Tom. Slang can show us the meaning between the lines. Pragmatic function can also be seen in the following sentence. “Id like you and your better half to come to our house for a meal one night”(朱文俊,1994:102). From this sentence, we can infer that these two are close friends. Slang roots in argot and professional jargon used by insiders to differ the people in and out the circle. By now, slang also obtains this characteristic while it is widely spread. In the ordinary talking, slang is used more frequently between acquaintances and couples to show their intimate relationship. The use of a kind of language can involuntarily reveal a persons nature, status and position. Just as a saying goes, “The moment you speak you are placed.” This sentence means that once you speak, your educated level and social status are distinct. Regardless of the on-the-spot report or the literary work, slang is used to depict the characters temperament. Much slang comes from jargon. So, sometime the use of slang can reflect the persons family background and profession features. In the essay of Unforgettable Johnny Broderick, this writer introduced a famous policeman in New York in 1930s. During his description, slang can be seen here and there. One day, when the reactionary gang leader, Diamand, wanted to commit a crime, Broderick caught him and threw him into the refuse bin. A bystander asked Johnny if he was going to arrest Diamand, Johnny shook his head, “Hed only get a mouthpiece to spring him.” he said, “This way hell be so embarrassed. He wont be able to face the boys. Hell blow town for keeps”(胡壮麟, 2002:59). This sentence comes from Brodericks spoken language. Besides its literary meaning, readers can also get the implication: He made contact with evildoer many times, and had abundant experience, so he was not only used to their old tricks, but also used to their argot. What a brave and tactful people! The slang used by Broderick does not make him vulgar, by contrast, this slang renders him more sense of reality, and shows people a straightforward, brave and confident image of a policeman. When someone is angry or anxious, there is no time for him to choose which word is more proper to use. But slang can be spoken out conveniently and thoughtlessly, so it saves the thinking time. Besides this, slang is concise and forceful, and the language of slang is caustic, so it is always used to express strong feelings to lash or satire someone or something. For example why dont you zip your lip? This