20146月四六级翻译预测 2.doc

四级翻译预测 1孔子（Confucius）是春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period）的大思想家、大教育家和儒家学派（Confucianism）的创始人，是古代中国人心目中的圣人。孔子的言论和生平活动记录在由他的弟子或再传弟子编成的论语（The Analects）一书中。论语是中国古代文化的经典著作。在孔子之后几千年的中国历史上，没有哪一位思想家、文学家和政治家不受论语的影响。不研究论语，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。As a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism during the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius is a sage to the ancient Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects. As an enduring classic of Chinese culture, The Analects has influenced all thinkers, writers and politicians in the thousand years Chinese history after Confucius. No scholar could truly understand this long-standing culture or the inner world of the ancient Chinese without this book. 2大约在两千多年前，中国就出现了蜡染（wax printing）。在中国服饰中，蜡染是一种流传时间长、流行范围大、使用领域广的服装工艺。蜡染是在布匹着色的过程中，以蜂蜡（beeswax）作为防止染色的材料。蜂蜡干了之后，会产生一些裂纹，这些裂纹在染色过程中渗透进靛蓝色，于是形成了如冰花式样的美妙纹理。这样自然天成的纹理可以说是蜡染的灵魂所在。Wax printing appeared in China about 2,000 years ago. Wax printing has long been a widespread technique used in the history of Chinese fashion. During the dyeing process, beeswax is applied to prevent some parts of the cloth form being dyed. When the beeswax dries, it develops cracks, which absorb indigo in the process of dyeing, thus forming the beautiful natural lines resembling breaking ice. These naturally formed lines represent the beauty and soul of wax printing. 3景泰蓝（cloisonn）是驰名中外的传统工艺，它集青铜艺术、瓷器和雕刻诸种工艺制作技巧于一身，是一门地道的北京绝活。它是收藏家收藏的佳品，也是人们居家使用的精美物品。这项工艺始创于明代景泰年间，初创时的颜色主要是蓝色，故得名“景泰蓝”。到了成化年间，景泰蓝技术进一步成熟，这个时期的作品沉稳凝重又透明灵动，而且铜胎也极为讲究。Cloisonn is a traditional art widely known in and outside China. It is a kind of superb local expertise form of Beijing, which combines the skills of bronze art, porcelain, carving and other types of folk arts. It is deemed valuable in the eyes of collectors, as well as refined ornaments for daily use. The making of cloisonn first appeared during the Jingtai reign of the Ming Dynasty, with the main colour used being blue, hence the name “Jingtai Blue” as it became known later on. By the time of the Chenghua reign, the techniques for making cloisonn were further developed, with products of this period looking heavy and dignified yet not lacking in eloquence or vividness. Moreover, its cast was always made of choice copper. 4西塘在浙江嘉兴，位于上海和杭州之间。这个占地规模并不大的古镇有着悠久的历史，它初建于春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period），位于吴国和越国的交界处。西塘的大致规模在宋代之前就已经形成，今所见西塘著名的桥梁望仙桥（Wangxian Bridge）就是宋代的遗迹。在明清时期，西塘既是远近闻名的鱼米之乡，又是著名的丝绸制造之地，还以制陶业（ceramics）而享誉全国。Xitang is located in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, between Shanghai and Hangzhou. Though small in size, this ancient town boasts a long history. It was first built during the Spring and Autumn Period, at the border between the states of Wu and Yue. The present layout had already taken shape before the Song Dynasty, and the famous Wangxian Bridge in Xitang is a legacy of the Song. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Xitang had become a well-known trade center for farm products, silks and ceramics, all produced in the surrounding areas and famous throughout the country. 5秧歌舞（Yangko dance）是中国汉族的一种传统民间舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作迅速有力。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上观看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳舞来保持健康，同时他们也乐在其中。The Yangko dance is a traditional folk dance of the Han Chinese, commonly performed in the northern provinces. Yangko dancers usually wear bright and colorful costumes, and their movements are vigorous and quick. During holidays, such as the lunar New Year and the Lantern Festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongs they swarm into the streets to watch Yangko dance performances, no matter how cold it is outside. In recent years, elderly people in some cities in Northeast China have been organizing themselves into Yangko teams, with the dancers enjoying themselves while keeping fit all year round. 6中国的青铜器时代（Bronze Age）从夏开始，经历商、西周到春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period），前后持续了一千五百多年的时间。大量出土的青铜器物表明，中国创造了灿烂的青铜文明。这些青铜器物不仅有丰富的政治和宗教内涵，而且还具有很高的艺术价值。今藏于中国历史博物馆的大盂鼎（the Great Ding for Yu）是中国青铜器时代的代表性作品之一。它是西周康王（King Kang）时期的作品，距今大约有三千多年。The Bronze Age in China lasted more than 1,500 years, from the Xia through the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, to the Spring and Autumn Period. Large numbers of unearthed artifacts indicate a high level of ancient bronze civilization in the country. They feature rich political and religious themes, and are of high artistic value. A representative example is the Great Ding for Yu, which is now preserved in the Museum of Chinese History. It was cast about 3,000 years ago during the reign of King Kang of Western Zhou Dynasty. 71911年，中国爆发了历史上的第一次资产阶级革命辛亥革命（the Revolution of 1911），它推翻了中国封建社会的最后一个朝代清朝，废除了中国延续了2000多年的封建帝制，建立了中国的第一个民主共和国中华民国。民国政府成立以后，要求全国人民都剪掉头上的辫子（queues），选择自己喜欢的发型。至此，在中国延续了280多年的辫子法令终于被解除。In 1911, the first bourgeois revolution in Chinese history the Revolution of 1911 broke out. The last dynasty of the Chinese feudal society, Qing Dynasty, was over-thrown and the monarch system that had a history of more than 2,000 years was abolished. The Republic of China, the first democratic republic in China, was founded in 1912. After its foundation, the government of Republic of China had required the citizens to cut off their queues and make the haircut they liked. Since then, the wearing-queue order that had lasted for more than 280 years in China has been abolished. 8出现在中国五代时期的妇女缠足（foot-binding），虽然最初是宫廷舞女为了方便跳舞而采用的一种行为，但由于有人认为脚裹起来更好看，所有很多人就开始效仿起来。到了宋代，封建社会的纲常思想非常严重，受到男尊女卑的封建礼教的影响，女子裹脚的风气被传承下来，并逐渐成为一种习俗。为了与妇女的小脚相适应，宋代还出现了专门为裹足妇女制作的弓鞋（gongxie）。The practice of foot-binding for women appeared in the Five Dynasties, but in the beginning, it was only adopted by the court dancers for convenience while dancing. Since people thought the foot-binding made womens feet look more beautiful, many females rushed to follow suit. By the Song Dynasty, due to the importance of feudal ethical thoughts and influence of the feudal male superiority conception, the practice of foot-binding was inherited and became a custom. In the Song Dynasty, to meet the needs of womens small feet, a kind of specially designed shoes gongxie was made. 9据中国古代史书记载，治水有功的大禹通过禅让制接替舜成为部落联盟首领。但大禹死后，他的儿子夏启却破坏禅让的传统，自立为国王，建立了中国历史上第一个奴隶制国家夏。从此，王位实行世袭制度，中国社会从此步入阶级社会。夏代处在中国社会从原始社会向奴隶社会过渡的时期，社会生活的各个方面依然保存着原始社会的种种痕迹。According to the Chinese ancient documents, the legendary leader Shun abdicated and handed over his leadership to Da Yu who had made great contribution to controlling the flood of the Yellow River of China. When Da Yu died, his son Xia Qi breached the tradition of demise system and set himself as the king. Xia, the first slavery nation in Chinese history, was founded. Since then, the hereditary system had been practiced. Thus, China stepped into a class society. The Xia Dynasty was a transition from primitive society to slave society. At that time, all aspects of social life still reserved traces of primitive society. 10 北京烤鸭是自封建帝王时代就在北京城流行的著名菜肴，如今它被认为是中国的一道国菜。这道菜以它薄而脆的酥皮，以及厨师们在客人面前片鸭子的真实情形而著称。专门用于制作烤鸭的鸭子在养殖65天后就被屠宰了，鸭子在烤制前要先用调料腌制（season），然后才送进焖炉或者挂炉。鸭肉通常配上葱（scallion）、黄瓜和甜面酱，用薄饼卷着食用。Peking duck is a famous duck dish that has been popular since the imperial era in Beijing, and is now considered a national dish of China. The dish is prized for the thin, crisp skin with authentic vision of the dish serving sliced in front of the diners by the cook. Ducks bred specially for the dish are slaughtered after 65 days and seasoned before being roasted in a closed or hung oven. The meat is usually eaten with pancakes, scallion, cucumbers and sweet bean sauce. 11 秦始皇是中国历史上一位很有作为的皇帝，他生前动用了大量人力、物力为自己修造陵墓。秦陵兵马俑（Terracotta Warriors and Horses）就是为陪葬这位皇帝而制作的陶兵和陶马。秦始皇陵兵马俑被发现于1974年。三个兵马俑坑（terracotta figurines pits）占地约20,000多平方米，8,000多个与真人真马一般大小的陶俑陶马，排列成整齐的方阵，再现了秦始皇统一中国时兵强马壮的雄伟军阵。秦始皇陵兵马俑被称作世界第八大奇迹。The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, known as Qing Shi Huang, made great achievements in Chinese history. While still alive, he mobilized huge manpower and used a great deal of materials to build his tomb. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses were made as burial objects to accompany the emperor in the after world. They were first discovered in 1974. Archaeologists had unearthed some 8,000 lifelike soldiers and horses from three terracotta figurines pits occupying about 20,000 square metres. Standing in formation, they indicate the powerful array of troops of Qin Shi Huang when he unified China. They are regarded as the eighth wonder of the world. 12 筷子是广泛适用于东亚各国的传统餐具。筷子的历史起源于中国古代，最早可以追溯到商代。筷子通常由竹子、塑料、木材或不锈钢制成。第一双筷子可能用于烹饪，拨火而不是作为饮食器具。直到汉代，筷子才开始用作餐具。直到明代，筷子才开始被普遍使用于上菜或者吃饭。然后它们被取名“筷子”，并拥有了今天的形状。Chopsticks are used as the traditional eating utensils of various East Asian countries. Chopsticks originated in ancient China and dates back to as early as the Shang Dynasty. They are commonly made of bamboo, plastic, wood or stainless steel. The first chopsticks were probably used for cooking, stirring the fire and not as eating utensils. Chopsticks began to be used as eating utensils during the Han Dynasty. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that chopsticks were widely used for both serving and eating. They then acquired the name kuaizi and the present shape. 13 公元960年，宋朝建立，后统一了中国大部分地区。宋朝的统治者建立了有效的中央集权制；广泛任用民间的学术文人；地方的军事官员及其党羽都被中央任命的官员所替代。宋朝在城市发展方面是非常显著的，这不单指其在管理上的职能，而且还包括其作为贸易、工业和海上贸易的中心的职能。在文化上，宋朝发展了历史文献、绘画、书法及坚硬光滑的瓷器等。In 960, Song Dynasty was founded, and later it reunified most of China. The rulers of the Song Dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials. Regional military governors and their supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials. The Song Dynasty is notable for the development of cities not only for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade, industry and maritime commerce. Culturally, the Song refined historical writings, painting, calligraphy and hard-glazed porcelain, etc. 14 中国科举制度（Chinese Imperial Examination System）是指中国古代官僚机构选拔行政官员的考试制度。古代的中国人要想成为一位官员首先必须通过多种考试。科举考试的历史可以追溯到隋朝，在唐朝得到进一步巩固和完善，在清朝走到了尽头。科举制度在中国已经存在了约1300年。它对中国古代的社会结构和政治体制有深刻的影响。即使是现代选拔公务员的考试制度也是间接地从科举制度演变而来的。Chinese Imperial Examination System refers to an examination system of selecting the administrative officials for the ancient Chinese bureaucracy. Ancient Chinese who wanted to be an official had to pass multiple of examinations first. Its history dates back to the Sui Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, the system had been further consolidated and perfected. The system came to an end during the Qing Dynasty. The Imperial Examination System has existed for about 1,300 years in China. It exerts deep influence on social structure and political system in ancient China. Even the modern examination system for selecting civil service staff also indirectly evolved from the imperial one. 15 唐代文化是中国文化的一个高峰。尤其是古典诗歌到唐代发展到全盛时期。在唐代300余年的历史中，产生的流传于后世的诗歌就有48,900多首。如此丰富的作品也使2,300多位诗人在历史上留下了他们的名字。唐诗在创作方法上，现实主义与浪漫主义并举。唐代最著名的诗人是李白和杜甫，他们都是具有世界声誉的诗人，后人将他们合称为“李杜”。The Tang Dynasty witnessed a peak in Chinese culture. Especially, ancient poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty. In more than 300 years of the Tang Dynasty, some 48,900 poems were handed down and remain widely known today. So many works also made more than 2,300 poets famous in history. As far as the writing technique is concerned, the Tang poetry combined realism and romanticism. The best-known poets of the Tang Dynasty were Li Bai and Du Fu, who are very prestigious in the whole world and people of later generations called both of them as “Li Du” collaboratively. 16 江苏菜，又叫淮阳菜，流行于长江下流区域，以水产作为主要原料，注重原料的鲜味。其雕刻技术十分珍贵，其中瓜雕（melon carving）尤其著名。烹饪技术包括炖、烤、焙、煨（simmering）等。江苏菜的特色是淡、鲜、甜、雅。江苏菜系以其精选的原料，精细的准备，不辣不温的口感而出名。因为江苏气候变化很大，江苏菜系在一年之中也有变化。味道强而不重，淡而不温。Jiangsu Cuisine, also called Huaiyang Cuisine, is popular in the lower reach region of the Yangtze River. Aquatics as the main ingredients, it stresses the freshness of materials. Its carving techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well-known. Cooking techniques consist of stewing, roasting, baking and simmering, etc. The flavor of Huaiyang Cuisine is light, fresh and sweet and with delicate elegance. Jiangsu Cuisine is well-known for its careful selection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation, and its “not-too-spicy, not-too-bland” taste. Since the climate varies considerably in Jiangsu, the cuisine also varies throughout the year. The flavor is strong but not too heavy; light but not too bland. 17 王安石，北宋宰相、政治家、文学家、江西临川人。1042年，王安石考中进士，踏上了仕途，从此积极投身于改革大业。他曾给宋仁宗写了一封万字的谏书（remonstrance），主张朝廷全面改革法度，却没有得到重视。直到宋神宗时，王安石才得以有计划制定新的法度，大刀阔斧地展开以富国强兵为目的的变法运动。这就是中国历史上著名的“王安石变法”。Born in Linchuan, Jiangxi province, Wang Anshi was a statesman, poet and prose writer in the Song Dynasty. In 1042, Wang Anshi outstood others in the feudal exam and became a Jinshi, marking his first step in his political career and the beginning of his commitment to the reform. He once wrote a remonstrance of ten thousand characters to Emperor Renzong, advocating an all-out reform of the feudal laws and systems. The letter, however, was neglected. It was not until the reign of Emperor Shenzong that he finally got the opportunity to carry out the reform aimed to strengthen the countrys power. This is the famous “Wang Anshis Reform” in the Chinese history. 18 秦腔（Qingqiang Opera）起源于唐、宋年间的陕西农村，经明、清两代的发展，演变成现在以“直起直落，慷慨激昂，荡气回肠”为主要特征的表现形式。在陕西境内，根据不同语言特色和生活习惯，秦腔又分为东、中、西、南四路。西安秦腔吸取东、西两路秦腔的长处和京剧等外来剧种的优点，既有高亢激昂、粗犷豪放的风格，又有柔和清丽、精致细腻的格调。Qinqiang Opera originated in the Tang and Song dynasties from the rural areas of the ancient Shaanxi in China and took shape in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Now this folk opera is featured by melodies that do not have many changes yet sound impassioned and soul-stirring. Since the dialects and living habits vary from place to place within Shaanxi province, Qinqiang opera is classified into four schools: the eastern school, the central school, the western school and the southern school. Qinqiang opera performed in Xian has absorbed the merits of the eastern and western schools as well as those of other operas such as Peking opera. Thus it sounds loud and rough sometimes, soft and gentle at other times. 19 根据中国的阴阳五行学说，世界上所有的事物都是由金、木、水、火、土五种元素构成，这五种元素相生相克，白色代表金，绿色代表木，黑色代表水，红色代表火，黄色则代表土。中国社会发展到汉代以后，黄色开始被人所接受，并认为是最尊贵的颜色。唐代以后，服饰制度规定只准皇室穿黄色的服饰，其他人一概不允许。According to the Chinese thought of yin, yang and the five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth), all things in the universe consist of the five elements; there is a phenomenon of mutual promotion and restraint among the five elements. The white stands for metal, the blue for wood, the black for water, the red for fire and the yellow for earth. Since the Han Dynasty in Chinese history, the yellow had been accepted by all people and regarded as the most distinguished colour. By the Tang Dynasty, the clothing system stipulated that all the people were prohibited from wearing yellow clothes except the royal family. 20 张择端是北宋时期的一位宫廷画师，拥有大量杰出作品，但最著名的应当是被后人称为“神品”的清明上河图（A River Scene at Qingming Festival）。它是一部写实主义的精品，以当时开封城的景象为题材绘制而成。图中人物多达500余人，真实地再现了当时开封清明时节的盛况。全图结构完整，描绘准确，被传为稀世珍品。清明上河图将那个时代的绘画艺术推向了顶峰。Zhang Zeduan is a royal painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, he left many outstanding works, but the most renowned one is A River Scene at Qingming Festival. With various scenes in Kaifeng as raw materials, the painting paints more than 500 people and thus is a lively portrayal of Kaifeng on the day of Qingming Festival. So complete in organisation and so vivid in painting, A River Scene at Qingming Festival is deemed as the peak of painting at that time. 21 清朝是中国的最后一个封建王朝。它由满族人（Manchus）建立，是中国历史上第二个由非汉族人创建的统一王朝。满族人以前也被称为女真（Jurchen），他们居住在明朝境内东北部、长城关外。在努尔哈赤（Nurhaci）统一女真各部落并建立了一个独立的部落之后，他们成为了明朝晚期的主要威胁。满族人联合明朝的将军吴三桂打下了北京，并将其作为清朝的首都。在这之后他们继续南下剿灭（subdue）明朝的残余反抗势力。在满族征战中国的过程（16181683）中，总共造成了2500万人丧生。The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty in China. Founded by the Manchus, it was the second non-Han Chinese dynasty that ruled the whole country. The Manchus were formerly known as Jurchen, residing in the northeastern part of the Ming territory outside the Great Wall. They emerged as the major threat to the late Ming Dynasty after Nurhaci had united all Jurchen tribes and established an independent one. The Manchu allied with the Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui to seize Beijing, which was made the capital of the Qing Dynasty, and then proceeded to subdue the remaining Mings resistance in the south. 22 明朝是中国历史上最后一个由汉族建立的王朝，历经十二世、十六位皇帝，国祚276年。明朝初期明太祖朱元璋定都于南京市。1421年由明成祖朱棣迁都至北京市。明朝是继汉唐盛世后又一个兴盛的中原王朝，也曾是手工业、经济最繁荣的国家之一。明史（The History of Ming）认为洪武、永乐在位时期，“治隆唐宋”、“远迈汉唐”。明朝时期，无汉唐之和亲，无两宋之岁币，天子御国门，君主死社稷，为后世子孙所敬仰。The Ming Dynasty is the last dynasty established by the Han Chinese in Chinese history. It had 16 emperors of 12 generations in its 276 years. Zhu Yuanzhang, founder of the Ming Dynasty, set its capital in Nanjing in the early years. Emperor Zhudi moved its capital to Beijing in 1421. The Ming Dynasty is a follow-up to the prosperous Han and Tang dynasties, when the handicraft industry and economy flourished. The History of Ming suggests that during the reign of Emperor Hongwu and Yongle, the Ming Dynasty was much more developed than the Han, the Tang and the Song dynasties. The Ming Dynasty was never forced to establish marital relationships with neighboring kingdoms like Tang Dynasty, neither did it pay any tribute like the Song did. Emperors in the Ming Dynasty all dedicated to its country and are respected by their descendants. 23 年画（New Year Painting）是中国画的一种，始于古代的门神画（door god painting），在清朝光绪年间正式被称为年画。北宋年间，每逢过年过节家家户户贴年画已成为一种风尚。木板年画历史悠久，堪称中国民间艺术宝库中的一颗明珠。木版年画，顾名思义，就是用木板印出来的年画，不但具有极高的收藏价值，而且还极具观赏性。朱仙镇木板年画和天津杨柳青、山东潍坊、江苏桃花坞年画并称中国四大年画。朱仙镇木版年画采用的是手工木刻制作，制作工艺非常地讲究。New Year Painting is a kind of Chinese painting originated from ancient door god painting. In the period of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, it was formally known as New Year Painting. In the Northern Son