语言与文化unit 6 课件.doc

Unit Six Similes, metaphors and Associations 修辞-比喻和联想A Red Red Rose by Robert Burnsw Oh, my luve is like a red, red rose, 哦，我的爱人就像一朵红红的玫瑰 Thats newly sprung in June, 在六月里迎风绽放 Oh, my luve is like the melodie, 哦，我的爱人像支美妙的乐曲 Thats sweetly played in tune. 奏得和谐又合拍 (2) As fair art thou my bonnie lass, 可爱的姑娘，多美丽的人儿 So deep in luve am I, 我是如此深爱着你 And I will luve thee still my dear, 我将永远爱你，我亲爱的q “Till a the seas gang dry. 直到大海干涸水流尽q 掌握比喻是最大的一种艺术。比喻是没有别的东西可以替代的。“比喻是天才的标志”。 -亚里士多德，诗学 q 比喻是人类语言中一种最有力的手段，没有比喻，语言的发展就不可想象。 -德国著名语言学者缪勒q 我国宋代文则早就有直喻、隐喻、类喻、诘喻、对喻、博喻、简喻、引喻、虚喻等记载。 q 哈佛大学的中国留学生：“老师，我初出茅庐，不知天高地厚，请老师多多包涵。”q 美国导师，天性幽默，机智地说：“你不知道天有多高.地有多厚吗?我也不知道呀。”生动形象的明喻q My love is like a red, red rose q Thats newly sprung in June;q My love is like a melodyq Thats sweetly played in tune (Robert Burns)q 啊，我爱人象红红的玫瑰，在六月里苞放；啊，我爱人象一支乐曲，乐声美妙、悠扬。q I wondered lonely as a cloudq 我像一朵浮云独自漫游。 q (William Wordsworth)q Shall I compare thee to a summers day?q 我能把你比作夏日吗？ q (William Shakespeare)q My heart is like a singing birdq 我的心就象正在唱歌的小鸟。Section 1 Simile明喻q Simile is a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit comparison recognizable by the use of the words “like “ or “ as”. From a dictionary of Literary Termsq 明喻是一事物被比作另一事物的修辞格。1. Structureq 明喻包括q 本体（ Primary term 或tenor） q 喻体（ Secondary term或vehicle）q 比喻词（simile marker）/comparative words or acknowledging wordsq 本体指被比喻的对象q 喻体指用来做比喻的对象q 比喻词在本体和喻体之间起连接作用q 它的基本表达方式：A像B；2. 任何明喻必须具备以下条件：q （1） Simile is a comparison between two unlike things from different domains.q 猫的眼睛像老虎的眼睛。q The tiger is as brave as the lion.q John looks like his brother Billy.q -My car runs as fast as the train.q -The child is like a man.q -The one standing there looks like a beggar.q They are not similes, because the things compared have too many points of resemblance.q （2） 主体和喻体必须在某一点上（声色、形状、性质、 功能等）相似，即有所谓的相似点；（similarity)q The diamond is as blue as the great sea.q Shes like a rose fresh, delicate and beautiful.q We shall not be moved just like a tree standing by the water. 3. 常用比喻词q (3) 用比喻词之类的引导方式引导。q I wondered lonely as a cloud.q 常见的比喻词：q like; unlike; it was a bit like； can be likened to ; as ; as if ; as though; q as it were； as comparable to ; may be compared to ; similar to; etc.j like pattern q Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.q She accidentally breaks our coffee pot, and she really is like a bull in a china shop.q They will never be able to save money to buy a new house they both spend money like water. q 他们将永远积攒不起钱买新房子他们两人都花钱如水。k as patternq a. as + adj. + as + n. My money and goods are as dear to me as life itself. q 钱财对我来说如同生命一样宝贵。/ 我视财如命。q b. as + S + Vq Men fear death, as children fear to go in the dark. (Francis Bacon)q 人恐惧死亡犹如儿童恐惧黑暗。q The news came as a bombshell. q 这个消息犹如晴天霹雳。q c. as if / as though 好像，仿佛q When the earthquake happened, she felt as if she were in a storm at sea. q 当地震发生时，她觉得好像是在海上乘船遇到了风暴似的。q Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost. q 杰夫的神情就好像见到鬼似的。q She was the fattest woman I have ever seen in my life sitting in a small stool. It was as if a sack of grain was supported by a matchbox. q d. as, so像那样，犹如 (the main clause introduced by so) q As the lion is king of beasts, so is the eagle king of birds.q 鹰是鸟中之王，犹如狮是兽中之王。q As lungs are to the animals, so leaves are to the plants.q 叶子之于植物，犹如肺之于动物。(As C is to D, so A is to B.)q e. may / might as well +V as + V pattern（正如不能也不能一样）q You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.q 你把钱借给他好比/还不如把钱扔进海里。q You might as well expect a river to flow backward as hope to move meq 你不能动摇我的心，正如不能使河水倒流一样。l what pattern: what = asq a. A is to B what C is to D. / A is for B what C is for D.q Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. q 阅读之于思想，犹如锻炼之于身体。The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter. 作家的笔犹如战士的枪。 l what pattern: what = asq b. What C is to D, (that) A is to B. q What sculpture is to a block of marble, that education is to the soul.q 教育之于心灵，犹如雕刻之于大理石。q What salt is to food, that wit and humour are to conversation and literature. q 风趣与幽默之于对话与文学，犹如盐之于食物一样m than pattern:q A home without love is no more than a body without a soul.q 没有爱的家好比一具没有灵魂的躯体。A student can no more obtain knowledge without studying than a farmer can get harvest without ploughing. q 学生不学习不能获取知识，犹如农民不耕种不能得到收获一样。n and pattern (用于谚语中）q Love and cough can not be hid. q 恋爱如同咳嗽一样是掩藏不住的。q Kings and bears often worry their keepers. q 伴君如伴虎。q A word and a stone let go cannot be called back q 一言既出，如同抛石，无法收回.q Truth and oil are ever aboveq 真理如油一样，总是要占上风的。 q Time and tide wait for no man q 时光如流水，岁月不饶人。q Fish and visitors stink in three daysq 鱼肉易臭，访客难久. o something of patternq He is something of a political chameleonq 他有点像政治上的变色龙。q Note: The two things compared must be dissimilar but have one quality in common. q e.g. Sandy is as tall as his brother Billy. (not a simile) q Sandy is as tall as a Maypole（五朔节花柱）. (simile)7. asas patternq And the sapphire shall be as blue as the great sea. (O. Wilde)q 蓝宝石像大海一样蓝。q 一贫如洗愚蠢如猪q 烂醉如泥q 快乐如神仙；快乐得像喜鹊 / 百灵鸟8. Other examplesq Shakespeare compared the world to a stage. q 莎士比亚把世界比作舞台。5 Worn-out and useless similesq 英语中的明喻是修辞研究中的主要内容之一。了解明喻的表现形式、修辞作用及其展现的丰富内涵和多姿的艺术魅力，有助于我们更好地表达思想，传情达意，拓宽文化视野，提高鉴赏力。注意：q 习语：固定的，严肃的 注意英汉表达上的不同，文化上的差异。q As-as 句型：(喻体相同）q As black as coalq As cunning as a foxq As light as a feather q As hard as a stone q As graceful as a swan q As cold as an iceq As poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗q As plentiful as blackberries多如牛毛 q as cool as cucumber 泰然自若 q as stubborn as a mule犟得像牛q as drunk as a rat烂醉如泥q as stupid as a goose 愚蠢如猪q as black as a cow 黑如乌鸦 Section 2 Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻q It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, The world is a stage.q 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作浓缩了的明喻(a compressed simile)。1. Metaphor简介q A is B in respect of C.q A is the tenor （本体）, B is the vehicle（喻体）, and C is the ground (the likeness)（喻底） .q 隐喻是用一个事物来表达另一事物，是一种“由此及彼”的转换。换言之，隐喻涉及两种事物，一个是出发点(tenor)，一个为目的地(vehicle)。q 隐喻在日常生活中比比皆是；q 隐喻是人类用来组织其概念系统的不可缺少的认知工具;q 隐喻给人类以观察世界的新方法和看待事物的新视角;。 q 隐喻与最相似的明喻(Simile)相比，它的寓意更深刻，内涵更丰富，更能发人深思，引人入胜。明喻直接指出两种不同事物的共同点; 而隐喻则不然，它留有余地让读者去琢磨。如：q He is lazy like a pig (他像猪一样懒。)q 这是明喻，把lazy与pig直接连系起来，人们一看就明其意。q He is a bag of wind。q All his fingers are thumbs。q 从字面上看，前句是说他是个充满气体的袋子，其实是说这个人只说不做。q 后句从字面上看是说他所有的手指都是大拇指，其实是讽刺这个人笨手笨脚，不会干活。q 这样的比喻当然要比明喻深刻生动得多。q She is forty, and as tough and as sour as this bit of lemon peel q 她年已四十，而倔强和乖张像这块柠檬皮一样。q 这句运用了明喻手法，把这个女人的性格与柠檬皮相比，的确维妙维俏，使人忍俊不禁，但这毕竞是明摆的比喻，留给人们思考的余地就不多了。 2. Difference between Simile and Metaphorq 1）明喻常用“像，如，宛如，似”之类的比喻词，而隐喻则绝不用这一类词 。q 2)明喻中的主体与喻体一定同时出现在句子中，而隐喻中的主体与喻体在句中却会有三种情况：或同时出现在句子中（visible)；或句子只出现喻体，主体隐去；或句子中只有主体，喻体隐去(invisible)。q Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.q 一些书浅尝即可，另一些书却要囫囵吞下，只有少数的书才值得咀嚼和消化q 在隐喻中，本体与喻体的关系更密切，明喻是相类的关系，隐喻却是相合的关系。在隐喻中相似点经常没有陈述出来。 明喻表达直截了当，隐喻则隐晦含蓄。q Jim was a fox. q (Jim was cunning, so was a fox)q Money is the lens in a camera.q (similar in what way? Unclear) more difficult to understand, more challenging, more concise and interesting. q （金钱是照相机的镜头。）q 照相机的镜头反映出人的不同面貌，金钱则能检验出一个人的不同品质。3.英语的隐喻的相似性和表现形式q 一.英语隐喻的相似点(similarity)q 隐喻是英语最重要的修辞手法之一。它把比喻的关系暗藏在句中。用作本体和喻体的词，在特征、事物或概念之间，有着相似性-即本体和喻体之间的相似点。q 1.事物间的形状、形式、位置上的相似q See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the four weeks was never distinct.q 2. 事物之间的功能相似q The root of the present international convulsive动荡不安的 situation lies in the hegemony霸权 of the two superpowers.q They have been innocent sweethearts at the German University but their romance withered when they came back to England.q 他们在德国大学读书时是天真无邪的恋人，但是，回到英国时，他们的浪漫关系就渐渐淡化了。q 3.事物之间的褒贬相似q Hes merely parroting what many others have said.q The row of penguins at the dinner table nodded approval as he sat down.q 4.事物之间的特征和性质相似q There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性情既残暴又狡猾。二. 英语隐喻的表现形式q 隐喻既然是一种比喻，也就有本体和喻体之分，联系本体和喻体的表达形式主要有以下几种：q 1. 喻体直陈式 用to be 来连接本体和喻体，喻体一般体现在句子的表语部分。这是metaphor最基本的结构形式。q The face is the index of a man.q 心中有事，必形于色。q “face”被比作作“index”,这一比喻把常人的喜怒哀乐的情感通过面部表情一一显露。生动形象，言简意赅。Now for me life is coming to bud again as if in eternal spring.q 现在，我的生命宛如花蕾在永恒的春天里又再次含苞欲放。q A heavy silence blanketed the room.q 整个房间沉浸在一片静默中。 另一种是喻体并未出现，实际上比喻却暗含其中，即以适用于喻体的词语来充当喻体。由于喻体全部隐去，比喻则显得更为复杂，这就需要读者根据语境和词语的内在联系进行分析，由表及里，寻找出真正的喻体，从而深入地理解隐喻的内涵。q The one place not have dictionaries is in a sitting room or at a dinning table. Look the thing up the next morning, but not in the middle of the conversation. Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there. q 3. 主体隐去，只有喻体出现q The sunshine of life is made of very little beams.3.修辞性隐喻q 1）用of 连接喻体和本体，这是metaphor的另一结构， of的前面是比喻的喻体，of后面是比喻的本体。喻体对本体起修辞作用。多见于文学作品中。q I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!q 我落入生活的荆棘中。我淌血！q He nodded toward the corner to where the giant stood, his thick arms crossed on his hogshead大桶 of a chest.q 他朝那彪形大汉站着的墙点了点头。大汉那粗壮的胳膊交叉在他那大桶似的胸前。q an oyster of a manq the pain of separationq a grain of hopeq a shower of letter q a sea of bloodq a storm of applauseq a mountain of a manq a mere dot of a child q a girl of a boyq 沉默寡言的人q 分离的痛苦q 一线希望q 信件如雪片q 血流成河q 暴风雨般的掌声q 一个身材魁梧的人q 一个小不点大的孩子q 一个羞答答的男孩q 4）拟人化的隐喻，是拿人体的一部分比喻一些无生命的东西的一种隐喻。它们也是由介词来连接两个名词，介词和后面的名词构成介词短语修饰前边的名词。q The village is at the foot of a hill.q Lets go to see the mouth of the volcano.Extended metaphor延喻q Extender metaphor是英语中一种很常见的连续用喻，延喻同一般的明喻、隐喻、类比等复合引串而成。从不同的角度设喻，用几个喻体说明同一个主体，揭示喻体的多方面特征，使语境层层加深，层层扩展。（特点：喻体+延伸体）q All the worlds a stage,q And all the men and women merely players;q They have their exits and their entrances,q And one man in his time plays many parts,q His acts being seven ages. (Shakespeare, As you Like it )q All the worlds a stage是比喻的核心，后面的比喻都是由此而引申出来的。q 他把大千世界比做舞台(stage)，把芸芸众生比作这舞台上的演员(players)，而人的生死比作登场（entrances）和退场（exits)，把人生的所作所为比作各种不同的角色(parts)。全诗构成一个完美的延喻。Sustained metaphorq 博喻 一个本体并列使用两个以上喻体的比喻。为了加强某个事物，给人以深刻印象，表达者从不同角度多方面设喻，说明本体或一个本体的多个侧面。因为常出现在莎士比亚的作品中，所以也称为“莎士比亚”比喻。q Cool was I and logical, keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute and astuteI was all of these. My brain was powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemists scales, as penetrating as scalpel. （明喻）q 我的大脑像发电机一样效力强大，像化学家的天平一样精确，像手术刀一样锐利。q Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good,q A shining gloss that vadeth suddenly;q A flower that dies when first it begins to bud;q A brittle glass thats broken presently;q 美貌只不过是变幻莫测的浮影；q 华彩耀目却会突然失去光明；q 花儿刚刚绽放转瞬即已枯萎；q 玻璃一经敲碎眼前顾失晶莹；q 一物数喻，通过a shining glass, a flower, a brittle glass三个喻体的描绘，把“美是浮光掠影，转瞬即逝”的立论鲜明而突出地呈现出来。4.隐喻的表达形式 -按词类 q ( 1 ) 名词型 ( noun metaphors )q Time is money.q Life is a journey.q All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players. ( William Shakespeare )q 整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。q 霎时间，东西长安街成了喧腾的大海。（袁鹰：十月长安街）q At once，the Eastern and Western Changan Roads became roaring oceans.q 他是一本活词典(百科全书) 。q He is a walking dictionaryencyclopedia.q A silver plate (=The moon) is rising up in the sky.q 一个银盘在天边升起。q The human tide was rolling westward. ( Dickens )q 人流向西涌去。q The web of our life is of a mingled yarn, good and ill together. ( Shakespeare )q 我们的生活是吉凶交织而成的网。q ( 2 ) 动词型 ( verb metaphors )q The case snowballed into one of the most famous trials in U. S. history.q 这个案子像滚雪球似地，最终成了美国历史上最著名的审判之一。 q The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it.q 那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。q Misfortune dogged him at every turnq 灾难老是折磨着他。q The long faced hijacker barked his orders.q 那个长脸的劫机者狂吠般地发号施令。q Everything was bathed in the golden sunlight.q 万物沐浴在金色的阳光下。q He tailed her into the cave.q 他尾随着她走进洞穴。q ( 3 )形容词型 ( adjective metaphors ) q It is a thorny problemissuesubject. q 这是个棘手的问题(题目) 。q The girl is a dead shot.q 这位姑娘是神枪手!q He loves a rosy cheek.q 他喜欢玫瑰色面颊。q She has a photographic memory for detail.q 她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。q the golden ageq stormy applauseq iron willq a silver tongueq a biting north windq 黄金时代q 雷鸣般的掌声q 钢铁般的意志q 流利的口才q 刺骨的北风q ( 4 ) 副词型 ( adverbial metaphors )q He flatly refused us.q 他坚决拒绝我们。q They escaped by a hairs breadth. q 他们死里逃生。q ( 5 )谚语型 (proverbs serving as metaphors )q Give him an inch and he will make a mile. q 得寸进尺。q Look before you leap.q 三思而后行。q Strike the iron while it is hot.q 趁热打铁。q A bird in the hand is worth two in the bushwood. q 双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。5. 英汉比喻的民族文化特色 q 由于比喻的心理基础是联想，所以人们时常把某些品质.特征与某些事或物联系起来进行联想。q 在这方面英汉比喻有着许多惊人的相似之处。q 但是，英语民族和汉语民族在联想上反映出来的差异，也构成了英汉比喻中的民族文化特色. 一、思维方式和概念不同q 英国诗人雪莱曾写过这样一首诗：“Rise,like lions aster slumberIn unvanquishable number，Shake your chains to earth like dewWhich in sleep had fallen on you,You are manythey are few.”“快像狮子般从梦中醒来，你们有的是无法征服的数量，快把你们瞌睡时被加在身上的链锁，像露水一样甩掉你们人多，他们人少。”q 英国人.美国人和大部分西方人，q regal as a lion(狮子般庄严)，majestic as a lion(像狮子一样雄伟)。q 中国人：老虎(tiger)比喻成“兽中之王”。q “虎将”；“虎胆英雄”或“如猛虎下山”以及“攻如猛虎，守如泰山。”q 提到兔子，中国人-静如处女，动如脱兔。q 英语民族-兔子是胆小的象征。q 英语常说as timid as hare, as timid as rabbit(胆小如兔)。q 可是，中国人认为胆小的是老鼠，故有“胆小如鼠”之说。q in like a lion, out like a lambq 虎头蛇尾(来时像狮，去时像羊羔)。q like a cat on hot bricks像热锅上的蚂蚁(像热砖上的猫)。like a drowned rat像落汤鸡(像落水的老鼠)。q as thirsty as a camel像条渴龙(像头渴骆驼)。q as stupid as a goose蠢得像猪(笨得像鹅)。q as stubborn as a mule犟得像头牛(顽固得像头骡子)。To eat like a horse“To eat like a horse” means to eat large amounts of food.食量大如牛To eat like a pig“To eat like a pig” means to have bad table manners.狼吞虎咽To be chicken“To be chicken” means to be afraid.胆小如鼠To work like a dog“To work like a dog” means to work really hard.做牛做马二.宗教信仰和神话传说不同q 英美和大多数西方人大都信奉基督教，他们常常用圣经中的人名.地名和故事情节来做比喻的喻体。Prometheus Unbound的原义是“解放了的普罗米修斯”，转义“释放出来的巨大力量”。把Prometheus喻为一种巨大的力量。q 英语中用这类宗教和神话作比喻的很多。如用muse女神比喻舞蹈表演艺术家。q 用virgin birth(处女生育)喻指“好处要得，责任不负”；q 用Tower of Babel(巴别通天塔)比喻语言障碍，等等。而这些词语全出自圣经。q 佛教-“做一天和尚撞一天钟”比喻得过且过，胸无大志；q 用“平时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”比喻平时不努力，用时应付一下；q 用“八仙过海”比喻各有高招q “三个和尚没水吃”三.社会风貌和行为习惯不同New York is neither heaven nor hell but battlefield.纽约既不是天堂也不是地狱，而是战场。这种比喻既是对美国无情的揭露，同时也说明了只有勇者才能在这里生存。q “我们共产党人好比种子，人民好比土地。”毛泽东：关于重庆谈判q 以上这些英汉比喻从不同角度反映了各自的社会风貌和行为习惯。美国人“碰运气”的行为，英国人本性癌变现象，中国党群关系的具体形象化等等生动的比喻，只有在各自的民族语言中才能找到。这便是英汉比喻民族文化的特色之三。q Comfortable as an old shoe 四.文学艺术和历史背景不同q “三顾茅庐” 英国人就没有这个历史背景，所以也没有这个比喻。q 英美国家常用Odyssey(奥德赛)比喻艰难的旅程。q “在你们中间肯定会有未来的鲁迅和郭沫若。”q “我们厂里的诸葛亮真多”。q 用他们来比喻，是指这些人有才华.有成就.多谋善断。Metaphors in daily Conversationsq Ideas are food q For example : 1. what he said left a bad taste in my mouth. q 2. All this paper has in it are raw facts, half baked facts, and warmed over theories. q 3. There are too many facts here for me to digest them all.q 4. Let me stew over that for a while.q 5. Now there is theory you can really sink your teeth into. q 6. Thats food for thought .q 7.We dont need to spoon-feed the students. q 8. This is the meaty part of the book. Ideas are people q 1. The theory of relativity gave birth to an enormous number of ideas in people.q 2.He is the father of modern biology. q 3.Those ideas died off in the Middle Ages . q 4. His ideas will live long forever. q 5. Cognitive psychology is still in its infancy. q 6. He breathed new life into that idea. Ideas are plantsq 1.His ideas have finally come to fruition. q 2. Thats a budding theory. q 3. It will take years for that idea to come to full flower. q 4. Mathematics has many branches. q 5.The seeds of his great ideas were planted in his youth. Ideas are productsq 1. Were really turning out new ideas. q 2. Weve generated a lot of ideas this week. q 3. He produces new ideas at an astounding rate. q 4. His intellectual productivity has decreased in recent years. q 5. Its a rough idea; it needs to be refined. Ideas are resources q 1. He ran out of idea.q 2. Dont waste your thought on small projects.q 3. Weve used up all our ideas.Ideas are commoditiesq 1.That idea wont sell.q 2. There is always market for good ideas. q 3.Hes been a source of valuable ideas. q 4. Your idea dont have a chance in the intellectual marketplace. Ideas are fashions q 1.That idea went out of style years ago. q 2. Marxism is currently fashionable in Western Europe.q 3. Old- fashioned notions have no place in todays society.q 4. He keeps up-to- date by reading the New York Review of books.q 5. What are the new trends in English Criticism .Chinese associations q 味同嚼腊 q 旧观念复活q 新思想萌芽q 精神产品q 没主意了q 恶语伤人 Love is