初三动词专题.doc

辅 导 讲 义教师黄双珠科目英语上课日期2013.04.08总共学时学生杜紫薇年级初三上课时间10:00-12:00第几学时类别基础提高培优科组长签字教务主管签字校区主任签字一、教学目标：初中语法之：动词各种形式和对应时态1、掌握语法中的动词分支，通过分析例题加深认识动词各形式的变化规律和对应时态； 2、全面掌握初中语法中动词的语法知识，另外重点讲述时态的表达；3、通过随堂练习巩固相关知识点，提高命中率。二、上课内容： 1、初中动词专题知识点讲解2、例题详解 3、课堂练习 4、提高训练三课后作业：见专项训练/课后作业四、家长签名（本人确认：孩子已经完成“课后作业”）_动词分类一 be动词1. 结构a. “系动词+表语”的结构当be 动词做系动词使用时，主要构成“系动词+表语”的结构，在句子中做谓语。表语可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等。例如：The man is a science teacher.Marys new dresses are colorful.Mother is in the kitchen now.I have been there before.They shall be here at 10:00 tomorrow.That cant be true.You are not being very polite.Your brother is being very annoying this eveningb. be 动词的一般疑问句，方法是把be 移到主语前面，也可说成是移到句首。-Is the man a science teacher？-Yes, he is. / No, he isnt.-Are Marys new dresses colorful？-Yes, they are. / No, they arent.-Was mother in the kitchen then？-Yes, she was. / No, she wasnt.-Were you at home the day before yesterday？-Yes, I was. / No, I wasnt.-Was she late this morning？-Yes, she was. / No, she wasnt.c. be 动词用在特殊疑问句在特殊疑问句里，be 动词仍然移到主语前面，但特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的，所以be 动词只能说是移到主语前面，或者说是在特殊疑问词的后面。例如：Whose bike is broken？Xiao Mings bike is.Who was singing in the room？Mr. Zhang was.Where are you from？I am from Wuhu.What class were you in？ We were in Class 2.How old is Tom？He is ten.d. be 动词的否定句be 动词做谓语时，它的否定形式是在be 后加not，并且可以缩写。例如：It is not sunny today.Tom and his friends are not in the park.You were not nine years old when I went to the university.He was not often late for his class when he was a student.I wasnt here yesterday.My parents werent at home last Sunday.e. be 动词的祈使句be 动词的祈使句有肯定和否定两种形式。肯定形式是以be 动词开头，而否定形式或强调句形，要加dont 或do。例如：Be careful!Be a good boy!Dont be silly!Dont be a fool!Do be careful.2. be 动词做助动词助动词be 有两个基本用法，一是与谓语动词一起构成各种时态，二是构成被动语态。a. “be + 现在分词组”成各种进行式时态。例如：Tonys mother is washing his new car.The children are playing in the field.Samuel was eating when I came in.We have been living here since 1959.This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.注意：英语句子中，为了表达时态或被动语态的需要，常常会出现几个助动词连在一块儿使用。也就是说，助动词be会和其它助动词一起使用。这时候，整个句子的一般疑问句和否定句，就不一定是对be 进行变化了，而是以第一个助动词为主进行变化。即哪个助动词在先，就以它为主进行变化。例如：肯定句 All the wonderful birds can be found in our Bird Park. (助动词有两个：can be )疑问句 Can all the wonderful birds be found in our Bird Park？(移第一个can)否定句 All the wonderful birds can not be found in our Bird Park. (在第一个can 后加not)肯定句 I have been there before. (两个助动词：have, been )疑问句 Have you been there before？否定句 I have not been there before.肯定句 I shall be having my supper at six tomorrow evening. (两个助动词：shall, be )3. 助动词be，无词义，辅助主要动词一起在句中作谓语动词。a. be+doing：构成进行时态，有现在和过去两种进行时态。如：The girls is reading and copying the new words now.Young Tom was always asking questions and trying out new ideas.b. be+going to do，表示打算或将要做某事，be有现在和过去两种形式。如：We are going to plant trees in the park.I didnt know if she was going to come here.c. be+to do，表示按计划安排将要做某事。如：The new shop is not to be opened till next Monday. One night an angel came to Mary and told her that she was to have this special boy.d. there be句式：there be+主语部分状语部分，表示某处存在某物，be常用现在时，过去时和将来时等。如：Oh, cool! And there are many things to see. There is even a deer park in Sanya.There are about 80 pyramids in Egypt.Will there be a football match in your school next week？4. 实义be可以将be视为实义动词，因为它具有实际的词义，如 成为;做;发生;举行;逗留;到达 等。如：His daughter wants to be a doctor for animals in her twenties.Kates birthday party will be at half past six this evening.Jim has been in China for more than two years, but he has not yet been to Yichang.二 情态动词1. 语法特征：1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。2. 用法：情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有 can( )、could( )、may( )、might( )、must( )、need( )、ought to( )、shall( )、should( )等。如： Can I help you？- Must we go now？-No, you neednt.a. can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时，指本身有能力的能；be able to用于各种时态均可，指须经过努力而能。b. must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为必须，只用于一般现在时和一般将来时；have/has to表示客观需要，意为不得不，它可用于各种时态。cneed和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。（更具体的可参考星火教辅初三总复习动词专题）三 系动词1. 英语连系动词的分类(1) 状态系动词：只有be一词。如：She is always like that. I am used to traveling alone. These shoes are too tight for me. (2) 持续系动词：表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, rest, lie, stand。如：I hope youll keep healthy. He always kept silent at meeting. The door remained closed. We can remain friends. Please stay seated. He stayed single. (3) 表像系动词：表示“看起来好像”，主要有seem, appear, look等。如：He looks tired. He seems (to be) quite happy. The doctor seemed very capable. He appeared quite well. She appeared relaxed.(4) 感官系动词：表示“起来”，有feel( ) , smell( ) , sound( ) , taste( ) 等。如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. He looks honest, but actually hes a cheat. They all look alike to me. Everybody feels satisfied. Ice feels cold. Silk feels soft and smooth. It sounds a good idea. This food tastes good. (5) 变化系动词：表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run如：He became mad after that. She had grown thinner and thinner. His cold was growing worse. When she saw this, she turned red.His hair turned grey in a few weeks. The milk will soon turn sour. Several people fell ill, victims of blood poisoning. We get wiser as we get old. Your hair has gone quite white! He went mad. The children must not go hungry. (6) 终止系动词：主要有prove( ), turn out( ) 等。如：His story proved false. His advice proved sound. My intuition turned out to be correct. 四 实义动词第三人称单数形式一般现在时主语是第三人称或单数时，谓语动词后要变化成第三人称单数形式：1. 一般情况下只在动词后加s，如workworks, writewrites2. 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词，后加es，如guessguesses, mixmix, finishfinishes, catchcatches3. 以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，改y为I, 再加es，如studystudies注：不规则变化的有havehas, beis, gogoes, dodoes等中文动词原形动词第三人称单数工作work得到get说say阅读read唱跳舞跑步微笑清洁跳中文动词原形动词第三人称单数走go教teach刷牙brush洗wash抓住catch做do修理fix中文动词原形动词第三人称单数学习study尝试try搬carry飞fly哭cry4. 动词第三人称单数的运用动词第三人称单数：顾名思义，当句子的主语为第三人称单数或单数时，句子的谓语动词用动词的第三人称单数形式。句子所对应的时态是一般现在时。（1）表示第三人称和单数的不同类词语：a 人称代词he, she, it是第三人称单数。He likes watching TV. She has lunch at twelve. It looks like a cat. b. 单个人名、地名或称呼作主语;Tomlooks like her mother.Beijing comes from China.Uncle Wang often makes cakes. c. 单数可数名词或this / that / the+单数可数名词作主语时;A horse runs very fast.d. 不定代词someone, somebody, nobody, everything, something等及指示代词this, that作主语时;Everyone arrives here. There is something wrong with the watch. This is a pen. That is an eraser. e. 不可数名词作主语时为第三人称单数。The milk gets sweeter and sweeter. The bread becomes delicious. f. 当数字或字母作主语时，看作第三人称单数。6 is a lucky number. I is a letter. 现在分词1. 变化规律1）一般情况下在动词后加ingstudystudyingworkworking2）以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加ing，writewritingmovemoving3）以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing，如getgetting, beginbeginning。4）以ie结尾的名词，一般将ie改为y，再加ing，lielyingdiedyingtietying注：(A) 以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l，如controlcontrolling；尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如traveltraveling(美) /travelling(英) (B) 特例：picnicpicnicking。2. 现在分词对应时态：现在进行时的基本用法A表示现在 (指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。例：We are waiting for you.B. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。Mr. Green is writing another novel. She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.C. 已经确定或安排好的将来活动Im leaving for a trek in Nepal next week. Were flying to Paris tomorrow. D.有些动词（状态动词）不用于进行时态1）表示知道或了解的动词: believe, doubt, forget, imagine, know, remember, realize, suppose, understand2）表示“看起来”“看上去appear, seem3）表示喜爱或不喜爱hate, like, love, prefer4）表示构成或来源的动词 be, come from, contain, include5）表示感官的动词 hear, see, smell, sound, taste 6）表示拥有的动词belong to, need, own, possess, want, wishE. 现在进行时的构成现在进行时由be+v-ing构成；be应为助动词，应与主语的人称和数保持一致。F. 现在进行时的应用(1)当句子中有now时，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。They are playing basketball now. (2)以look, listen开头的句子，提示我们动作正进行，这时要用现在进行时。Listen！She is singing an English song.(3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作，且此时有this week, these days等时间词，这时常用现在进行时。We are making model planes these days.(4)描述图片中的人物的动作，也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.G. 现在进行时的变化肯定句式：主语+be( am, is, are)+现在分词+其它.否定句式：主语+be(am, is, are) +not +现在分词+其它. 一般疑问句：be(am, is, are) +主语+现在分词+其它特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它（特殊疑问词包括：what/who/which/where/when/why/whose/how）动词过去式一变化规则：（a）动词词尾+“ed”。walk walked（走）need needed （需要）（b）动词词尾为“e”时，加“-d”。live lived （住）like liked （喜欢）（c）动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时，去“y”加“ied”，若是词尾为“元音字母+y”，只加“ed”。study studied （学习）playplayed （游戏）（d）原形动词词尾为重读闭音节时，先双写该辅音字母再+“ed”stop stopped( e )不规则动词（参考星火教辅初三总复习P45）： am,is-was are-were do-didsee-sawsay-said give-gave get-gotgo-wentcome-camehave-hadeat-atetake-tookrun-ransing-sangput-putmake-maderead-readwrite-wrotedraw-drewdrink-drankfly-flewride-rode speak-spokesweep-swept swim-swamsit-sat二动词过去式对应时态：一般过去时态1.表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。He was here yesterday.I got up at seven yesterday morning.My mother was at work yesterday afternoon.Did you have a good time last summer?2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。My mother often went to work by taxi last year.When I was a student, I often listened to music.3.一般过去式表示过去的动作和状态，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before yesterday, last month, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。I worked in that factory last year. I met him yesterday. I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday. 动词过去分词（1） AAA型（动词原形、过去式、过去分词同形）cost（花费） cost cost shut shut shutcut（割） cut cut spit spit/spat spit/ spat(英)hit（打） hit hit hurt 伤害） hurt hurtlet（让） let let put（放） put putread （读） read read(2) AAB型（动词原形与过去式同形）beat（跳动） beat beaten(3) ABA型（动词原形与过去分词同形）become（变成） became become awake awoke awokencome（来） came come run（跑） ran run(4) ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形）dig（挖） dug dug build built builtget（得到） got got/gotten catch caught caughthang（吊死） hanged hanged deal dealt dealthang（悬挂） hung hung feed fed fedhold（抓住） held held find found foundshine（照耀） shone shone sit（坐） sat satpay paid paid win （赢） won wonsend sent sent meet（遇见） met metshoot shot shot keep （保持） kept kepttell told told sleep（睡） slept sleptwin won won sweep（扫） swept sweptfeel（感觉） felt felt smell（闻） smelt/smelled smelt/ smelledleave（离开） left left build（建设） built builtlend（借出） lent lent send （传送） sent sentspend（花费） spent spent lose （丢失） lost lostburn （燃烧） burnt burnt learn（学习） learnt learntmean（意思是） meant meant catch（抓住） caught caughtteach（教） taught taughtbring（带来） brought broughtfight （战斗） fought fought buy（买） bought boughtthink（想） thought thought hear （听见） heard heardsell（卖） sold sold tell（告诉） told toldsay（说） said said find（找到） found foundhave/has（有） had had make（制造） made madestand（站） stood stoodunderstand明白understood understood(5) ABC型（动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形）begin（开始） began begun take（取） took takendrink（喝） drank drunk mistake（弄错） mistook mistakenring（铃响） rang rung ride（骑） rode riddensing （唱） sang sung do（做） did doneswim（游泳） swam swum write（写） wrote writtenblow（吹） blew blown go（去）went gonedraw （画） drew drawn lie（平躺） lay lainfly（飞） flew flown see（看见） saw seengrow（生长） grew grown wear （穿） wore wornknow（知道） knew known be ( am, is, are )（是）was, were beenthrow（投掷） threw thrown show（出示） showed shownbreak（打破） broke broken choose（选择） chose chosenforget（忘记） forgot forgotten (forgot) bear bore borne/bornspeak（说，讲） spoke spoken draw drew drawnwake（醒） woke woken dream dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreameddrive（驾驶） drove driven hide hid hiddeneat（吃） ate eaten lay laid laid 放置fall（落下） fell fallen lie lied lied 撒谎give（给） gave given lie lay lain 躺rise（升高） rose risen see saw seenshake shook shaken steal stole stolencan-couldmay-might will-would shall-shouldmust-must动词过去分词对应时态：现在完成时（标志“has/have+动词过去分词”）一、现在完成时表示影响该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成，并且这个过去发生并完成的动作对现在有影响或结果，同时说话者强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果。如：He has left the city. 他已离开这个城市。(结果：他不在这个城市。)Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗户打破了。(结果：窗户仍破着。)I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。(结果：我现在无钢笔用。)He has finished his work. 他把工作做完了。（结果：他现在可以做其他的事了。）二、现在完成时表示持续该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作或开始的状语在过去并未完成或结束，而是一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束)。如：He has taught in our school for 30 years.他在我们学校教书已有30年了。He has been busy since last week. 自上个星期以来他一直很忙。He has worked for us ever since he left school. 他离开学校以后就一直为我们工作。三、现在完成时表示重复即表示从过去某个时间直到现在的这个时间范围内不断重复发生的动作或情况，并且这个不断重复的动作有可能继续下去，也有可能到现在就结束。如：How often have you seen her? 你隔多少见她一次?My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父亲一向骑车上班。四、现在完成时表示将来同一般现在时可以表示将来一样，现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来。如：Ill wait until he has written his letter. 我愿等到他把信写完。When you have rested, Ill show you the garden. 五 动词短语动词与介词、副词等构成的固定短语，叫短语动词。主要有四类：一、动词+副词有的一般不跟宾语，如go ahead, fall behind, get up, lie down, go up, run out, give in, stay up等；有的可以跟宾语，如put out, carry out, give up, wake up, check in, eat up, fill in, find out, fix up, hand in, mix up, look up, make out, turn down, work out等。注意：宾语是名词时，放在副词前面或后面都可以，但若作宾语的是人称代词时，就只能放在动词和副词之间了。如：Weve decided to put the meeting off (=put off the meeting) . Weve decided to put it off. (不说put off it)二、动词+介词ask for, care for, call for, break into, deal with, call on, look for等。后面必须接宾语。如：I dont care for tea. Dont break into the meeting when you are late.三、动词+副词+介词look forward to, put up with, looked up to, go in for, go along with, date back to, look down on, keep up with, add up to, run out of等。如：She soon caught up with us. Please keep up with the trend.四、动词+名词+介词take care of, pay attention to, make use of, make contribution to如：Take care of your brother while I am away. 【跟踪训练】1. We _ to move but are still considering where to go to. A. are decidingB. decided C. have decidedD. had decided 2. I left my pen on the desk and now its gone; who _ it? A. tookB. has takenC. will takeD. had taken 3. I feel sure I _ her somewhere before. A. was to meetB. have metC. had metD. would meet4. Will you go to the park now? Not until I _ my physics exercises. A. will finishB. have finishedC. will have finishedD. had finished5. Did you enjoy the film?Yes, its the best one I _ these years. A. hadB. have had C. had hadD. would have6. Why do you look worried?Fred left the company half an hour ago. His work _ unfinished since.A. left B. was left C. has leftD. has been left7. Why did you come by bus? My car broke down yesterday evening and I _ it repaired. A. didnt haveB. don t haveC. wont haveD. havent had8. There _ less accidents on this road since the speed limit was introduced. A. have beenB. were C. had been D. have had9. Look at that little boy wandering aboutperhaps he _ his mother. A. will loseB. is losingC. had lostD. has lost10. The plans _ under discussion for a year now, but no decision _ reached. A. have been, has been B. are, is C. have been, is D. are, has been答案：1. C。用现在完成时表示影响，即指现在已经作出决定。2. B。用现在完成时表示影响或结果，即现在笔不见了，结果是由于某人已经把它拿走了。3. B。before 用作副词时不与具体时间连用，泛指“以前