人教版必修二unit 3讲义.doc

必修二unit 3 computers1. analyse (US analyze) v.分析（将事物分解成各部分以研究其性质或结果）；观察并解释（某事物）eg：By analysing the parts of the sentence we learn more about English grammar. n：analysis (pl：n. analyses) 可数 n.分析报告/可数和不可数n.分析 in the last / final analysis 总之,归根结底 adj analytic /analytical 2. calculate vt.计算，估计calculate + n / that从句 be calculated to do sth 打算/计划做某事a calculated insult 存心的侮辱 a calculated risk(明知有危险)有意进行的冒险calculate on sth / doing sth.指望/ 依靠某事物n: calculation calculator adj: calculable 可计算的,可估计的 adj: calculating 有私心的, 精明的3. simplify vt. 简化；使简明Try to simplify you explanation for us. 给我们讲解要尽量简单明了。The technology has been simplified so that everyone can use it.这项技术已经得到简化，以便任何人都能使用它。Simple 简单的 反义词complicated复杂的Simplify简化 反义词complicated是复杂化注：后缀-fy常用在动词词尾，表示“形成”“变成”“使.化”，类似的单词还有：beautify, classify等。记住一些常用的词缀有利于快速扩大词汇量。4. sum n. (常用pl)算术 do a sum in in ones head 做心算c n (of sth ) 金额 He was fined the sum of 2oo Yuan.c（常用单数） sum of sth 总数、总和 sum total / the sum of sth 总共、全部in sum = in a few words 简言之V： sum （sth）up 总结、概括（某事物） sum sb / sth up形成对某人/某事物的看法eg: I summed her up as a competent manager.题：He paid an enormous C for the painting by QiBaishi.A, money B, number C, sum D, deal解析：sum当“金额”讲时常和 huge, enormous 搭配。我认为她是个能干的经理。N：summary n. 总结、摘要 in summary 总的说来，归纳起来v：summarize /summarise 总结、概括5. artificial 反义词 naturaladj：（made / produced by man in imitation of sth natural)not real 人造的人工的假的 artificial flowers / pearls 作为的,虚假的.6. intelligence 不可数n 智力、脑力、情报、信息（尤指有军事价值的）（做定）intelligence service 情报部门 adj：intelligent聪明的，有才智的，有头脑的7. solve vt.解决；解答(侧重给出问题的答案) Its difficult for him to solve the problem.对他来说解决这个问题很难.The little boy is good at solving the word puzzle. 那个男孩善于解字谜.对比：settle 解决（其对象常是某种争端）There are still many problems D before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.A, solving B, solved C, being solved D, to be solved解析：There are 可知，考查非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰problems, 根据时间状语before 从句可知动作solve 发生在将来，且problems 与solve 之间存在被动关系。8. from on 从起eg：From now on you can work on your own.From then on she knew she would win.She never spoke to him again from that day on.9. reality 反义 ideals 不可数n 可数名词，常用pl ,目睹/经历过的事物In reality = in actual fact，really 事实上,实际上10. personally adv. (1) 就个人而言( = in ones opinion)(2) 本人,亲自( = by oneself)11. reality n. U现实;真实;C事实;实际经历;见过的食物result 短语: n: as a result of 因为.the result ofeg, The flight was delayed as a accident of fog. His limp is the result of an accident . Have good/bad exam results 考试成绩好/不好 V. result from sth 由.引起、(因而)发生/产生/出现) result in sth 产生某种作用/ 结果eg， Injures resulting from a fall 因摔倒而受的伤. Our efforts resulted in success.as a result 因此，结果 Tom didnt work hard .As a result, he failed the exam.汤姆学习不用功，结果没通过考试。face / accept reality 面对/ 接受现实out of touch with reality 脱离现实with reality 真实地;逼真地in reality 实际上bring back to reality 使面对现实，不再抱有幻想become a reality 变成现实She refuses to face reality.她不肯面对现实。【解析】as a result 与as a result of 易混词组解析例句as a result“结果，因此”，单词使用，其后不接宾语，可位于句首或句中。作连接性状语，起承上启下的作用，表示结果。He broke his leg。 As a result，he had to be in bed for three months 。他摔断了腿，结果，他不得不卧床3个月。as a result of“由于，作为的结果”，后接名词或代词，在句中常用来引导原因状语。He is unable to go work as a result of the falling from his horse. 由于他从马上摔了下来，他不能去上班了。选词填空： As a result of the serious flood, two-thing the buildings in the area need repairing .He made one big mistake and as a result , he lost his job. The accident resulted in five childrens death. The fire resulted from their carelessness and irresponsibility.12. total adj. 总的;整个的; n.总数;合计totally adv. 完全地;整个地in total 总共 a total of 总数,总共Its like learning a totally new language. 这就好像在学习一门全新的语言.Please figure out the total cost.请算出总费用.In total, they spent 100 days on the project.A total of twenty people were killed in the accident.13. so .that “如此以至于”引导结果状语从句，口语中that 可以省略 so + adj./adv. + that so + adj./adv. + that 搭配 如此以至于so few /many +可数名词+that so much/little（表“少”）+不可数名词 + that注意：sothat 结构中，so可置于句首，形成倒装结构。So tired was he that he fell asleep as soon as he lay down.他太累了以至于一躺下就睡着了。so+ adj.+ a（n）+可数名词单数+that = such + a(n) + adj.+可数名词单数+thatShe is so good a teacher that we all love her.=She is such a good teacher that we all love her.她是一位如此好的老师，我们都喜欢她。当名词为可数复数或不可数名词时，只能用such. that.结构。但当名词有few，many ，little （少的），much等表示数量的词修饰时，不能用such.that来替换so.that。-It was such fine weather that the children played outdoors all day.天气那么好，以至于孩子们在户外玩了一整天。-There was so little water left that only small children were given some.剩下的水如此的少，只给小孩分了一些。题：He ran so fast that i could hardly follow him.= So fast did he run that i could hardly follow him.So sudden C that the enemy had no time to escape.A, did the attack B, the attack did C, was the attack D, the attack wasThe weather was _D_cold that I didnt like to leave my room. A. really B. such C. too D. so14. application【C.U】应用；用途；申请；请求make an application（to sb）for （向某人）申请 an application from 申请表v.应用;申请 apply apply.to .把应用到 apply.oneself to.致力于；集中精力于apply for 申请 apply to . for. 向申请eg, They can better apply theory to practice in this way. 这样，他们就能更好地把理论运用到实践中去。He has applied to the company for a job.他已向那家公司申请一份工作。15. explore v. 探测，勘查，探险；探究，考察注意：explore 通常结合形似词进行考查， explode（爆炸），explain（解释、说明），export（出口，输出）等一起考查。题：The old professor made full of the time left to him to A all possible ways of food production.A, explore B, search C, request D, explode 16. anyhow adv.(1)（转换话题，结束谈话或回到原话题时说 ），无论如何，反正Anyhow I dont like it.反正我不喜欢它。(2)而且，加之，反正 I dont want to go out and anyhow it is raining.我不想出去，而且天又在下雨。(3)尽管，即使这样 I an afraid we cant come, but thanks for the invitation anyhow.恐怕我们来不了，不过还是感谢邀请。注意：anyhow作“无论如何，而且；即使如此”讲时，可与anyway互换；somehow表示“以某种方式；不知怎么地。”17. goal n. 目标；目的 set a goal 设定目标 achieve / realize / attain/ reach a goal 实现目标(2)进球;得分;球门score a goal 得分(踢进一球) keep goal 守球门18. the human race 人(总称) 人类 human kind = mankind不可数human being（man woman or child; person 男人女人孩子人）可数a human = a human beinghuman interest (报纸报道等中描写个人的遭遇感情等)人情世故) human nature 人性 You cant change human nature.19. signal (1) vt/vi发信号;示意.（不用于被动语态中） signal (to) sb/sth to do (向某人)发出做.的信号signal (to) sb/sth for sth(向某人)发出.的信号signal (to) sb/sth + 从句(向某人)发出.的信号n.信号,暗号signal for/of sth .的信号send/give a signal 发出信号carry a signal 传递信息transmit/ send out a signal 发送信号receive/ pick up a signal 接收信息clear signal 清楚的信息strong signal 强烈的信号a danger / warning signal 危险 / 警告信号 traffic signals 交通信号eg, signal to the officer that.signal to the regiment for the attack to begin.signal to the waiter to bring the menu.A red light is usually a signal for/of danger.对比： signn: 符号，征兆v: 签字，示意做手势（传递信息等）sign (to) sb that.从句sign (to) sb to do sthsign for sth 签收某物eg, sigh to sb where to go.He signed me to be quiet.The policeman signed (for) them to stop.The postman asked me to sign for the parcel.20. type type of 种类 all types of jobs / a type of 一种 revert to type 回复到自然/原先的状态V.按类分：Patients typed by age and blood group.打字：type in/into 输入 type sth out / up （用键盘）将.打出n: typist 打字员 typewriter打字机kind, sort, type区别:kind侧重指有共同特征，性质相同或非常相似的事物，尤其指动物、植物、水果等生物界的同一类属。与sort相比较为正式。Eg,-An orange is a kind of fruit橙子是一种水果。 Sort表示种类，可以与kind互换，但它侧重指大体相似或相近的事物，而且常常带有轻蔑或否定的意味，与kind相比较为口语化。Eg,-She is not my sort of(a girl)她不是我喜欢的那种(小女孩)。 Type也可表示种类，但它侧重指具体的类型，作“型号”、“式样”解。Eg,-A new type Of plane can be seen flying in the sky可以看到天上飞着一架新型飞机。 A type of与a kind of和a sort of的用法基本相同。(all kinds of与all sorts of与 all type of的用法也基本相同) Of后的名词通常用单数，名词前不用冠词或其他限定词。Eg, -The engineer designed a new kindsorttype Of plane这个工程师设计了一种新型飞机。但在美国英语中，a type of(all types of)中常常省去of，直接用type修饰名词，如a new type(of) car，a new type(of)bike等。A type of作“典范”解时，其后的单数名词可以被限定词所修饰。Eg, -Guo Moruo is a fine type of the modern writer in China。 kind 可以译作“种类”，一般指属于同种性质和特质的东西，以便把一个种类的事物与其它种类的事物区分开。 sort指大体相似的东西。由于sort 和kind 两词之间差异很小，人们在使用时常不加以区别。 type 则指比kind更具体的东西，译作“型”“类型”。Eg, 1. A cow is a kind of animal .(牛是一种动物。） 2. What sort of music do you like ?(你喜欢哪一种音乐？）3. This is a new type of dictionary.(这是一种新型词典。） 题：I like this D of car, especially this new .A, kind; kind B. type; type C, type; kind D, kind; type21. way 短语in a way / in one way / in some way 在某种程度上 牛津词典中是： in some ways 在某种程度上all the way 一路上by the way 在途中的路边/ 顺便说一下 by way of 路经(某处)途径/ 作为,当作/意在或为了(干） give way 断裂；倒塌 give way (to /sth )a. 让某人 / 某物在先,让出,放弃 b.被sth 制服 give way to despair 陷于绝望c.向sb/ sth让步 d.give way to sth 被sth代替go sbs way 与某人同路/ 对某人有利 in a bad way 病得很重/情形很糟in a fair way to do sth = be likey to do sth 可能做某事in the way/in ones way 造成不便/ 阻碍 in this/ that way 以这种/那种方式lose ones way = be come lost 迷路in any way 在任何方面make ones way (to wards sth ) 走、行走、前进make way（for sb / sth )让(某人 / 某事物)通过,给让路(there are ）no two ways about it.对于某事物只有一种正确的或合适的方法来做、说、思考。no way 决不/没门in no way 决不,一点儿也不(置于句首时,句子要用部分倒装).one way or another.用某种方法 / 方式等on ones / the way to.在来或去的行进中,在路上one way and another 考虑到各个方面(21)on the way out 正在离开,将不流行(22)out of the way 偏远(23)Show (sb) the way to 告诉（sb）怎么到某处、/ 成为sb的榜样 show the way for(24)to my way of thinking = in my opinion(25)under way 已经开始并进行着22. arise vi. (arose, arisen)出现;发生,产生 (2) (由.)引起;(因.)产生arise from/out sth. 因.产生( = result from)arise 作“出现、产生”讲时，多以抽象名词作主语，如 crisis（危机），difficulty，situation（形势，局面）等。【解析】 arise，rise与raise易混词过去式 过去分词词义例句arisearose，arisen产生，发生，出现Most accidents arose from carelessness。大部分事故是由疏忽大意引起的。riserose，risen升起来 上升The sun rises in the east and sets in the west。太阳东升西落。raiseraised，raised举起，使上升She raised her head and stared at them。她抬起头盯着他们看。22. help不可数n . be of（any）help to you 能帮上忙单数n: a help to sb有助于某事物with the help of sb = with ones help在.的帮助下；借助【拓展】（be）of great help 非常有帮助 help.out 帮助.摆脱困境cant help doing sth忍不住做某事 cant help but do sth.不得不做某事cannot .too.表示“再.也不为过”题：You _ pay too much attention to your reading skill, as it is so important.A. cannot B. should C. must D. neednt23. electronic adj 电子的 electronic calculator /electronic dictionary electronic mail (email/ e mail）n. electronics 电子学 (作定)the electronics industry 电子工业24. deal with pt/pp dealt对待；对付；处理Deal with a man as he deals with you.与.交易（尤指做买卖）Theyve dealt with this company for 20 years.论及；涉及This book deals with an international issue.【解析】deal with 与 do with易混词组辨析一言辨异deal withdeal是不及物动词，故deal with 一般与how 连用。He knows how to deal with men，but when he meets women，he doesnt know what to do with them。他知道怎样和男人打交道，但当遇见女人时，他不知该怎么对待。do withdo是及物动词，故do with一般与what连用。题：Ive just had my supper, so I can only a cup of tea, but nothing else.A. deal with B. do with C. feed with D. go with解析：do with在这里作“处理，忍受”。译成“我只能喝茶了”。watch over 看管，照顾看守；监视；守卫；保护eg, They were watched over by three policeman.Its her duty to watch over these old men.25. watch over 看守监视watch（over）sb /sth 守卫或保护某人某物/留心/注视watch for sth 盼望或等待某事物 为某人/ 某物注视 / 监视mind / watch ones step 小心行走/谨慎地做事 watch it 当心 小心 留神 watch the clock (注)盯着钟表(盼着下班)watch the time 留意时间(如以免误事)watch the world go by 注意周围发生的事watch out (for sb / sth) 戒备 提防 (某人/某事)n. keep watch (for sb /sth) 为某人/某物监视keep a close eye / watch on sb / sth 密切注视某人/ 某物on watch 值班(be )on (the ) watch (for /sb / sth) 注意提防(尤指可能发生的危险)【拓展】watch out （for）注意，留神，当心keep a watch on 监视 under the close watch 在严密的监视下be on the watch （for）小心提防（.）；警戒（.）课文知识点解释：warming up& Reading1, have nothing/little/something/a lot in common (with sb/sth)（与某人/某物）无/几乎无/一些/许多共同之处In common 共同（的）；共有（的）；共用（的）In common with sb/sth 与某人/某事物一起；像某人/某物一样eg, -Jame and I have nothing in common. -Land owned in common by the residents.居民共有的土地。 -In common with many others, she applied for a training place.题： C many old people, he likes this kind of dance.A, Instead of B, In spite of C, In common with D, Instead2. I developed very slowly and it took nearly two hundred years before I was built I was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage.我发育缓慢，差不多到了两百年之后，查尔斯. 巴比奇才将我制成了一台分析机。It took + 一段时间+before +从句，表示过了一段时间后才.it will(not)be + 时间段 + 从句（现在时）要过一段时间后才.(用不了一段时间就.)it was(not)be + 时间段 + 从句（过去时）过了一段时间后才.(没过一段时间就.)It will be half a year before you graduate from the school.还有半年你才从这所学校毕业。It was a long time before I understood what he did.过了很长时间后我才理解他所做的事情。3. As time went by, I was made smaller.As I have grown older I have also grown smaller.随着时间的流逝，我被制的越来越小。as 表示“随着”有两种：as引导的从句，with复合结构。As time went by, things will get better.=With time going by, things will get better.go by (时间) 逝去，过去；走过，经过；（机会等）轻易错过题：Several years A before the painting by QiBaishi.A, went by B, went over C, went off D, went out D the day went on, the weather got worse.A, With B, Since C, While D, As3. But I was always standing there by myself, until in the early 1960s they gave me a family connected by a network.(p18)-I was able to share my knowledge with others through the World Wide Web.(p18) by (through the action, power or work of (sb/sth)借某人某事物的动作，力量或作品)；（through the means of.(sth/doing sth)通过某事物/做某事物）a play (written) by Shakespeare /run over by a car/ struck by lightning The room is heated by gas./May I pay by cheque?/I shall contact you by letter/telephone.He earns his living by writing./You switch the radio on by pressing this button. By working hard he gained rapid promotion.with(indicating the tool or instrument used用以表示使用的工具或器具)Cut it with a knife /You can see it with a microscope./He hit it with a hammer.I can only move it with your help./It was easy to translate with a dictionary.through (indicating the agent or means 表示作用物或方法)；(indicating the cause or reason 表示原因或理由)I heard of the job through a newspaper advertisement.It was through you that we able to meet again.We missed the plane through no fault of mine.The vase was broken through carelessness.题： A the help of the internet, people can now talk to each other e-mail.A, with; by B, under; by C, with; with D, under; through4. Anyhow, my goal is to provide humans with a life of high quality.不管怎样，我的目标是给人类提供高质量的生活。of high quality 作后置定语.“of + 修饰词（high, great, little, some, no等）+ 抽象名词(value, importance, use, help, interest等)”除了用作定语，还常用作表语，相当于形容词的作用。eg, be of great value=be very valuablebe of great use=be very usefullearning about language:1, At the time my interest began, I was playing with radios at home.问题: at the time 是名词性短语引导的时间状语从句吗？2,Over time I decided to build my own radio.Over time I have been changed quite a lot.(p18)Over time my memory has developed so much that, like elephant, I never forget anything I have been told.(p18)So why has English changed over time?using language:Andy- The Android1, para1: For example, I have learned to signal to my teammates in computer language to give me the ball when I am open and have a good short for