化学工程专业英语考试重点.docx

Math Section:l Real: rational consists of Integer and fraction,& decimal fraction, irrational.Complexl Figures: rectangle; parallelogram; rhombus; trapezoidl 3D graphics: rectangular prism; cyclinder; cone; spherel Number theory: odd; even; prime numberl Angles: alternate; corresponding; vertical; obtuse; acute; straightl Coordinate: OrdinateQuadrantAbscissaRectangular coordinatel Basic math symbols and reading& writings:N! : factorial : greater than : greater than or equal to : less than or equal to2n: square root of n 3n: cube root of n nn: nth root of n ln (x): natural logarithm of x log (x): logarithm to the base 10 of x loga (x): logarithm to the base a of x |a|:absolute value of a xn: the nth power of x x2: the square of x dny/dxn :the nth derivative of y to xny/xn: the nth partial derivative of y with respect to x ydx: integral of y with respect to x abydx: integral of y between limits a and b1,234,567,000: one billion, two hundred and thirty-four million, five hundred and sixty-seven thousandPhys Section:l Prefix:l Other units:Temperature: Kelvin(K), Celsius(oC), FahrenheitCurrent: ampereVolume: 1 cubic meter=1 literForce: 1 N(Newton)=105 dyne, 1kgf=9.8N(Newton)Pressure:1atm (atmosphere)= 101.325kPa, 1kPa=7.5mmHg, 1kPa=0.01bar Thermal:1J(Joule)=0.2389cal(calorie)Power:1kW(kilowatt)=1.34HP(horse power)Viscosity: cp(centipoise)=mPasCharge: 1Ah=3600C 1As=1C(coulomb)l TEM(Transmission electron microscopy): TEM samples of silver nanoparticles were prepared by placing a drop of silver hydrosol on carbon coated copper grids and allowing water to completely evaporate. High-resolution TEM images were obtained, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was performed on Tecnai F30 microscope (FEI, The Netherlands).l SEM(scanning electron microscope): A type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons.l FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy): It covers a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify and study chemicals.l How to predict motion in relativity: E = mc2, Where E is the energy in J, m is the mass in kg, and c is the light speed in m/s.l Coulombs law: F=Kq1q2/r2, Where F is the electrical force in N, K is a constant equal to K=8.99*109Nm2/C2,qi is the charge of particle i in C, and r is the distance of the two particles in m.l Ohms Law: R=V/I, Where R is the resistance in Ohm(), V is the voltage in volt, and I is the current in A.l The Schrodinger equation: H=E, Where H is the Hamiltonian operator, is the wavefunction which characterizes particles motion, and E is the energy of particle in J.Chemistry section (inorganic)On the microscopic level, matter consists of atoms and moleculesl Periodic tableHhydrogenHeheliumLilithiumBeberylliumBboronCcarbonNnitrogenOoxygenFfluorineNneonNasodiumMg magnesiumAlaluminiumSisiliconPphosphorusSsulfurClchlorineArargonKpotassiumCacalciumScscandiumTititaniumVvanadiumCrchromiumMnmanganeseFeironCocobaltNinickelCucopperZnzincGagalliumGegermaniumAsarsenicSeseleniumBrbromineKrkryptonRbrubidiumSrstrontiumYyttriumZrzirconiumNbniobiumMomolybdenumTctechnetiumRurutheniumRhrhodiumPapalladiumAgsilverCdcadmiumInindiumSntinSbantimonyTetelluriumIiodineXexenonCscaesiumBabariumLalanthanumCeceriumPrpraseodymiumNdneodymiuml Chemical bond is the force which holds together atoms in molecules or crystals ionic bond, covalent bond, coordination bond, hydrogen bond(?), metallic bond.l Polymer consists of plastic(resin), fiber, rubber. A polymer is a long, repeating chainof atoms, formed through the linkage of many identical molecules called monomers.Polymer has repetition of monomers because of polymerization.l Matter states: gas, liquid, solid.l Pure substances or mixturesIf matter is not uniform throughout, then it is a heterogeneous mixture.If matter is uniform throughout, it is homogeneous.If homogeneous matter can be separated by physical means, then the matter is a mixture.If homogeneous matter cannot be separated by physical means, then the matter is a pure substance.If a pure substance can be decomposed into something else, then the substance is a compound.If a pure substance cannot be decomposed into something else, then the substance is an element.There are 114 elements known.l Solution(usually transparent), colloids(milk or panits) and grains(some materials).l Atoms: All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.Molecules: Sometimes two or more atoms are found bound together to formmolecules.Elements are made up of only one type of atom.l Three basic particles: protons, electrons , and neutrons, protons and neutronscombine to be nucleusl Sometimes an atom can have more or fewer electrons than protons resulting in a net positive or negative charge. When this happens it is called an ion.l Isotopes: atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.Nomenclature of inorganic compoundsl -ide:CuCl: copper(I) chloride/cuprous chlorideCuCl2: copper() chloride/cuprous chlorideFeBr2: Iron() bromide/ferrous bromideFe2O3:Iron() oxide/ferric oxideFe3O4: ferroferric oxidel -ate(ite)ClO4-(perchlorate), ClO3-(chlorate), ClO2- (chlorite) ClO- (hypochlorite)HCO3-(hydrocarbonate), CO32-(carbonate)SO42-(sulfate), SO32-(sulfite)HPO42-(hydrogen phosphate), PO43-(phosphate), H2PO4-(dihydrogen phosphate)CrO42-(chromate), Cr2O72-(dichromate)NO3-(nitrate), MnO4-(permanganate) OH- (hydroxide)suffixes: ate (higher oxidation state), ite (lower )_ prefixes: per (highest oxidation state), hypo (lowest)Some examples:Na2SiO3 Sodium silicateNa2Al2O4 Sodium aluminateNaBH4 Sodium borohydridel -ic,-ous(acids)Some acids:(shape ate into ic, shape ite into ous)HClO4 (perchloric acid), HClO3 (chloric acid),HClO2 (chlorous acid), HClO(hypochlorous acid)HCl : hydrochloric acidH2SO4: sulfuric acidHNO3 : nitric acidH3PO4 : phosphoric acidl Some prefixes CO2 (Carbon dioxide) CO (Carbon monoxide) CCl4 (Carbon tetrachloride) CCl3 (Carbon trichloride)Sequence: mon(o), di, tri, tetr(a), pent(a), hex(a), hept(a), oct(a)Cr(NH3)4Cl2Cl2: dichloro-tetrammine-chromium (IV) chloridel a process whereby atoms, groups of atoms, or ions lose electrons is called oxidation; whilst a process whereby these gain electrons is called reduction.Chemistry section (organic)l Prefixes:1-10: meth(a), eth(a), prop(a), but(a), pent(a), hex(a), hept(a), oct(a), non(a), decal SuffixesAlkyl groups: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, phenylAlkoxyl groups: hydroxyl)(-OH), methoxyl(-CH3), carboxyl(coo-), carbonyl(c=o),l Nomenclature of organic compoundsl Alkanes(-ane): prefix+anel Alkenes(-ene): prefix+enel Alkynes(-yne): prefix+ynel Alcohols(anol, enol, ynol)l Aldehyde(anal, enal, ynal)l Ketones(anone, enone, ynone)l Benzene/phenols: Para(对), ortho(邻), and meta(间) positions on the benzene ring.l Ethers: If the oxygen is in a ring, use epoxy as a prefix.l Alkyl halides:They have prefixes as mono, di, tri, tetra.l Carboxylic acids: e- oic acid.Chemistry section (physical chemistry)l Chemical thermodynamics concerns with energy change and the trend of equilibrium and the equilibrium state.Chemical kinetics concerns with the rate of matter change, also be seen as reaction rate.l Internal energy: U(motions, interactions, and bonding of its constituent molecules)External energy: kinetic + potential energyThermal energy: internal energy + heatMechanical energy: external energy + mechanical /electrical work Heat: Q temperature difference Work: W mechanical motionl Intermolecular forces: attractive, repulsive, specificl The zeroth law of thermodynamics: if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.l PVT relations: PV=nRT, where P is the pressure in Pa, V is the volume in m3, n is the molecules in mol, R is the gas constant equal to R=8.314Pam3/(molK), T is the temperature in K.l The first law of thermodynamics: The total energy of a system plus its surroundings remains constant. Energy can not be created or destroyed, only modified in formsl The second law of thermodynamics: It is not possible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is to transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body. It is impossible to construct a device operating in a cycle that results in no effect other than the production of work by transferring heat from a single body.l The entropy(S) of an isolated system increases in a spontaneous (irreversible or natural ) change.For a reversible process, the change of entropy is dS = Qr / TFor an irreversible process, the change of entropy dS = Q / T +SgenCarnot cycle: l 1.Reversible isothermal expansion of the gas at the hot temperature, T1 (isothermal heat addition or absorption).l 2.Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expansion of the gas (isentropic work output). l 3.Reversible isothermal compression of the gas at the cold temperature, T2. (isothermal heat rejection) l 4.Isentropic compression of the gas (isentropic work input). l The third law of thermodynamics: It is impossible to attain a temperature of absolute zero. The entropies of all substances in the perfect crystalline or the perfect liquid state are zero at the absolute zero of temperature (0K).l Perfect state: without any disturbance in the arrangement of the atoms.l Heat of reaction, heat of combustion, heat of formationl Thermal chemistryGibbs free energy: G=H-TSHelmholtz free energy: F=U-TSFundamental equations of thermodynamics:dG = SdT +Vdp dU = TdS pdV dF = SdT pdV dH = TdS +VdpConditions: closed system; volumetric work only (without shaft work)l Phase equilibriumIdeal solution: Raoult theoremVapor-liquid equilibrium of an ideal binary solution: y P + y P = x Ps + x PsReal solution: partial molar quantity, chemical potential, activity, fugacity, activity coefficient, fugacity coefficient.Clapeyron equations: the relation of equilibrium P and equilibrium T for puresubstances (vapor pressure, boiling point, melting point, solidifying point).Phase rule: The degree of freedom: f = C- + 2 Conditions: No reaction, other limitations.l Chemical equilibrium: stoichiometric coefficient, equilibrium constant.Vant Hoff s Equation lnK/Tp=H0T/RT2l Chemical kinetics: element reaction, rate of reaction, order of reaction, reaction rate constant, activation energy, parallel reaction, series reaction, chain reactionChemistry section V(unit operation)l Momentum transportIt is in nature a topic of hydrodynamics and hydrostatics concerning on the conservation of momentum to give us the design fundamentals on transport pipes, devices, some separation units such as precipitation.l Heat transportIt concerns about different heat transport modes (convection, conduction, radiation) and heat exchangers (including reactor, driers and other setups) design through the conservation of heat.l Mass transportIt tells us different unit operations in chemical separation processes, in particular for equilibrium separations, such as distillation, absorption, adsorption, extraction, crystallization, and provides us the theoretical foundations to make you be a specialist on designing and operating those setups in ChE.l Fluid mechanics are made up of fluid statics(hydrostatics) and fluid in motion (hydrodynamics)l About hydrodynamics: In Chemical processes fluid streams flow from one process to another through pipes and ducts.Process fluids are moved by pumps and compressorsFluid flowrates must be monitored by meters and are controlled by valves.Reynold number: Re = du / = du/vViscous fluid: laminar flow, transit flow, turbulent flowcompressible/incompressible fluids: density inviscid fluid = ideal fluidl The equation of continuity (mass conservation)l The equation of motion (momentum conservation)Bernoulli equation Parameters: f-friction factor (a function of u); L-length of pipe; D-diameter of pipe; hL- energy loss (J/kg)The Bernoulli equation (p/ + u2 + gz = constant ) relates the forces(gravity and pressure) acting on the fluid to the motion as represented by the velocity on condition that it is a 1-D, steady, incompressible and ideal flow.l The equation of mechanical energy (from the equation of motion)l About hydrostaticsGeneral equation of pressure distribution in a static fluid: dp/dz= -g h=(p1-p2)/g (pressure head)Absolute pressure, gauge pressure, vacuum pressurel Heat transfer: process fluids may need to be heated up to a certain temperature heat from a process stream may be recoveredThis can be done by contacting two streams in a heat exchanger.Heat Transfer by conduction, convection, radiationl Conduction: a heat transfer way arising from the transfer of vibrational energy between solid molecules, or the transfer of kinetic energy in fluids, or the movement of free electrons in metals.l Convection: heat transfer arises from the mixing of elements of fluid. If the mixing results from density differences, it is called Natural convection; if the mixing occurs as a result of eddy movement in the fluid, it is called Forced convection.l Radiation: thermal energy transferred in the form of electromagnetic waves with the wavelengths in the range 0.1-100m. (reflected, transmitted, absorbed)l Heat conduction:Fouriers Law: where, q is the heat flux (W/m2), the thermal conductivity (W/mK)Differential equation of temperature distribution from the conservation of energy:Where, a is the thermal diffusion coefficient with the unit of m2/s. l Heat convectionThe Newtonian Law: where is the heat transfer coefficient for film (W/m2K), 1/ representsthe thermal resistance (m2K/W)Heat transfer through a composite wall: where Q is the heat transferred per unit time in W (heat transfer rate), K the overall heat transfer coefficient (w/m2K), and Tm the logarithmic or arithmetic average temperature depending on the temperature differences of the two ends.A countercurrent flow has a larger average Tm, than a cocurrent flow does.l Heat exchangersClassification in terms of use: heater, cooler, evaporator, reboiler, condensator, reactorMass transfer and separation processesl Equilibrium Separation methods in ChEGas absorptionDistillationAdsorption/Chromatography/Ion exchangeCondensation/EvaporationLeaching and extractionDrying (desiccation)CrystallizationMembrane separationPervaporation (PV), Vapor/gas se