主语是句子陈述的对象.doc

主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是什么人或“什么事”。主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体，如“我写字”中的“我”，就是主语，它做出“写”这个动作。“写”则是谓语，而“字”是接受谓语“写”这个动作的对象，它因此被称为宾 语，又如花死了中的花就是主语，死了即是对主语花的陈述，所以是谓有的语法书也称主语为“客体”或“受体”。 主语可以用这些词类或形式来担任：名词、代词、名词化了的动词、形容词、分词、副词或 数词等，动词不定式或不定式短语，从句，某些固定词组的第二格。 编辑本段英语中的例句1. 名词做主语： Our school is not far from my house. 2. 代词做主语: We like our school very much. 3. 数词做主语: Two plus two is four. 4. 名词性或名词化的词、词组或短语: This is an article. 5. 动名词做主语: Seeing is believing. 6. 动词不定式做主语: To do such a job we need a better knowledge. 7. 从句做主语: What I mean is to work harder. 8. 冠词做主语: The mother with her child is coming to the school. 主语的补语：它用在系动词后，是句子的一个基本成分。常用主系表结构。1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起，在最少的时候，至少我认为是她。（her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语）2. - Who broke the vase? -谁打碎了花瓶？- Me. -我。 （me做主语补语= Its me.）3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. （she做主语补语）约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。谓语predicate verb是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成，依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。谓语动词一般由动词的各种时态来体现。例如： I （like） walking.我喜欢走路。(一般现在时主动语态) I made your birthday cake （last night）.昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。 (一般过去时主动语态) It is used by travellers and business （people all over the world）.全世界旅行者和商人都使用它 (一般现在时被动语态) 编辑本段复合谓语可分为两种情况： 第一种是由情态动词，助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的重复谓语： What does this word mean? 这个单词是什么意思？I wont do it again. 我不会再做它（指这件事）。（旧译“我没有再次赢得它.”为 I didnt win it one more time）。Ill go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao. 我会同Lin Tao（一起）移开那袋米的。Youd better catch a bus. 你最好乘坐公交车。第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。例如： You look the same. 你(们)看起来一样.We are all here. 我们都在这儿。The weather gets wamer, and the days get longer. 天气变的暖了,日子变的长了.Keep quiet and listen to me. 保持安静并听我说.He looked worried. 他看起来很忧愁.We have to be up early in the moming. 我们必须在早上早起。Is Bill in? 比尔在吗？（*旧译“帐单在吗？”对应英文为 Is the bill here? bill为特指，前应加定冠词the，且 bill 英为小写开头）。 School Is over. Lets go home. 课上完了，我们回家吧。My pen is in my bag. 我的钢笔在我的书包里。I* fell tried all the time. 我整天感到疲惫.He seemed rather tired last night. 他昨天看起来相当的累.连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系，不宜分割宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。当然,也可以由一个句子来充当,称之为宾语从句,所以一个句子中不一定只有一个宾语.英语的及物动词后必须有宾语。宾语一般放及物动词之后，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。说明，除及物动词有宾语之外，英语介词后面也要有宾语。另外，某些形容词如worth,careful等后也可有宾语。宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语之分。即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语，这两个宾语统称为双宾语。My parents bought me a computer.我父母给我买了一台电脑。(me是间接宾语，computer是直接宾语) She is playing the piano now.她正在弹钢琴。（名词作宾语）We all like him.（代词作宾语）Give me four.(数词作宾语)We all like to go to school.（不定式to go to school作like的宾语。school作to的宾 语）We all like swimming.（动名词作宾语）I think he is right.（宾语从句作宾语）He asked me what I was thinking about at that moment. (由wh疑问代词引导的宾语从句作宾语)The book is worth reading.( 形容词worth可有宾语)表语 表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于连系动词（be, become, appear, seem等）之后。在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。Im going to paint it pink.句子中的it显然是宾语。但是主语将要做的并不是it，而是paint it pink。pink 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是执行了paint的动作。 句子中的pink是现在分词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。 比如： I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容词做宾补） I saw the kite up and down. （up and down是副词做宾补） Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式） *常跟复合宾语的动词有：call,name,make,think,find,leave,keep,nominate(任命),choose,elect(选举),define(定义),regard, see, recognize,treat, take,consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge,describe,depict(描述),represent(表现出),declare(宣称),denounce, employ(雇佣), use, show, organize, express 编辑本段【注意】当感官动词和实意动词，如：see hear notice watch hear feel observe(感官动词)make have let(实意动词)接宾补时，不定式的符号to必须省略。在help后,不定式可以带to,也可不带。 补充:简单句常见结构有:主+谓结构: 句子由主语和谓语两部分构成,谓语动词是不及物动词.主+谓+宾结构:谓语动词是及物动词,后面接有宾语.主+谓+宾+宾补结构:有一些句子有了前3个成分后,还需要有一个宾语补足语对宾语做出补充说明,表明宾语的身份,特征等,使句意完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语.如果宾语和宾补是逻辑上的动宾关系，则宾补须用过去分词形式。如：Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.四、什么动词后可有宾语补足语：1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是to be+形容词或名词结构，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。We consider him (to be) a good teacher.我们认为他是一个好老师。He proved that theory (to be) very important.他证明那个理论是很重要的。I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。 2. 在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。Id prefer you to leave him alone.我希望你不要打扰他。I dont want there to be any trouble.我不想有任何麻烦。3. 注意：hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。He required us to be present at the meeting.他要求我们出席会议。Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone.李先生建议她不要独自去那里。从句（Subordinate Clause）是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who等关联词（Connective）引导的非主句部分。 编辑本段分类从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，故而这4种从句又通称名词性从句。1.主语从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。2.表语从句（Predictive Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。3.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.第一部分一：时态1主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时。2主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。3主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。二：宾语从句的连接词从属连词连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.例句：He told that he would go to the college the next year他告诉我他下一年上大学.I dont know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.连接代词连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.例句：Do you know who has won Red Alert game?你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗?I dont know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该依靠谁.The book will show you what the best CEOs know.这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?连接副词连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.例句：He didnt tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.三：动词的宾语从句大多数动词都可以带宾语从句We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的. 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句例句：I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?动词短语也可以带宾语从句常见的这些词有:make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记例句：Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.四：可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.例句：I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯.We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.例句：I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的.When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替例句：We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.五：介词的宾语从句用wh-类的介词宾语从句例句：We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句例句：I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.六：形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised例句：I am sure I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.七：if,whether在宾语从句中的区别if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.在不定式前只能用whether.如： I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.八：哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that1.当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;2.当宾语从句较长时;3.当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;4.当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;5.当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;6.当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;7.当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;8.当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;9.当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;10.当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;11.在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.九：宾语从句的否定转移主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.例句：I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party.我认为他不会来我的舞会.I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.例句：We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?十：宾语从句的时态和语序当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.当主句为过去时的时候从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生例句：I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in.我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.He asked me if I was reading the story “The Old Man and the Sea ”when he was in.他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读.从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前例句：He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后例句：The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化例句：The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首例句：Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手.第二部分一. 定义：宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。二. 学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which（指事）,who（指人） 1从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。 2从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whetheror not结构中不能用if替换。 3从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。 当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他判断时态情况：1.主句是一般现在时，从句为各种时态情况 2.主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态注意：从句描绘客观事实，用一般现在时例题：1. The teacher told the children that the sun round.A. was B. is C. were D. are2. I believe that our team the basketball match.A. win B. won C. will win D. wins3. I dont know to visit the old man.A. whether B. if C. that D. who4.The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school. A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where 答4：选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语，use sth. as“把用作宾语从句，在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后； Tell him which class you are in Do you know what he likes？ (1)主、从句时态一致： 主句谓语过去时，从句相应过去时； He answered that he was listening to me. 主句谓语现在时，从句时态任所需； He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk. They know (that) he is working hard. 具体过去永不变，真理格言现在时； He told me that he was born in 1980. Father told me that practice makes perfect . （2）否定前移，及完成反意问句； 在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注: 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称） I dont think you are right ,are you ? I dont believe they have finished their work yet,have they ? （3）在表示建议 suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 决定 decide; 命令 order、command; 坚决主张 insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v（虚拟语气） eg I suggested that you（should）study hard He ordered that we should go out at once （4）如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置 egYou may think it strange that he would live there （5）宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略 A当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。 egI believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get bet?鄄ter B当it作形式宾语时 egShe made it clear that she had nothing to do with him C当宾语从句前置时 egThat our team will win，I believe三.分类A 作动词的宾语:I 主语heard 谓语动词the news.名词作宾语I主语heard 谓语动词that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语-宾语从句B 作介词的宾语:He主语said 谓语动词nothing 代词作动词的宾语 about 介词 the plan. 名词作介词的宾语四.带有宾语从句的复合句的构成:带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.五.注意：A 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。Bad: I thought that he could finish thisjob in just two hours impossible.Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.C 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。Bad: I think he doesnt like the English teacher.Good: I dont think he likes the English teacher.DFalse: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.4.同位语从句（Appositive Clause）： 与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。5.定语从句（Attributive Clause）：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。引导定语从句的关联词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why 和 which. 在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which.例句：The dog that/which was lost has been found.（失踪的狗已经找到了。）Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.（有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。）There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.（存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。）The days when we had to rely on wool, cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.（那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。）Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.（空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。）This is the reason why he refused to help us.（这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。）He was born in 1976, when an earthquake struck the country.（他出生于1976年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。）They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people, which enraged all of us.（他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。） 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词, 或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时,或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that.The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.（孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假。）These are the very points that puzzle me.（真正困扰我的是这些观点。）Is there anything that bothers you?（有什么事烦着你吗？）This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.（这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。）as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头.例句：Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。）The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。）As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。）We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。）介词+which/whom/whose从句The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。）Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。）Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of which none of us had ever heard.（Jane一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。）例题：Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _ it comes in contact.a. where b. that c with which d as soon as代/名+介词+which 从句He is needing a book, the name of which I dont know.（他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。）In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materials, all of which can he turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。）To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer.（为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串答案唯一的问题。）同位语从句和定语从句The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大学录取的消息非常令人兴奋。）The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告诉我的好个消息真的是很激动人心。） 难句:NO.1He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员。）NO.2He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他是那些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。）NO.3I shall never forget the day when we first met.NO.4I remember the morning when he first came to school.NO.4I shall never forge