方形垫片落料冲孔复合模设计-谐振窗冲压模具【含14张CAD图纸和说明书】
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含14张CAD图纸和说明书
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说明书
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第 22 页 共 23 页设计用纸在冲压过程模拟 - 产品和工艺设计最新应用摘 要 工艺产品和工艺设计仿真都是目前正在实行产业。然而，一个变量数目会对输入的准确性和计算机预测的可靠性产生重大的影响。 曾经进行一项有关冲压模拟能力评估预测的特点和其工艺条件部分的复杂形面形成了复合、工业零件的研究。在工业应用中，下面是冲压过程的进行模拟测试达到的两个目标：（1）通过分析在产品设计阶段、成形性及预测来优化产品的设计；（2）在模具设计的前期阶段减少试模时间和在冲压加工过程中降低生产成本。为了达到这两个目标，有两种方法可以选择：一种是Pam-Stamp应用法，一种是Intl工程系统有限元增量的动态程序法。很明显第二个目标方法比较好，因为它可以处理的实际冲压中的大多数参数。FAST_FORM3D，一个单步有限元程序的成型技术，匹配第一个目标，因为它只需零件几何形状复杂的过程，而不是信息。在以往的研究表明，这些两个冲压守则也适用于制造汽车和工程机械所使用的复杂形状部件。对在冲压成形性预测问题的能力进行了评价。本文回顾了这一研究结果，并总结了有限元模拟程序所取得结果的准确性、可靠性。 在另一项研究中，对控制压边力（BHF）在半球状圆顶平底杯拉深中的影响进行了研究。高性能的标准汽车材料铝镇静高质量钢（AKDQ），以及如高强度钢板、烘烤硬钢、铝6111等。已经确认不同的压边力可以改善圆顶杯的应变分布。关键词：冲压；过程刺激；工艺设计1.简介对于形状复杂的板材（如汽车覆盖件金属冲压件的设计过程，包括决策的许多阶段）的设计过程是一个非常昂贵和耗时的过程。在目前的工业上，许多工程决策是基于工作人员的经验和他们的知识，这些决策通常是经过软工装模具成型阶段和硬模选拔赛验证阶段后才做出的。很多时候软、硬工具必须重新编制，甚至重新设计和提供的零件到达可接受的质量水平。 现在将最好的设计过程列在图1中。在这个设计过程中，经验丰富的产品设计人员会使用一个称为一步有限元法的专门设计的软件来估计其设计成形性。这将使产品的设计者在确定设计路线之前，以及昂贵的模具已经制造出来之前做必要的修改。一步法有限元法特别适合用于产品分析，因为它不需要粘结剂、附录、甚至绝大多数工艺条件。通常方法不可用在产品设计阶段。一步法有限元法也很容易掌握，计算速度快，这使得设计人员能够发挥“如果”没有太多的时间投资。 图- 1 金属薄板冲压件的参考设计过程。 一旦产品已经设计和经过验证，开发项目将进入“零时间”阶段，并传递到模具设计阶段。模具设计人员会确认他们自己的增量有限元程序的有关设计并进行必要的设计变更，甚至优化工艺参数，确保不只是最低的可接受的零件质量，而是最高达到的质量。这增加了产品的质量，而且增加过程的成品率。增量有限元法特别适合于模具设计分析，因为它确实需要粘合剂，附录，以及已知的模具设计或渴望被人知道的过程。验证制造模具的设计后就会直接进入了艰苦的生产加工和被验证阶段，在此期间，将与物理原型零件对比着进行，试用时间应该减少由于先前的数值验证。重新设计和成型，由于不可预见的问题，再制造模具应该是过去的事情。试用时间减少和消除重新设计/再制造所用的时间应该超过弥补进行数值验证、试模、加工过程所用的时间。对于薄板冲压件生产商而言，冲压工艺的优化也是非常重要的。通过适度增加压力机设备的投资、并使用模具成型、一个人可以控制多个冲压过程。据记载，压边力是板料成形过程中最敏感的工艺参数之一，因此可用于精确控制变形过程。通过控制压边力在功能和压应力的位置等有效措施,提高粘结剂的外围的应变分布的小组提供了新增的强度和刚度,降低了面板和残余应力的回弹程度,提高产品品质和稳定性。通过控制作为压应力和周围的粘结剂边缘位置的函数压边力，可以提高面板强度和刚度，减少面板回弹和残余应力应变分布，提高产品质量和过程的稳定性。一种廉价的工业质量体系，目前正在制定在紧急救济协调员/ NSM采用了液压和氮的结合，如图2所示。使用压边力控制也可以允许工程师设计更具有侵略性的板窗利用所提供的增加压边力控制成形性。 图2. 压边力控制系统和模具正在开发的ERC / NSM实验室1.对设计过程的三个独立阶段研究进行了研究将会在下一节描述产品的设计阶段，其中一个步骤是有限元程序FAST_FORM3D（成型技术）的验证，作为实验室和工业的一部分，用来预测毛坯最佳形状的研究。第4节总结了模具的设计阶段，其中一个实际的工业平板是用来验证的增量有限元程序的PAM Stamp系统（国际工程系统）的研究。第5节覆盖了在实验室研究压边力控制应变分布在深冲、半球形、圆顶平底杯的影响。2 产品仿真 - 应用这项调查的目的是为了验证FAST_FORM3D系统，确定FAST_FORM3D对毛坯形状预测的能力，并确定一步有限元法在产品设计过程中是怎么实施的。成型技术提供了他们的一步法有限元代码和培训中心的FAST_FORM3D / NSM为目的的基准和研究。FAST_FORM3D并不等同于变形历史。相反，它将项目上一个平面或可展曲面零件几何形状和重新定位的最后节点和元素，直至达到最低能量状态。这个过程是计算速度比就像是PAM Stemp的增量模拟，也使得假设增多。FAST_FORM3D能评价和估计最优毛坯矩形件的结构，也是一个强有力的工具，产品设计师由于其速度和使用的安逸性，但是在这时期的几何是不可用的。为了验证FAST_FORM3D，我们比较分析其与毛坯形状预测预报方法的毛坯形状。该零件的几何形状如图3所示是一个长15英寸、宽5英寸、深12英寸有一个1英寸直角法兰盘英寸。表1列出了工艺条件下使用，图4显示了使用Romanovski零件毛坯形状的实证法和滑移线场的方法来预测毛坯形状的原理。 图. 3 矩形几何用于FAST_FORM3D验证表1 为FAST_FORM3D矩形验证过程中使用参数图4。使用手工计算毛坯长方形盘的外形设计。 （一）Romanovski的经验方法；（二）滑移线场分析方法。图5（a）给出了预测从Romanovski法，滑移线场方法，几何形状和FAST_FORM3D空白。空白形状同意在角落里地区，但不同的侧面区域很大。图5（二）- （c）显示抽签中模式后的矩形绘制过程。平移由Pam-Stemp模拟预测空白的每个形状。抽签中地区在弯道很好匹配所有三个长方形盘模式。滑移线场方法，虽然没有达到目标区域在身边1英寸法兰，而Romanovski和FAST_FORM3D方法实现了1英寸法兰在身边地区相对较好。此外，只有FAST_FORM3D毛坯同意在角落里/侧过渡区。此外，FAST_FORM3D毛坯比Romanovski具有较好的应变分布和更低的峰值应变比，由图6中可以看到。图5 各种毛坯形状预测和帕姆印花仿真结果为长方形锅。 （一）三预测空白形状;（二）变形滑移线领域的毛坯;（三）畸形Romanovski毛坯;（四）畸形FAST_FORM3D毛坯图6 比较应变泛用长方形的PAM Stemp形状分布的各种毛坯。 （一）变形Romanovski毛坯;（二）畸形FAST_FORM3D毛坯。若要继续此验证研究，从小松制作工业部分被选中，并在图7（a）所示。我们预计的一个最优几何FAST_FORM3D空白的实验装置，正如所见，毛坯很相似，但有一些差异，最终的零件毛坯形状,如图7(b)。图7 仪器FAST_FORM3D模拟结果包括最终验证。 （一）FAST_FORM3D成形性能的比较；（二）预测与实验的毛坯形状比较。接下来,我们模拟了冲压的毛坯和FAST_FORM3D使用Pam-Stamp实验毛坯。我们通过比较两者的计算机辅助设计(CAD)预测的零件几何形状 (图8)，发现FAST_FORM3D是更精确的。一个不错的特征是,FAST_FORM3D能显示“失败”的部分情节的轮廓曲线，对失败限制示于图7(A)。总之, FAST_FORM3D在预测的实验室和工业部件的最佳形状成功的毛坯。这表明，FAST_FORM3D可以成功地用于评估产品设计成形性的问题。在仪器的覆盖情况下，审判和错误实验多小时可能被淘汰使用FAST_FORM3D和更好的毛坯形状可能已经开发出来。图 8。比较FAST_FORM3D和实验仪器的零件形状。 （一）实验开发毛坯形状和CAD几何;（二）优化毛坯形状和FAST_FORM3D的CAD几何。3 模具和工艺模拟- 应用为了在研究模具设计过程中紧密合作，一个由日本小松制作所和ERC/ NSM组成的小组。与形成问题的一个生产小组选择了小松。该面板是挖掘机的驾驶室左侧内板，如图9所示。是的几何简化为一个实验实验室死亡，同时保持该小组的主要特征。在实验进行过程中小松使用表2所示的条件。一个成形极限图（FLD）研制了用于绘图品质采用穹顶钢和视觉测试应变测量系统，并在图10所示。在实验中使用三压边力分别是（10，30，50吨）以确定其效果。每个模拟实验条件进行了增量在ERC/ NSM使用PAM-Stemp。图9 挖掘机的驾驶室，左侧内板表2机舱内 的工艺条件调查图10 在机舱内调查所使用的绘图优质钢成形极限图。在10吨的条件下发生起皱的实验部分，如图11所示。在30吨条件下发生皱纹被淘汰，如图12所示。对这些实验结果进行了PAM Stemp模拟预测，如图13所示。 30吨压力的测量小组以确定材料画中的模式。这些测量结果进行了比较与预测材料绘制在图14研究。效果是非常良好，只有10毫米，最大的错误。一个轻微的颈部，观察小组的30吨，如图13所示。在50吨时，面板上会出现明显的骨折起皱。图11 皱褶实验室机舱内板，压边力= 10吨图12 压边力=30吨机舱内的实验室和颈缩变形阶段。 （一）实验毛坯;（二）实验小组，形成了60;（三）实验小组，完全形成;（四）实验小组，缩颈细节。图13 预测和在实验室客舱内消除皱纹。 （a）预期的几何形状，压边力= 10吨;（二）预测的几何形状，压边力= 30吨图14 在实验室内舱预测与实测比较所得出的结果，压边力= 30吨。应变测量系统测量了每个小组的结果，其结果如图15所示。从每个小组有限元模拟的预测在图16所示。这些预测和测量吻合有关的应变分布，不同的压边力对结果的影响不大。虽然趋势是代表，压边力的影响往往在模拟的压力更多的本地化的方式相比，测量。然而，这些预测表明， PAM Stemp正确预测了颈缩和断裂在30和50吨时发生。关于摩擦应变分布的影响进行了研究,如图17模拟图所示。图 15 机舱内的实验室试验应变测量。 （一）测量应变，压边力= 10吨（面板皱）（二）测量应变，压边力= 30吨（面板颈）;（三）测量应变，压边力=50吨（面板裂缝）。图。16。机舱内的实验室应变有限元预测。 （a）预期的压力，压边力= 10吨;（二）预测的压力，压边力= 30吨;（三）预测的压力，压边力= 50吨。图17 实验室内预测效应摩擦机舱内，压边力= 30吨。 （a）预期的压力，=0.06；（二）预测应变，=0.10。它们的比较结果摘要列于表3中，此表显示，模拟预测了在实验条件下每一株测量系统实验观测结果。这表明，PAM-Stemp可以用来评估成形模具设计相关的问题。表3客舱内的研究结果摘要4. 压边力控制- 应用这次调查的目的是确定各种高性能材料在半球状，圆顶平底，深拉杯深冲性能（见图18），并探讨不同时间的变压边力上进行了拉伸试验，以确定这些材料进行分析和模拟输入到流动应力和各向异性特征（见图 19和表5）。在被调查的材料包括AKDQ钢、高强度钢、烘烤硬钢、铝6111（见表4）。图18 巨形杯模具的几何形状表4用于材料研究的圆顶杯图19 铝6111，AKDQ，强度高，烤硬钢的拉伸试验结果。 （一）拉伸试样裂隙；（二）应力/应变曲线。表5 铝6111、AKDQ、烤硬钢的高强度拉伸试验数据值得注意的是流动应力和AKDQ烤硬钢曲线非常类似，但是在5的时候伸长率减少类似烤硬。虽然高强度钢和铝6111的伸长率很相似，但是其N值比铝6111的值大两倍。此外， AKDQ的R值远远大于1，而烤硬接近1，铝6111远小于1。在这次调查中的压边力用型材时间变量中包含常数，线性减少，脉动（见图20）。为AKDQ钢的实验条件进行了模拟使用的PAM -Stemp增量代码。断裂、皱纹的例子，和良好的实验室杯图21所示以及对模拟图像皱杯。图20.用于研究剖面圆顶杯的压边力时间。 （一）固定压边力;（二）斜压边力;（三）脉动压边力。图 21。模拟实验和圆顶杯。 （一）实验好杯；（b）实验裂隙杯；（三）实验皱杯；（四）模拟皱杯对深冲性能进行了实验研究限制使用固定压边力。这项研究的结果显示在表6 此表显示，AKDQ的冲压性能最大，而铝的最小而烤硬、高强度钢的性能中等。对AKDQ的连续应变分布、脉动压边力进行了比较实验图22，模拟图23。这两个模拟和实验的结果发现，斜坡的压边力轨迹对于提高应变分布情况是最好的。不仅减少了骨折的可能性降低峰值高达5，而且还降低应变地区的增加。这种应变分布的改善，提高产品的刚度和强度，减少回弹和残余应力，提高产品质量和工艺的鲁棒性。表6。恒定压边力限制的顶灯杯的冲压性能图22。时间变量对AKDQ钢圆顶杯压边力变化的实验图23。时间变量对AKDQ钢圆顶杯压边力变化的模拟实验脉动压边力在调查的频率范围内，未发现有对应变分布的影响。这可能是由于这一事实的脉动频率进行了测试只有1赫兹。从其他研究人员以前的实验可知，适当的频率范围是从5到25赫兹。AKDQ从模拟和实验载荷行程曲线比较图24所示。良好的协议被发现的情况下=0.08。这表明，有限元模拟可以用来评估成形性，可以通过使用压边力控制技术获得改善。图24.KDQ穹顶钢杯的比较实验与模拟负载冲程曲线5 结论和未来工作在本文中，我们评价一个复杂的冲压件的改进设计过程中，涉及消除了软模具相结合的产品和工艺验证使用单步和增量有限元模拟。此外，改进工艺，提出了压边力控制实施以提高产品质量和工艺的鲁棒性组成三个独立的调查分析，总结其在设计过程的各个阶段。首先，产品设计阶段进行了调查与实验室和一个步骤有限元程序FAST_FORM3D和评估的能力，在产品设计成形性问题所涉及的工业验证。 FAST_FORM3D在预测中矩形工业仪表盘和盖形状最佳空白成功。在仪器的覆盖情况下，审判和错误实验多小时可能被淘汰使用FAST_FORM3D和更好的毛坯形状可能已经开发出来。 其次，模具设计阶段进行了调查实验室和增量代码的PAM Stemp系统的工业验证和评估的能力，形成与模具设计有关的问题。这项调查表明，PAM的邮票可以预测应变分布，起皱，颈缩和断裂，至少一个远景以及应变各种条件下的实验测量系统。 最后，工艺设计阶段的调查，对质量可与压边力控制技术的实现实现改善的实验研究。在此调查，半球状，圆顶平底高峰株，杯子的拉伸值都被减少了5，从而减少了皱折的可能性，并降低了应变区强度。这种应变分布的改善，提高产品的刚度和强度，减少回弹和残余应力，提高产品质量和工艺的稳定性。可以预计，深冲性能将会在不断优化的压边力中逐渐增强。此外，在实验测量和数值模拟预测中发现负载行程曲线，表明有限元模拟可以用来评估成形性，可控制压边力技术，使用得到改善。 1模具在工业生产中的地位模具是大批量生产同形产品的工具，是工业生产的主要工艺装备。采用模具生产零部件，具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一系列优点，用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。现代经济的基础工业。现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高，很大程度上取决于模具工业的发展水平，因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越大的作用。1989年3月国务院颁布的关于当前产业政策要点的决定中，把模具列为机械工业技术改造序列的第一位、生产和基本建设序列的第二位(仅次于大型发电设备及相应的输变电设备)，确立模具工业在国民经济中的重要地位。1997年以来，又相继把模具及其加工技术和设备列入了当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录和鼓励外商投资产业目录。经国务院批准，从1997年到2000年，对80多家国有专业模具厂实行增值税返还70%的优惠政策，以扶植模具工业的发展。所有这些，都充分体现了国务院和国家有关部门对发展模具工业的重视和支持。目前全世界模具年产值约为600亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从1997年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。据统计，在家电、玩具等轻工行业，近90的零件是综筷具生产的；在飞机、汽车、农机和无线电行业，这个比例也超过60。例如飞机制造业，某型战斗机模具使用量超过三万套，其中主机八千套、发动机二千套、辅机二万套。从产值看，80年代以来，美、日等工业发达国家模具行业的产值已超过机床行业，并又有继续增长的趋势。据国际生产技术协会预测，到2000年，产品尽件粗加工的75%、精加工的50将由模具完成；金属、塑料、陶瓷、橡胶、建材等工业制品大部分将由模具完成，50以上的金属板材、80以上的塑料都特通过模具转化成制品。 2模具的历史发展模具的出现可以追溯到几千年前的陶器和青铜器铸造，但其大规模使用却是随着现代工业的掘起而发展起来的。19世纪，随着军火工业(枪炮的弹壳)、钟表工业、无线电工业的发展，冲模得到广泛使用。二次大战后，随着世界经济的飞速发展，它又成了大量生产家用电器、汽车、电子仪器、照相机、钟表等零件的最佳方式。从世界范围看，当时美国的冲压技术走在前列许多模具先进技术，如简易模具、高效率模具、高寿命模具和冲压自动化技术，大多起源于美国；而瑞士的精冲、德国的冷挤压技术，苏联对塑性加工的研究也处于世界先进行列。50年代，模具行业工作重点是根据订户的要求，制作能满足产品要求的模具。模具设计多凭经验，参考已有图纸和感性认识，对所设计模具零件的机能缺乏真切了解。从1955年到1965年，是压力加工的探索和开发时代对模具主要零部件的机能和受力状态进行了数学分桥，并把这些知识不断应用于现场实际，使得冲压技术在各方面有飞跃的发展。其结果是归纳出模具设计原则，并使得压力机械、冲压材料、加工方法、梅具结构、模具材料、模具制造方法、自动化装置等领域面貌一新，并向实用化的方向推进，从而使冲压加工从仪能生产优良产品的第一阶段。进入70年代向高速化、启动化、精密化、安全化发展的第二阶段。在这个过程中不断涌现各种高效率、商寿命、高精度助多功能自动校具。其代表是多达别多个工位的级进模和十几个工位的多工位传递模。在此基础上又发展出既有连续冲压工位又有多滑块成形工位的压力机弯曲机。在此期间，日本站到了世界最前列其模具加工精度进入了微米级，模具寿命，合金工具钢制造的模具达到了几千万次，硬质合金钢制造的模具达到了几亿次p每分钟冲压次数，小型压力机通常为200至300次，最高为1200次至1500次。在此期间，为了适应产品更新快、用期短(如汽车改型、玩具翻新等)的需要，各种经济型模具，如锌落合金模具、聚氨酯橡胶模具、钢皮冲模等也得到了很大发展。从70年代中期至今可以说是计算机辅助设计、辅助制造技术不断发展的时代。随着模具加工精度与复杂性不断提高，生产周期不断加快，模具业对设备和人员素质的要求也不断提高。依靠普通加工设备，凭经验和手艺越来越不能满足模具生产的需要。90年代以来，机械技术和电子技术紧密结合，发展了NC机床，如数控线切割机床、数控电火花机床、数控铣床、数控坐标磨床等。而采用电子计算机自动编程、控制的CNC机床提高了数控机床的使用效率和范围。近年来又发展出由一台计算机以分时的方式直接管理和控制一群数控机床的NNC系统。随着计算机技术的发展，计算机也逐步进入模具生产的各个领域，包括设计、制造、管理等。国际生产研究协会预测，到2000年，作为设计和制造之间联系手段的图纸将失去其主要作用。模具自动设计的最根本点是必须确立模具零件标准及设计标准。要摆脱过去以人的思考判断和实际经验为中心所组成的设计方法，就必须把过去的经验和思考方法，进行系列化、数值化、数式化，作为设计准则储存到计算机中。因为模具构成元件也干差万别，要搞出一个能适应各种零件的设计软件几乎不可能。但是有些产品的零件形状变化不大，模具结构有一定的规律，放可总结归纳，为自动设计提供软件。如日本某公司的CDM系统用于级进模设计与制造，其中包括零件图形输入、毛坯展开、条料排样、确定模板尺寸和标准、绘制装配图和零件图、输出NC程序(为数控加工中心和线切割编程)等，所用时间由手工的20%、工时减少到35小时；从80年代初日本就将三维的CADCAM系统用于汽车覆盖件模具。目前，在实体件的扫描输入，图线和数据输入，几何造形、显示、绘图、标注以及对数据的自动编程，产生效控机床控制系统的后置处理文件等方面已达到较高水平；计算机仿真(CAE)技术也取得了一定成果。在高层次上，CADCAMCAE集成的，即数据是统一的，可以互相直接传输信息实现网络化。目前国外仅有少数厂家能够做到。3我国模具工业现状及发展趋势由于历史原因形成的封闭式、“大而全”的企业特征，我国大部分企业均设有模具车间，处于本厂的配套地位，自70年代末才有了模具工业化和生产专业化这个概念。生产效率不高，经济效益较差。模具行业的生产小而散乱，跨行业、投资密集，专业化、商品化和技术管理水平都比较低。据不完全统计，全国现有模具专业生产厂、产品厂配套的模具车间（分厂）近17000家，约60万从业人员，年模具总产值达200亿元人民币。但是，我国模具工业现有能力只能满足需求量的60左右，还不能适应国民经济发展的需要。目前，国内需要的大型、精密、复杂和长寿命的模具还主要依靠进口。据海关统计，1997年进口模具价值6.3亿美元，这还不包括随设备一起进口的模具；1997年出口模具仅为7800万美元。目前我国模具工业的技术水平和制造能力，是我国国民经济建设中的薄弱环节和制约经济持续发展的瓶颈。3.1 模具工业产品结构的现状按照中国模具工业协会的划分，我国模具基本分为10大类，其中，冲压模和塑料成型模两大类占主要部分。按产值计算，目前我国冲压模占50左右，塑料成形模约占20，拉丝模（工具）约占10，而世界上发达工业国家和地区的塑料成形模比例一般占全部模具产值的40以上。我国冲压模大多为简单模、单工序模和符合模等，精冲模，精密多工位级进模还为数不多，模具平均寿命不足100万次，模具最高寿命达到1亿次以上，精度达到35um，有50个以上的级进工位，与国际上最高模具寿命6亿次，平均模具寿命5000万次相比，处于80年代中期国际先进水平。我国的塑料成形模具设计，制作技术起步较晚，整体水平还较低。目前单型腔，简单型腔的模具达70以上，仍占主导地位。一模多腔精密复杂的塑料注射模，多色塑料注射模已经能初步设计和制造。模具平均寿命约为80万次左右，主要差距是模具零件变形大、溢边毛刺大、表面质量差、模具型腔冲蚀和腐蚀严重、模具排气不畅和型腔易损等，注射模精度已达到5um以下，最高寿命已突破2000万次，型腔数量已超过100腔，达到了80年代中期至90年代初期的国际先进水平。3.2 模具工业技术结构现状我国模具工业目前技术水平参差不齐，悬殊较大。从总体上来讲，与发达工业国家及港台地区先进水平相比，还有较大的差距。 在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技术设计与制造模具方面，无论是应用的广泛性，还是技术水平上都存在很大的差距。在应用CAD技术设计模具方面，仅有约10%的模具在设计中采用了CAD，距抛开绘图板还有漫长的一段路要走；在应用CAE进行模具方案设计和分析计算方面，也才刚刚起步，大多还处于试用和动画游戏阶段；在应用CAM技术制造模具方面，一是缺乏先进适用的制造装备，二是现有的工艺设备（包括近10多年来引进的先进设备）或因计算机制式（IBM微机及其兼容机、HP工作站等）不同，或因字节差异、运算速度差异、抗电磁干扰能力差异等，联网率较低，只有5%左右的模具制造设备近年来才开展这项工作；在应用CAPP技术进行工艺规划方面，基本上处于空白状态，需要进行大量的标准化基础工作；在模具共性工艺技术，如模具快速成型技术、抛光技术、电铸成型技术、表面处理技术等方面的CAD/CAM技术应用在我国才刚起步。计算机辅助技术的软件开发，尚处于较低水平，需要知识和经验的积累。我国大部分模具厂、车间的模具加工设备陈旧，在役期长、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的锻、车、铣、刨、钻、磨设备加工模具，热处理加工仍在使用盐浴、箱式炉，操作凭工人的经验，设备简陋，能耗高。设备更新速度缓慢，技术改造，技术进步力度不大。虽然近年来也引进了不少先进的模具加工设备，但过于分散，或不配套，利用率一般仅有25%左右，设备的一些先进功能也未能得到充分发挥。缺乏技术素质较高的模具设计、制造工艺技术人员和技术工人，尤其缺乏知识面宽、知识结构层次高的复合型人才。中国模具行业中的技术人员，只占从业人员的8%12%左右，且技术人员和技术工人的总体技术水平也较低。1980年以前从业的技术人员和技术工人知识老化，知识结构不能适应现在的需要；而80年代以后从业的人员，专业知识、经验匮乏，动手能力差，不安心，不愿学技术。近年来人才外流不仅造成人才数量与素质水平下降，而且人才结构也出现了新的断层，青黄不接，使得模具设计、制造的技术水平难以提高。3.3 模具工业配套材料，标准件结构现状近10多年来，特别是“八五”以来，国家有关部委已多次组织有关材料研究所、大专院校和钢铁企业，研究和开发模具专用系列钢种、模具专用硬质合金及其他模具加工的专用工具、辅助材料等，并有所推广。但因材料的质量不够稳定，缺乏必要的试验条件和试验数据，规格品种较少，大型模具和特种模具所需的钢材及规格还有缺口。在钢材供应上，解决用户的零星用量与钢厂的批量生产的供需矛盾，尚未得到有效的解决。另外，国外模具钢材近年来相继在国内建立了销售网点，但因渠道不畅、技术服务支撑薄弱及价格偏高、外汇结算制度等因素的影响，目前推广应用不多。模具加工的辅助材料和专用技术近年来虽有所推广应用，但未形成成熟的生产技术，大多仍还处于试验摸索阶段，如模具表面涂层技术、模具表面热处理技术、模具导向副润滑技术、模具型腔传感技术及润滑技术、模具去应力技术、模具抗疲劳及防腐技术等尚未完全形成生产力，走向商品化。一些关键、重要的技术也还缺少知识产权的保护。 我国的模具标准件生产，80年代初才形成小规模生产，模具标准化程度及标准件的使用覆盖面约占20%，从市场上能配到的也只有约30个品种，且仅限于中小规格。标准凸凹模、热流道元件等刚刚开始供应，模架及零件生产供应渠道不畅，精度和质量也较差。3.4 模具工业产业组织结构现状我国的模具工业相对较落后，至今仍不能称其为一个独立的行业。我国目前的模具生产企业可划分为四大类：专业模具厂，专业生产外供模具；产品厂的模具分厂或车间，以供给本产品厂所需的模具为主要任务；三资企业的模具分厂，其组织模式与专业模具厂相类似，以小而专为主；乡镇模具企业，与专业模具厂相类似。其中以第一类数量最多，模具产量约占总产量的70%以上。我国的模具行业管理体制分散。目前有19个大行业部门制造和使用模具，没有统一管理的部门。仅靠中国模具工业协会统筹规划，集中攻关，跨行业，跨部门管理困难很多。 模具适宜于中小型企业组织生产，而我国技术改造投资向大中型企业倾斜时，中小型模具企业的投资得不到保证。包括产品厂的模具车间、分厂在内，技术改造后不能很快收回其投资，甚至负债累累，影响发展。 虽然大多数产品厂的模具车间、分厂技术力量强，设备条件较好，生产的模具水平也较高，但设备利用率低。 我国模具价格长期以来同其价值不协调，造成模具行业“自身经济效益小，社会效益大”的现象。“干模具的不如干模具标准件的，干标准件的不如干模具带件生产的。干带件生产的不如用模具加工产品的”之类不正常现象存在。4模具的发展趋势4.1 模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三维化、智能化和网络化方向发展（1）模具软件功能集成化 模具软件功能的集成化要求软件的功能模块比较齐全，同时各功能模块采用同一数据模型，以实现信息的综合管理与共享，从而支持模具设计、制造、装配、检验、测试及生产管理的全过程，达到实现最佳效益的目的。如英国Delcam公司的系列化软件就包括了曲面/实体几何造型、复杂形体工程制图、工业设计高级渲染、塑料模设计专家系统、复杂形体CAM、艺术造型及雕刻自动编程系统、逆向工程系统及复杂形体在线测量系统等。集成化程度较高的软件还包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。国内有上海交通大学金属塑性成型有限元分析系统和冲裁模CAD/CAM系统；北京北航海尔软件有限公司的CAXA系列软件；吉林金网格模具工程研究中心的冲压模CAD/CAE/CAM系统等。（2）模具设计、分析及制造的三维化传统的二维模具结构设计已越来越不适应现代化生产和集成化技术要求。模具设计、分析、制造的三维化、无纸化要求新一代模具软件以立体的、直观的感觉来设计模具，所采用的三维数字化模型能方便地用于产品结构的CAE分析、模具可制造性评价和数控加工、成形过程模拟及信息的管理与共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等软件具备参数化、基于特征、全相关等特点，从而使模具并行工程成为可能。另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D专业注塑模设计软件，可进行交互式3D型腔、型芯设计、模架配置及典型结构设计。澳大利亚Moldflow公司的三维真实感流动模拟软件MoldflowAdvisers已经受到用户广泛的好评和应用。国内有华中理工大学研制的同类软件HSC3D4.5F及郑州工业大学的Z-mold软件。面向制造、基于知识的智能化功能是衡量模具软件先进性和实用性的重要标志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模专家软件能根据脱模方向自动产生分型线和分型面，生成与制品相对应的型芯和型腔，实现模架零件的全相关，自动产生材料明细表和供NC加工的钻孔表格，并能进行智能化加工参数设定、加工结果校验等。（3）模具软件应用的网络化趋势 随着模具在企业竞争、合作、生产和管理等方面的全球化、国际化，以及计算机软硬件技术的迅速发展，网络使得在模具行业应用虚拟设计、敏捷制造技术既有必要，也有可能。美国在其21世纪制造企业战略中指出，到2006年要实现汽车工业敏捷生产/虚拟工程方案，使汽车开发周期从40个月缩短到4个月。4.2 模具检测、加工设备向精密、高效和多功能方向发展（1）模具检测设备的日益精密、高效 精密、复杂、大型模具的发展，对检测设备的要求越来越高。现在精密模具的精度已达23m，目前国内厂家使用较多的有意大利、美国、日本等国的高精度三坐标测量机，并具有数字化扫描功能。如东风汽车模具厂不仅拥有意大利产3250mm3250mm三坐标测量机，还拥有数码摄影光学扫描仪，率先在国内采用数码摄影、光学扫描作为空间三维信息的获得手段，从而实现了从测量实物建立数学模型输出工程图纸模具制造全过程，成功实现了逆向工程技术的开发和应用。这方面的设备还包括：英国雷尼绍公司第二代高速扫描仪(CYCLON SERIES2)可实现激光测头和接触式测头优势互补，激光扫描精度为0.05mm，接触式测头扫描精度达0.02mm。另外德国GOM公司的ATOS便携式扫描仪，日本罗兰公司的PIX-30、PIX-4台式扫描仪和英国泰勒霍普森公司TALYSCAN150多传感三维扫描仪分别具有高速化、廉价化和功能复合化等特点。（2）数控电火花加工机床 日本沙迪克公司采用直线电机伺服驱动的AQ325L、AQ550LLS-WEDM具有驱动反应快、传动及定位精度高、热变形小等优点。瑞士夏米尔公司的NCEDM具有P-E3自适应控制、PCE能量控制及自动编程专家系统。另外有些EDM还采用了混粉加工工艺、微精加工脉冲电源及模糊控制(FC)等技术。（3） 高速铣削机床(HSM)铣削加工是型腔模具加工的重要手段。而高速铣削具有工件温升低、切削力小、加工平稳、加工质量好、加工效率高(为普通铣削加工的510倍)及可加工硬材料(60HRC)等诸多优点。因而在模具加工中日益受到重视。瑞士克朗公司UCP710型五轴联动加工中心，其机床定位精度可达8m，自制的具有矢量闭环控制电主轴，最大转速为42000r/min。意大利RAMBAUDI公司的高速铣床，其加工范围达2500mm5000mm1800mm，转速达20500r/min，切削进给速度达20m/min。HSM一般主要用于大、中型模具加工，如汽车覆盖件模具、压铸模、大型塑料等曲面加工，其曲面加工精度可达0.01mm。4.3 快速经济制模技术缩短产品开发周期是赢得市场竞争的有效手段之一。与传统模具加工技术相比，快速经济制模技术具有制模周期短、成本较低的特点，精度和寿命又能满足生产需求，是综合经济效益比较显著的模具制造技术，具体主要有以下一些技术。 (1)快速原型制造技术(RPM)。它包括激光立体光刻技术(SLA) ；叠层轮廓制造技术(LOM) ；激光粉末选区烧结成形技术(SLS) ；熔融沉积成形技术(FDM) 和三维印刷成形技术(3D-P)等。 (2)表面成形制模技术。它是指利用喷涂、电铸和化学腐蚀等新的工艺方法形成型腔表面及精细花纹的一种工艺技术。 (3)浇铸成形制模技术。主要有铋锡合金制模技术、锌基合金制模技术、树脂复合成形模具技术及硅橡胶制模技术等。 (4)冷挤压及超塑成形制模技术。 (5)无模多点成形技术。 (6)KEVRON钢带冲裁落料制模技术。(7)模具毛坯快速制造技术。主要有干砂实型铸造、负压实型铸造、树脂砂实型铸造及失蜡精铸等技术。 (8)其他方面技术。如采用氮气弹簧压边、卸料、快速换模技术、冲压单元组合技术、刃口堆焊技术及实型铸造冲模刃口镶块技术等。4.4 模具材料及表面处理技术发展迅速模具工业要上水平，材料应用是关键。因选材和用材不当，致使模具过早失效，大约占失效模具的45%以上。在模具材料方面，常用冷作模具钢有CrWMn、Cr12、Cr12MoV和W6Mo5Cr4V2，火焰淬火钢(如日本的AUX2、SX105V(7CrSiMnMoV)等；常用新型热作模具钢有美国H13、瑞典QRO80M、QRO90SUPREME等；常用塑料模具用钢有预硬钢(如美国P20)、时效硬化型钢(如美国P21、日本NAK55等)、热处理硬化型钢(如美国D2，日本PD613、PD555、瑞典一胜白136等)、粉末模具钢(如日本KAD18和KAS440)等；覆盖件拉延模常用HT300、QT60-2、Mo-Cr、Mo-V铸铁等，大型模架用HT250。多工位精密冲模常采用钢结硬质合金及硬质合金YG20等。在模具表面处理方面，其主要趋势是：由渗入单一元素向多元素共渗、复合渗(如TD法)发展；由一般扩散向CVD、PVD、PCVD、离子渗入、离子注入等方向发展；可采用的镀膜有：TiC、TiN、TiCN、TiAlN、CrN、Cr7C3、W2C等，同时热处理手段由大气热处理向真空热处理发展。另外，目前对激光强化、辉光离子氮化技术及电镀(刷镀)防腐强化等技术也日益受到重视。4.5 模具工业新工艺、新理念和新模式逐步得到了认同在成形工艺方面，主要有冲压模具功能复合化、超塑性成形、塑性精密成形技术、塑料模气体辅助注射技术及热流道技术、高压注射成形技术等。另一方面，随着先进制造技术的不断发展和模具行业整体水平的提高，在模具行业出现了一些新的设计、生产、管理理念与模式。具体主要有：适应模具单件生产特点的柔性制造技术；创造最佳管理和效益的团队精神，精益生产；提高快速应变能力的并行工程、虚拟制造及全球敏捷制造、网络制造等新的生产哲理；广泛采用标准件通用件的分工协作生产模式；适应可持续发展和环保要求的绿色设计与制造等。第 26 页 共 27 页e pos 模具工业现状Process simulation in stamping recent applications for product and process designAbstractProcess simulation for product and process design is currently being practiced in industry. However, a number of input variables have a significant effect on the accuracy and reliability of computer predictions. A study was conducted to evaluate the capability of FE-simulations for predicting part characteristics and process conditions in forming complex-shaped, industrial parts.In industrial applications, there are two objectives for conducting FE-simulations of the stamping process; (1) to optimize the product design by analyzing formability at the product design stage and (2) to reduce the tryout time and cost in process design by predicting the deformation process in advance during the die design stage. For each of these objectives, two kinds of FE-simulations are applied. Pam-Stamp, an incremental dynamic-explicit FEM code released by Engineering Systems Intl, matches the second objective well because it can deal with most of the practical stamping parameters. FAST_FORM3D, a one-step FEM code released by Forming Technologies, matches the first objective because it only requires the part geometry and not the complex process information.In a previous study, these two FE codes were applied to complex-shaped parts used in manufacturing automobiles and construction machinery. Their capabilities in predicting formability issues in stamping were evaluated. This paper reviews the results of this study and summarizes the recommended procedures for obtaining accurate and reliable results from FE simulations.In another study, the effect of controlling the blank holder force (BHF) during the deep drawing of hemispherical, dome-bottomed cups was investigated. The standard automotive aluminum-killed, drawing-quality (AKDQ) steel was used as well as high performance materials such as high strength steel, bake hard steel, and aluminum 6111. It was determined that varying the BHF as a function of stroke improved the strain distributions in the domed cups.Keywords: Stamping; Process ;stimulation; Process design1. IntroductionThe design process of complex shaped sheet metal stampings such as automotive panels, consists of many stages of decision making and is a very expensive and time consuming process. Currently in industry, many engineering decisions are made based on the knowledge of experienced personnel and these decisions are typically validated during the soft tooling and prototyping stage and during hard die tryouts. Very often the soft and hard tools must be reworked or even redesigned and remanufactured to provide parts with acceptable levels of quality.The best case scenario would consist of the process outlined in Fig. 1. In this design process, the experienced product designer would have immediate feedback using a specially design software called one-step FEM to estimate the formability of their design. This would allow the product designer to make necessary changes up front as opposed to down the line after expensive tooling has been manufactured. One-step FEM is particularly suited for product analysis since it does not require binder, addendum, or even most process conditions. Typically this information is not available during the product design phase. One-step FEM is also easy to use and computationally fast, which allows the designer to play “what if” without much time investment.Fig. 1. Proposed design process for sheet metal stampings. Once the product has been designed and validated, the development project would enter the “time zero” phase and be passed onto the die designer. The die designer would validate his/her design with an incremental FEM code and make necessary design changes and perhaps even optimize the process parameters to ensure not just minimum acceptability of part quality, but maximum achievable quality. This increases product quality but also increase process robustness. Incremental FEM is particularly suited for die design analysis since it does require binder, addendum, and process conditions which are either known during die design or desired to be known.The validated die design would then be manufactured directly into the hard production tooling and be validated with physical tryouts during which the prototype parts would be made. Tryout time should be decreased due to the earlier numerical validations. Redesign and remanufacturing of the tooling due to unforeseen forming problems should be a thing of the past. The decrease in tryout time and elimination of redesign/remanufacturing should more than make up for the time used to numerically validate the part, die, and process. Optimization of the stamping process is also of great importance to producers of sheet stampings. By modestly increasing ones investment in presses, equipment, and tooling used in sheet forming, one may increase ones control over the stamping process tremendously. It has been well documented that blank holder force is one of the most sensitive process parameters in sheet forming and therefore can be used to precisely control the deformation process.By controlling the blank holder force as a function of press stroke AND position around the binder periphery, one can improve the strain distribution of the panel providing increased panel strength and stiffness, reduced springback and residual stresses, increased product quality and process robustness. An inexpensive, but industrial quality system is currently being developed at the ERC/NSM using a combination of hydraulics and nitrogen and is shown in Fig. 2. Using BHF control can also allow engineers to design more aggressive panels to take advantage the increased formability window provided by BHF control.Fig. 2. Blank holder force control system and tooling being developed at the ERC/NSM labs.Three separate studies were undertaken to study the various stages of the design process. The next section describes a study of the product design phase in which the one-step FEM code FAST_FORM3D (Forming Technologies) was validated with a laboratory and industrial part and used to predict optimal blank shapes. Section 4 summarizes a study of the die design stage in which an actual industrial panel was used to validate the incremental FEM code Pam-Stamp (Engineering Systems Intl). Section 5 covers a laboratory study of the effect of blank holder force control on the strain distributions in deep drawn, hemispherical, dome-bottomed cups.2. Product simulation applicationsThe objective of this investigation was to validate FAST_FORM3D, to determine FAST_FORM3Ds blank shape prediction capability, and to determine how one-step FEM can be implemented into the product design process. Forming Technologies has provided their one-step FEM code FAST_FORM3D and training to the ERC/NSM for the purpose of benchmarking and research. FAST_FORM3D does not simulate the deformation history. Instead it projects the final part geometry onto a flat plane or developable surface and repositions the nodes and elements until a minimum energy state is reached. This process is computationally faster than incremental simulations like Pam-Stamp, but also makes more assumptions. FAST_FORM3D can evaluate formability and estimate optimal blank geometries and is a strong tool for product designers due to its speed and ease of use particularly during the stage when the die geometry is not available.In order to validate FAST_FORM3D, we compared its blank shape prediction with analytical blank shape prediction methods. The part geometry used was a 5in. deep 12in. by 15in. rectangular pan with a 1in. flange as shown in Fig. 3. Table 1 lists the process conditions used. Romanovskis empirical blank shape method and the slip line field method was used to predict blank shapes for this part which are shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Rectangular pan geometry used for FAST_FORM3D validation.Table 1. Process parameters used for FAST_FORM3D rectangular pan validation Fig. 4. Blank shape design for rectangular pans using hand calculations. (a) Romanovskis empirical method; (b) slip line field analytical method.Fig. 5(a) shows the predicted blank geometries from the Romanovski method, slip line field method, and FAST_FORM3D. The blank shapes agree in the corner area, but differ greatly in the side regions. Fig. 5(b)(c) show the draw-in pattern after the drawing process of the rectangular pan as simulated by Pam-Stamp for each of the predicted blank shapes. The draw-in patterns for all three rectangular pans matched in the corners regions quite well. The slip line field method, though, did not achieve the objective 1in. flange in the side region, while the Romanovski and FAST_FORM3D methods achieved the 1in. flange in the side regions relatively well. Further, only the FAST_FORM3D blank agrees in the corner/side transition regions. Moreover, the FAST_FORM3D blank has a better strain distribution and lower peak strain than Romanovski as can be seen in Fig. 6.Fig. 5. Various blank shape predictions and Pam-Stamp simulation results for the rectangular pan. (a) Three predicted blank shapes; (b) deformed slip line field blank; (c) deformed Romanovski blank; (d) deformed FAST_FORM3D blank.Fig. 6. Comparison of strain distribution of various blank shapes using Pam-Stamp for the rectangular pan. (a) Deformed Romanovski blank; (b) deformed FAST_FORM3D blank.To continue this validation study, an industrial part from the Komatsu Ltd. was chosen and is shown in Fig. 7(a). We predicted an optimal blank geometry with FAST_FORM3D and compared it with the experimentally developed blank shape as shown in Fig. 7(b). As seen, the blanks are similar but have some differences.Fig. 7. FAST_FORM3D simulation results for instrument cover validation. (a) FAST_FORM3Ds formability evaluation; (b) comparison of predicted and experimental blank geometries.Next we simulated the stamping of the FAST_FORM3D blank and the experimental blank using Pam-Stamp. We compared both predicted geometries to the nominal CAD geometry (Fig. 8) and found that the FAST_FORM3D geometry was much more accurate. A nice feature of FAST_FORM3D is that it can show a “failure” contour plot of the part with respect to a failure limit curve which is shown in Fig. 7(a). In conclusion, FAST_FORM3D was successful at predicting optimal blank shapes for a laboratory and industrial parts. This indicates that FAST_FORM3D can be successfully used to assess formability issues of product designs. In the case of the instrument cover, many hours of trial and error experimentation could have been eliminated by using FAST_FORM3D and a better blank shape could have been developed.Fig. 8. Comparison of FAST_FORM3D and experimental blank shapes for the instrument cover. (a) Experimentally developed blank shape and the nominal CAD geometry; (b) FAST_FORM3D optimal blank shape and the nominal CAD geometry.3. Die and process simulation applicationsIn order to study the die design process closely, a cooperative study was conducted by Komatsu Ltd. of Japan and the ERC/NSM. A production panel with forming problems was chosen by Komatsu. This panel was the excavators cabin, left-hand inner panel shown in Fig. 9. The geometry was simplified into an experimental laboratory die, while maintaining the main features of the panel. Experiments were conducted at Komatsu using the process conditions shown in Table 2. A forming limit diagram (FLD) was developed for the drawing-quality steel using dome tests and a vision strain measurement system and is shown in Fig. 10. Three blank holder forces (10, 30, and 50ton) were used in the experiments to determine its effect. Incremental simulations of each experimental condition was conducted at the ERC/NSM using Pam-Stamp.Fig. 9. Actual product cabin inner panel.Table 2. Process conditions for the cabin inner investigation Fig. 10. Forming limit diagram for the drawing-quality steel used in the cabin inner investigation.At 10ton, wrinkling occurred in the experimental parts as shown in Fig. 11. At 30ton, the wrinkling was eliminated as shown in Fig. 12. These experimental observations were predicted with Pam-stamp simulations as shown in Fig. 13. The 30ton panel was measured to determine the material draw-in pattern. These measurements are compared with the predicted material draw-in in Fig. 14. Agreement was very good, with a maximum error of only 10mm. A slight neck was observed in the 30ton panel as shown in Fig. 13. At 50ton, an obvious fracture occurred in the panel.Fig. 11. Wrinkling in laboratory cabin inner panel, BHF=10ton.Fig. 12. Deformation stages of the laboratory cabin inner and necking, BHF=30ton. (a) Experimental blank; (b) experimental panel, 60% formed; (c) experimental panel, fully formed; (d) experimental panel, necking detail.Fig. 13. Predication and elimination of wrinkling in the laboratory cabin inner. (a) Predicted geometry, BHF=10ton; (b) predicted geometry, BHF=30ton.Fig. 14. Comparison of predicted and measured material draw-in for lab cabin inner, BHF=30ton.Strains were measured with the vision strain measurement system for each panel, and the results are shown in Fig. 15. The predicted strains from FEM simulations for each panel are shown in Fig. 16. The predictions and measurements agree well regarding the strain distributions, but differ slightly on the effect of BHF. Although the trends are represented, the BHF tends to effect the strains in a more localized manner in the simulations when compared to the measurements. Nevertheless, these strain prediction show that Pam-Stamp correctly predicted the necking and fracture which occurs at 30 and 50ton. The effect of friction on strain distribution was also investigated with simulations and is shown in Fig. 17.Fig. 15. Experimental strain measurements for the laboratory cabin inner. (a) measured strain, BHF=10ton (panel wrinkled); (b) measured strain, BHF=30ton (panel necked); (c) measured strain, BHF =50ton (panel fractured).Fig. 16. FEM strain predictions for the laboratory cabin inner. (a) Predicted strain, BHF=10ton; (b) predicted strain, BHF=30ton; (c) predicted strain, BHF=50ton.Fig. 17. Predicted effect of friction for the laboratory cabin inner, BHF=30ton. (a) Predicted strain, =0.06; (b) predicted strain, =0.10.A summary of the results of the comparisons is included in Table 3. This table shows that the simulations predicted the experimental observations at least as well as the strain measurement system at each of the experimental conditions. This indicates that Pam-Stamp can be used to assess formability issues associated with the die design.Table 3. Summary results of cabin inner study 4. Blank holder force control applicationsThe objective of this investigation was to determine the drawability of various, high performance materials using a hemispherical, dome-bottomed, deep drawn cup (see Fig. 18) and to investigate various time variable blank holder force profiles. The materials that were investigated included AKDQ steel, high strength steel, bake hard steel, and aluminum 6111 (see Table 4). Tensile tests were performed on these materials to determine flow stress and anisotropy characteristics for analysis and for input into the simulations (see Fig. 19 and Table 5).Fig. 18. Dome cup tooling geometry.Table 4. Material used for the dome cup study Fig. 19. Results of tensile tests of aluminum 6111, AKDQ, high strength, and bake hard steels. (a) Fractured tensile specimens; (b) Stress/strain curves.Table 5. Tensile test data for aluminum 6111, AKDQ, high strength, and bake hard steels It is interesting to note that the flow stress curves for bake hard steel and AKDQ steel were very similar except for a 5% reduction in elongation for bake hard. Although, the elongations for high strength steel and aluminum 6111 were similar, the n-value for aluminum 6111 was twice as large. Also, the r-value for AKDQ was much bigger than 1, while bake hard was nearly 1, and aluminum 6111 was much less than 1.The time variable BHF profiles used in this investigation included constant, linearly decreasing, and pulsating (see Fig. 20). The experimental conditions for AKDQ steel were simulated using the incremental code Pam-Stamp. Examples of wrinkled, fractured, and good laboratory cups are shown in Fig. 21 as well as an image of a simulated wrinkled cup.Fig. 20. BHF time-profiles used for the dome cup study. (a) Constant BHF; (b) ramp BHF; (c) pulsating BHF.Fig. 21. Experimental and simulated dome cups. (a) Experimental good cup; (b) experimental fractured cup; (c) experimental wrinkled cup; (d) simulated wrinkled cup.Limits of drawability were experimentally investigated using constant BHF. The results of this study are shown in Table 6. This table indicates that AKDQ had the largest drawability window while aluminum had the smallest and bake hard and high strength steels were in the middle. The strain distributions for constant, ramp, and pulsating BHF are compared experimentally in Fig. 22 and are compared with simulations in Fig. 23 for AKDQ. In both simulations and experiments, it was found that the ramp BHF trajectory improved the strain distribution the best. Not only were peak strains reduced by up to 5% thereby reducing the possibility of fracture, but low strain regions were increased. This improvement in strain distribution can increase product stiffness and strength, decrease springback and residual stresses, increase product quality and process robustness.Table 6. Limits of drawability for dome cup with constant BHF Fig. 22. Experimental effect of time variable BHF on engineering strain in an AKDQ steel dome cup.Fig. 23. Simulated effect of time variable BHF on true strain in an AKDQ steel dome cup.Pulsating BHF, at the frequency range investigated, was not found to have an effect on strain distribution. This was likely due to the fact the frequency of pulsation that was tested was only 1Hz. It is known from previous experiments of other researchers that proper frequencies range from 5 to 25Hz 3. A comparison of load-stroke curves from simulation and experiments are shown in Fig. 24 for AKDQ. Good agreement was found for the case where =0.08. This indicates that FEM simulations can be used to assess the formability improvements that can be obtained by using BHF control techniques.Fig. 24. Comparison of experimental and simulated load-stroke curves for an AKDQ steel dome cup.5 Conclusions and future work In this paper, we evaluated an improved design process for complex stampings which involved eliminating the soft tooling phase and incorporated the validation of product and process using one-step and incremental FEM simulations. Also, process improvements were proposed consisting of the implementation of blank holder force control to increase product quality and process robustness.Three separate investigations were summarized which analyzed various stages in the design process. First, the product design phase was investigated with a laboratory and industrial validation of the one-step FEM code FAST_FORM3D and its ability to assess formability issues involved in product design. FAST_FORM3D was successful at predicting optimal blank shapes for a rectangular pan and an industrial instrument cover. In the case of the instrument cover, many hours of trial and error experimentation could have been eliminated by using FAST_FORM3D and a better blank shape could have been developed.Second, the die design phase was investigated with a laboratory and industrial validation of the incremental code Pam-Stamp and its ability to assess forming issues associated with die design. This investigation suggested that Pam-Stamp could predict strain distribution, wrinkling, necking, and fracture at least as well as a vision strain measurement system at a variety of experimental conditions.Lastly, the process design stage was investigated with a laboratory study of the quality improvements that can be realized with the implementation of blank holder force control techniques. In this investigation, peak strains in hemispherical, dome-bottomed, deep drawn cups were reduced by up to 5% thereby reducing the possibility of fracture, and low strain regions were increased. This improvement in strain distribution can increase product stiffness and strength, decrease springback and residual stresses, increase product quality and process robustness. It can be expected that improvements in drawability would be further enhanced by optimizing the variation of the BHF in function of time. Further, good agreement was found for experimentally measured and numerically predicted load-stroke curves indicating that FEM simulations can be used to assess the formability improvements that can be obtained using BHF control techniques. Die position in industrial production ition in industrial productionMold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment. 采用模具生产零部件，具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一系列优点，用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比 With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. 已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。 Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. 现代经济的基础工The basis of the modern industrial economy. 现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高，很大程度上取决于模具工业的发展水平，因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越大的作用。The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. 1989 年 3 月国务院颁布的关于当前产业政策要点的决定中，把模具列为机械工业技术改造序列的第一位、生产和基本建设序列的第二位 ( 仅次于大型发电设备及相应的输变电设备 ) ，确立模具工业在国民经济中的重要地位。 March 1989 the State Council promulgated on the current industrial policy decision points in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. 1997 年以来，又相继把模具及其加工技术和设备列入了当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录和鼓励外商投资产业目录。 Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog and to encourage foreign investment industry directory. 经国务院批准，从 1997 年到 2000 年，对 80 多家国有专业模具厂实行增值税返还 70% 的优惠政策，以扶植模具工业的发展。 Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. 所有这些，都充分体现了国务院和国家有关部门对发展模具工业的重视和支持。 All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. 目前全世界模具年产值约为 600 亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从 1997 年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。 Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, Chinas industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.据统计，在家电、玩具等轻工行业，近 90 的零件是综筷具生产的；在飞机、汽车、农机和无线电行业，这个比例也超过 60 。 According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. 例如飞机制造业，某型战斗机模具使用量超过三万套，其中主机八千套、发动机二千套、辅机二万套。 Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. 从产值看， 80 年代以来，美、日等工业发达国家模具行业的产值已超过机床行业，并又有继续增长的趋势。 From the output of view, since the 80s, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. 据国际生产技术协会预测，到 2000 年，产品尽件粗加工的 75% 、精加工的 50 将由模具完成；金属、塑料、陶瓷、橡胶、建材等工业制品大部分将由模具完成， 50 以上的金属板材、 80 以上的塑料都特通过模具转化成制品。 Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal .d19 世纪，随着军火工业 ( 枪炮的弹壳 ) 、钟表工业、无线电工业的发展，冲模得到广泛使用。 The 19th century, with the arms industry (guns shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. 二次大战后，随着世界经济的飞速发展，它又成了大量生产家用电器、汽车、电子仪器、照相机、钟表等零件的最佳方式。 After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. 从世界范围看，当时美国的冲压技术走在前列许多模具先进技术，如简易模具、高效率模具、高寿命模具和冲压自动化技术，大多起源于美国；而瑞士的精冲、德国的冷挤压技术，苏联对塑性加工的研究也处于世界先进行列。 From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germany extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at the world advanced. 50 年代，模具行业工作重点是根据订户的要求，制作能满足产品要求的模具。 50s, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. 模具设计多凭经验，参考已有图纸和感性认识，对所设计模具零件的机能缺乏真切了解。 Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge, on the design of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. 从 1955 年到 1965 年，是压力加工的探索和开发时代对模具主要零部件的机能和受力状态进行了数学分桥，并把这些知识不断应用于现场实际，使得冲压技术在各方面有飞跃的发展。 From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress state of the function of a mathematical sub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development. 其结果是归纳出模具设计原则，并使得压力机械、冲压材料、加工方法、梅具结构、模具材料、模具制造方法、自动化装置等领域面貌一新，并向实用化的方向推进，从而使冲压加工从仪能生产优良产品的第一阶段。 The result is summarized mold design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices, a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of producing quality products from the first stage.进入 70 年代向高速化、启动化、精密化、安全化发展的第二阶段。 Into the 70s to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage. 在这个过程中不断涌现各种高效率、商寿命、高精度助多功能自动校具。 Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with. 其代表是多达别多个工位的级进模和十几个工位的多工位传递模。 Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module. 在此基础上又发展出既有连续冲压工位又有多滑块成形工位的压力机弯曲机。 On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressing station there are more slide forming station of the press - bending machine. 在此期间，日本站到了世界最前列其模具加工精度进入了微米级，模具寿命，合金工具钢制造的模具达到了几千万次，硬质合金钢制造的模具达到了几亿次 p 每分钟冲压次数，小型压力机通常为 200 至 300 次，最高为 1200 次至 1500 次。 In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the worlds largest - the mold into the micron-level precision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millions of times p minutes for stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times. 在此期间，为了适应产品更新快、用期短 ( 如汽车改型、玩具翻新等 ) 的需要，各种经济型模具，如锌落合金模具、聚氨酯橡胶模具、钢皮冲模等也得到了很大发展。 In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethane rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development.从 70 年代中期至今可以说是计算机辅助设计、辅助制造技术不断发展的时代。 From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. 随着模具加工精度与复杂性不断提高，生产周期不断加快，模具业对设备和人员素质的要求也不断提高。 With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. 依靠普通加工设备，凭经验和手艺越来越不能满足模具生产的需要。 Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold. 90 年代以来，机械技术和电子技术紧密结合，发展了 NC 机床，如数控线切割机床、数控电火花机床、数控铣床、数控坐标磨床等。 Since the 90s, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on. 而采用电子计算机自动编程、控制的 cNc 机床提高了数控机床的使用效率和范围。 The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC machine tools to improve the efficiency in the use and scope. 近年来又发展出由一台计算机以分时的方式直接管理和控制一群数控机床的 nNc 系统。 In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct management and control of CNC machine tools NNC system.随着计算机技术的发展，计算机也逐步进入模具生产的各个领域，包括设计、制造、管理等。 With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management. 国际生产研究协会预测，到 2000 年，作为设计和制造之间联系手段的图纸将失去其主要作用。 International Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role. 模具自动设计的最根本点是必须确立模具零件标准及设计标准。 Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards. 要摆脱过去以人的思考判断和实际经验为中心所组成的设计方法，就必须把过去的经验和思考方法，进行系列化、数值化、数式化，作为设计准则储存到计算机中。 To get rid of the people of the past, and practical experience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experiences and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store. 因为模具构成元件也干差万别，要搞出一个能适应各种零件的设计软件几乎不可能。 Components are dry because of mold constitutes a million other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible. 但是有些产品的零件形状变化不大，模具结构有一定的规律，放可总结归纳，为自动设计提供软件。 But some products do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software. 如日本某公司的 CDM 系统用于级进模设计与制造，其中包括零件图形输入、毛坯展开、条料排样、确定模板尺寸和标准、绘制装配图和零件图、输出 NC 程序 ( 为数控加工中心和线切割编程 ) 等，所用时间由手工的 20% 、工时减少到 35 小时；从 80 年代初日本就将三维的 cad cam 系统用于汽车覆盖件模具。 If a Japanese companys CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours; from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad / cam system for automotive panel die. 目前，在实体件的扫描输入，图线和数据输入，几何造形、显示、绘图、标注以及对数据的自动编程，产生效控机床控制系统的后置处理文件等方面已达到较高水平；计算机仿真 (CAE) 技术也取得了一定成果。 Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input, geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resulting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level; computer Simulation (CAE) technology has made some achievements. 在高层次上， CAD CAM CAE 集成的，即数据是统一的，可以互相直接传输信息 At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is integrated, can transmit information directly with each other. 实现网络化。 Achieve network. 目前 Present. 国外仅有少数厂家能够做到。 Only a few foreign manufacturers can do it.3 Chinas mold industry and it 模具工业现状 Die & Mould Industry Status由于历史原因形成的封闭式、“ 大 而全” 的 企业特征，我国大部分企业均设有模具车间，处于本厂的配套地位，自 70 年代末才有了模具工业化和生产专业化这个概念。 Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, big and complete enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. 生产效率不高，经济效益较差。 Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. 模具行业的生产小而散乱，跨行业、投资密集，专业化、商品化和技术管理水平都比较低。 Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.据不完全统计，全国现有模具专业生产厂、产品厂配套的模具车间（分厂）近17000家，约60万从业人员，年模具总产值达200亿元人民币。 According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. 但是，我国模具工业现有能力只能满足需求量的60左右，还不能适应国民经济发展的需要。 However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. 目前，国内需要的大型、精密、复杂和长寿命的模具还主要依靠进口。 At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. 据海关统计，1997年进口模具价值6.3亿美元，这还不包括随设备一起进口的模具；1997年出口模具仅为7800万美元。 According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. 目前我国模具工业的技术水平和制造能力，是我国国民经济建设中的薄弱环节和制约经济持续发展的瓶颈。 At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, Chinas national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development. 1、模具工业产品结构的现状3.1Research on the Structure of industrial products mold按照中国模具工业协会的划分，我国模具基本分为10大类，其中，冲压模和塑料成型模两大类占主要部分。 In accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part. 按产值计算，目前我国冲压模占50左右，塑料成形模约占20，拉丝模（工具）约占10，而世界上发达工业国家和地区的塑料成形模比例一般占全部模具产值的40以上。 Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the worlds advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.我国冲压模大多为简单模、单工序模和符合模等，精冲模，精密多工位级进模还为数不多，模具平均寿命不足100万次，模具最高寿命达到1亿次以上，精度达到35um，有50个以上的级进工位，与国际上最高模具寿命6亿次，平均模具寿命5000万次相比，处于80年代中期国际先进水平。 Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level.我国的塑料成形模具设计，制作技术起步较晚，整体水平还较低。 Chinas plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low. 目前单型腔，简单型腔的模具达70以上，仍占主导地位。 Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant. 一模多腔精密复杂的塑料注射模，多色塑料注射模已经能初步设计和制造。A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing. 模具平均寿命约为80万次左右，主要差距是模具零件变形大、溢边毛刺大、表面质量差、模具型腔冲蚀和腐蚀严重、模具排气不畅和型腔易损等，注射模精度已达到5um以下，最高寿命已突破2000万次，型腔数量已超过100腔，达到了80年代中期至90年代初期的国际先进水平。 Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level.2、模具工业技术结构现状 3.2 mold Present Status of Technology我国模具工业目前技术水平参差不齐，悬殊较大。 Technical level of Chinas mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. 从总体上来讲，与发达工业国家及港台地区先进水平相比，还有较大的差距。 Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap. 在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技术设计与制造模具方面，无论是应用的广泛性，还是技术水平上都存在很大的差距。 The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. 在应用CAD技术设计模具方面，仅有约10%的模具在设计中采用了CAD，距抛开绘图板还有漫长的一段路要走；在应用CAE进行模具方案设计和分析计算方面，也才刚刚起步，大多还处于试用和动画游戏阶段；在应用CAM技术制造模具方面，一是缺乏先进适用的制造装备，二是现有的工艺设备（包括近10多年来引进的先进设备）或因计算机制式（IBM微机及其兼容机、HP工作站等）不同，或因字节差异、运算速度差异、抗电磁干扰能力差异等，联网率较低，只有5%左右的模具制造设备近年来才开展这项工作；在应用CAPP技术进行工艺规划方面，基本上处于空白状态，需要进行大量的标准化基础工作；在模具共性工艺技术，如模具快速成型技术、抛光技术、电铸成型技术、表面处理技术等方面的CAD/CAM技术应用在我国才刚起步。 In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. 计算机辅助技术的软件开发，尚处于较低水平，需要知识和经验的积累。 Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. 我国大部分模具厂、车间的模具加工设备陈旧，在役期长、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的锻、车、铣、刨、钻、磨设备加工模具，热处理加工仍在使用盐浴、箱式炉，操作凭工人的经验，设备简陋，能耗高。 Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. 设备更新速度缓慢，技术改造，技术进步力度不大。 Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. 虽然近年来也引进了不少先进的模具加工设备，但过于分散，或不配套，利用率一般仅有25%左右，设备的一些先进功能也未能得到充分发挥。 Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.缺乏技术素质较高的模具设计、制造工艺技术人员和技术工人，尤其缺乏知识面宽、知识结构层次高的复合型人才。 Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. 中国模具行业中的技术人员，只占从业人员的8%12%左右，且技术人员和技术工人的总体技术水平也较低。 Chinas mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. 1980年以前从业的技术人员和技术工人知识老化，知识结构不能适应现在的需要；而80年代以后从业的人员，专业知识、经验匮乏，动手能力差，不安心，不愿学技术。 Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. 近年来人才外流不仅造成人才数量与素质水平下降，而且人才结构也出现了新的断层，青黄不接，使得模具设计、制造的技术水平难以提高。 In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.3、模具工业配套材料，标准件结构现状 3.3 mold industry supporting materials, standard parts of present condition近10多年来，特别是“八五”以来，国家有关部委已多次组织有关材料研究所、大专院校和钢铁企业，研究和开发模具专用系列钢种、模具专用硬质合金及其他模具加工的专用工具、辅助材料等，并有所推广。 Over the past 10 years, especially the Eighth Five-Year, the State organization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and other mold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion. 但因材料的质量不够稳定，缺乏必要的试验条件和试验数据，规格品种较少，大型模具和特种模具所需的钢材及规格还有缺口。 However, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications and varieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap. 在钢材供应上，解决用户的零星用量与钢厂的批量生产的供需矛盾，尚未得到有效的解决。 In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of mass-produced steel supply and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed. 另外，国外模具钢材近年来相继在国内建立了销售网点，但因渠道不畅、技术服务支撑薄弱及价格偏高、外汇结算制度等因素的影响，目前推广应用不多。 In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services support the weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much current.模具加工的辅助材料和专用技术近年来虽有所推广应用，但未形成成熟的生产技术，大多仍还处于试验摸索阶段，如模具表面涂层技术、模具表面热处理技术、模具导向副润滑技术、模具型腔传感技术及润滑技术、模具去应力技术、模具抗疲劳及防腐技术等尚未完全形成生产力，走向商品化。 Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other anti-fatigue and anti-corrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards commercialization. 一些关键、重要的技术也还缺少知识产权的保护。 Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property.我国的模具标准件生产，80年代初才形成小规模生产，模具标准化程度及标准件的使用覆盖面约占20%，从市场上能配到的也只有约30个品种，且仅限于中小规格。 Chinas mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production, standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size. 标准凸凹模、热流道元件等刚刚开始供应，模架及零件生产供应渠道不畅，精度和质量也较差。 Standard punch, hot runner components and other supplies just the beginning, mold and parts production and supply channels for poor, poor accuracy and quality.3.4 Die & Mould Industry Structure in Industrial Organization我国的模具工业相对较落后，至今仍不能称其为一个独立的行业。 Chinas mold industry is relatively backward and still could not be called an independent industry. 我国目前的模具生产企业可划分为四大类：专业模具厂，专业生产外供模具；产品厂的模具分厂或车间，以供给本产品厂所需的模具为主要任务；三资企业的模具分厂，其组织模式与专业模具厂相类似，以小而专为主；乡镇模具企业，与专业模具厂相类似。 Mold manufacturer in China currently can be divided into four categories: professional mold factory, professional production outside for mold; products factory mold factory or workshop, in order to supply the product works as the main tasks needed to die; die-funded enterprises branch, the organizational model and professional mold factory is similar to small but the main; township mold business, and professional mold factory is similar. 其中以第一类数量最多，模具产量约占总产量的70%以上。 Of which the largest number of first-class, mold production accounts for about 70% of total output. 我国的模具行业管理体制分散。 Chinas mold industry, decentralized management system. 目前有19个大行业部门制造和使用模具，没有统一管理的部门。 There are 19 major industry sectors manufacture and use of mold, there is no unified management of the department. 仅靠中国模具工业协会统筹规划，集中攻关，跨行业，跨部门管理困难很多。 Only by China Die & Mould Industry Association, overall planning, focus on research, cross-sectoral, inter-departmental management difficulties are many.模具适宜于中小型企业组织生产，而我国技术改造投资向大中型企业倾斜时，中小型模具企业的投资得不到保证。 Mold is suitable for small and medium enterprises organize production, and our technical transformation investment tilted to large and medium enterprises, small and medium enterprise investment mold can not be guaranteed. 包括产品厂的模具车间、分厂在内，技术改造后不能很快收回其投资，甚至负债累累，影响发展。 Including product factory mold shop, factory, including, after the transformation can not quickly recover its investment, or debt-laden, affecting development.虽然大多数产品厂的模具车间、分厂技术力量强，设备条件较好，生产的模具水平也较高，但设备利用率低。 Although most products factory mold shop, factory technical force is strong, good equipment conditions, the production of mold levels higher, but equipment utilization rate.我国模具价格长期以来同其价值不协调，造成模具行业“自身经济效益小，社会效益大”的现象。 Price has long been Chinas mold inconsistent with their value, resulting in mold industry own little economic benefit, social benefit big phenomenon. “干模具的不如干模具标准件的，干标准件的不如干模具带件生产的。干带件生产的不如用模具加工产品的”之类不正常现象存在。 Dry as dry mold mold standard parts, standard parts dry as dry mold with pieces of production. Dry with parts manufactured products than with the mold of the class of anomalies exist.模具的发展趋势4 Die trend1、模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三维化、智能化和网络化方向发展 4.1 mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction（1）模具软件功能集成化 (1) mold software features integrated模具软件功能的集成化要求软件的功能模块比较齐全，同时各功能模块采用同一数据模型，以实现信息的综合管理与共享，从而支持模具设计、制造、装配、检验、测试及生产管理的全过程，达到实现最佳效益的目的。 Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. 如英国Delcam公司的系列化软件就包括了曲面/实体几何造型、复杂形体工程制图、工业设计高级渲染、塑料模设计专家系统、复杂形体CAM、艺术造型及雕刻自动编程系统、逆向工程系统及复杂形体在线测量系统等。 Series such as the UK Delcams software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. 集成化程度较高的软件还包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。 A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc. 国内有上海交通大学金属塑性成型有限元分析系统和冲裁模CAD/CAM系统；北京北航海尔软件有限公司的CAXA系列软件；吉林金网格模具工程研究中心的冲压模CAD/CAE/CAM系统等。 Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems .（2）模具设计、分析及制造的三维化 (2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional传统的二维模具结构设计已越来越不适应现代化生产和集成化技术要求。 Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. 模具设计、分析、制造的三维化、无纸化要求新一代模具软件以立体的、直观的感觉来设计模具，所采用的三维数字化模型能方便地用于产品结构的CAE分析、模具可制造性评价和数控加工、成形过程模拟及信息的管理与共享。 Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. 如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等软件具备参数化、基于特征、全相关等特点，从而使模具并行工程成为可能。 Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. 另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D专业注塑模设计软件，可进行交互式3D型腔、型芯设计、模架配置及典型结构设计。 In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcams Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . 澳大利亚Moldflow公司的三维真实感流动模拟软件MoldflowAdvisers已经受到用户广泛的好评和应用。 Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. 国内有华中理工大学研制的同类软件HSC3D4.5F及郑州工业大学的Z-mold软件。 China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. 面向制造、基于知识的智能化功能是衡量模具软件先进性和实用性的重要标志之一。 For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. 如Cimatron公司的注塑模专家软件能根据脱模方向自动产生分型线和分型面，生成与制品相对应的型芯和型腔，实现模架零件的全相关，自动产生材料明细表和供NC加工的钻孔表格，并能进行智能化加工参数设定、加工结果校验等。 Such as injection molding experts Cimatrons software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.（3）模具软件应用的网络化趋势 (3) mold software applications, networking trend随着模具在企业竞争、合作、生产和管理等方面的全球化、国际化，以及计算机软硬件技术的迅速发展，网络使得在模具行业应用虚拟设计、敏捷制造技术既有必要，也有可能。 With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. 美国在其21世纪制造企业战略中指出，到2006年要实现汽车工业敏捷生产/虚拟工程方案，使汽车开发周期从40个月缩短到4个月。 The United States in its 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.2、模具检测、加工设备向精密、高效和多功能方向发展 4.2 mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction（1）模具检测设备的日益精密、高效 (1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficient精密、复杂、大型模具的发展，对检测设备的要求越来越高。 Sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. 现在精密模具的精度已达23m，目前国内厂家使用较多的有意大利、美国、日本等国的高精度三坐标测量机，并具有数字化扫描功能。 Precision Mould precision now reached 2 3m, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. 如东风汽车模具厂不仅拥有意大利产3250mm3250mm三坐标测量机，还拥有数码摄影光学扫描仪，率先在国内采用数码摄影、光学扫描作为空间三维信息的获得手段，从而实现了从测量实物建立数学模型输出工程图纸模具制造全过程，成功实现了逆向工程技术的开发和应用。 Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from the measurement of physical model output of engineering drawings the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. 这方面的设备还包括：英国雷尼绍公司第二代高速扫描仪(CYCLON SERIES2)可实现激光测头和接触式测头优势互补，激光扫描精度为0.05mm，接触式测头扫描精度达0.02mm。 This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm. 另外德国GOM公司的ATOS便携式扫描仪，日本罗兰公司的PIX-30、PIX-4台式扫描仪和英国泰勒霍普森公司的TALYSCAN150多传感三维扫描仪分别具有高速化、廉价化和功能复合化等特点。 Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Rolands PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopsons TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on.（2）数控电火花加工机床 (2) CNC ED
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