大学英语精读第二册1.doc

Book Two Lesson OneaccomplishmentEKVMPLISMEntn.ac-=ad- =tocom-=with;together;whollypli=fill;full-ish动词词尾,表示“做”-ment名词词尾1.Csomething successful or impressive that is achieved after a lot of effort and hard work成就；成绩：It was one of the Presidents greatest accomplishments. 2.Can ability to do sth. well;skill才能；才艺：Playing the piano is one of her many accomplishments. 3.Uskill in doing sth. 技能：a high level of accomplishment 4.U(formal)the act of finishing or achieving sth. good成就；完成,实现：Money will be crucial to the accomplishment of our objectives.词形变换1.accomplishEKVMPLISv.T to succeed in doing or completing sth.完成：The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished.计划的第一部分已顺利完成。2.accomplishedEKVMPLISt adj.有才华的；技艺高超的；熟练的典型考题We can _ whatever we set out to do.A. finished B. achievedC. completed D. accomplished试题详解 本题是近义词辨析题，答案为D。句意：我们能完成我们想要做的事情。accomplish指成功地完成预期的计划任务等，后面可以不接具体的事物；achieve指排除困难去完成计划或大业；complete指完成某一工程建筑等，也可指使某一事物完整完善，多接具体的事物为宾语；finish 是一般用语，多指完成应完成的工作，也可用于指完成日常小事，如吃完、看完等。acquireEKWaIEv.T ac- =ad-=to quire = seek1.(formal)to buy or obtain sth.,especially sth. expensive or difficult to get购得,得到(尤指昂贵的或难以得到的东西)：The museum has managed to acquire an important work by Dali. 2.to get or develop knowledge,skills etc. by your own efforts掌握,获得(知识、技能等)：I looked on it as an opportunity to acquire fresh skills. 3.to become well-known because of your abilities(因自己的能力而)赢得(名声)：The team has acquired a fearsome reputation. 补充意义vt.(humorous)to get sth. by dishonest means以不正当的方式获得常用短语acquire a taste for开始喜欢上be an acquired taste是后来喜欢上的东西典型例题He gradually _ a habit of smoking.A. gained B. acquiredC. derived D. won试题详解 本题是近义词辨析题,为答案B。句意：她渐渐养成了抽烟的习惯。acquire指经过一个过程养成习惯，或经过努力获得知识名声等；earn 通过劳动获得报酬荣誉等，如earn money, earn friendship；derive多与from连用，指从中获得（乐趣等）；win 赢得。arrogantlyQREGEntLIadv.ar-=ad-=torog= ask -ant形容词词尾-ly副词词尾,大多接于形容词之后behaving in a proud,self-important and unpleasant way, showing little thought for other people傲慢地；自大地；趾高气扬地：He strutted about the room arrogantly.词形变换1.arroganceQREGEns n.U 骄傲自大，傲慢2.arrogantQREGEnt adj.傲慢的,自大的典型例题It is your _ insistence that compelled me to do as you asked.A. conceited B. arrogantC. blunt D. confident试题详解 本题是近义词辨析题，答案为B。句意：是你傲慢地坚持己见使我不得不按你的要求做。arrogant 傲慢的，傲慢无礼的；conceited(多修饰人）自大的，自负的；blunt 指粗鲁无礼的；confident自信的，用在典型考题句中，与句意不符。aspirinQsPERIn n.C.U(plural aspirins or aspirin)a drug used to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation 阿司匹林（镇痛解热消炎药）:Take two aspirin(s) for a headache.头痛服两片阿司匹林。assumeEsju:mv.Tas-=ad-=tosume=take1.to think or accept that sth. is true but without having proof of it 假定，假设；认为：It is reasonable to assume (that) the economy will continue to improve. 2.(formal)to take or begin to have power or responsibility承担（责任）；就（职）；取得（权力）：The court assumed responsibility for the girls welfare. 3.(formal)to begin to have a particular quality or appearance呈现(外观、样子）；显露（特征）：This matter has assumed considerable importance.补充意义v.1.(formal)to pretend to have a particular feeling or quality 装出；假装：He assumed an air of concern.他装出关心的样子。2.to be based on the idea that sth. else is correct以为先决条件；预先假定：Your theory assumes that we are willing to pay for services by taxation. 常用短语/句型assume guilt/innocence 认定(某人)有罪/无罪assume control/power/responsibilities etc.开始控制/掌权/承担责任等assume a/an manner/air/expression etc. 装出的态度/样子/表情等assume (that) 假定，假设we can safely assume (that)我们可以肯定词形变换1.assumedEsju:md adj.(only before n.)假定的；假设的 2.assumptionEsVMPSEn n.(1)C假定，假设；(2)U(formal)承担；担任+of：the assumption of responsibility词义辨析1.resumerIzju:m v.I,T(formal)(1)(中断之后)继续 (2)(中断之后)重新开始(3)resume your seat/place/position回到座位/原地/原职位2.consumekEnsju:m v.T(1)消费；消耗(时间、能量、时间、金钱等) (2)吃、喝、饮 (3)(formal)(火)吞噬,烧毁 (4)consume sb. with sth.使充满(强烈的感情)常用被动态：be consumed with被(某种强烈的情感)所折磨3.presumeprIzju:m v. (1)T(没有证据地)相信,认为；推测 (2)Tto accept that sth. is true until it is shown not to be true,especially in a court of law(尤用于法律)推定；假定；姑且认定：In English law,a person is presumed innocent until proved guilty. (3)I(formal)冒昧做某事,放肆；擅作主张；越权行事：presume to do sth. (4)T(formal)to accept sth. as true or existing to act on that basis意味着；以为先决条件/前提：The course seems to presume some previous knowledge of the subject. 典型考题You _ his innocence before hearing the evidence against it.A. confirm B. assume C. believe in D. convince试题详解 本题是近义词辨析题，答案为B。句意：在听到不利于他的证据之前，假定他是无辜的。assume 没有证据、证明的情况下认为，假定；confirm 指肯定、确定某种说法和想法；convince 多用于 convince sb. of sth. 或convince that 结构中；believe in 相信，用于典型考题句中与句意不符。availableEveILEBLadj.a-=ad-=tovail= strong;worth-able 形容词词尾,表示“有能力”“适合”,被修饰的名词有被动的意义1.(of things)that you can get,buy ,use or find可获得；可购得的；可用的；可找到的：Tickets are available free of charge from the school. 2.(of a person)(not before n.)有暇的,有空的；可接待客人的：The president was not available for comment. 3.(of a person)未婚配的；没有对象的常用短语be available for/tomake oneself available for使自己有空词形变换availabilityE;veILEBILItI n.U可用性；可得性：the availability of cheap flights典型考题These dresses are not _ in your size, I am afraid.A. average B. favorite C. available D. convenient试题详解 本题是词义辨析题，答案为C。句意：这些衣服恐怕没有你的尺寸。available 指可得到的，现成有的(可利用的)；average 平均的,一般的；favorite 最喜爱的；convenient 方便的，便利的。bachelorbQtSELE n.C1.a man who has never been married未婚男子,单身汉：confirmed/eligible bachelor 2.(usually Bachelor)a person who has a Bachelors degree学士：a Bachelor of Arts /Engineering /SciencebullBULn.Can adult male animal of the cattle family公牛补充意义n.1.Cthe male of some other large animals such as the elephant or whale雄性动物(如象或鲸等庞大动物中的雄性) 2.U(AmE informal)大话；废话；空 3.C(finance)(预期证券价格上升的)买空者,多头：a bull market牛市常用习语take the bull by the horns挺身/勇敢面对困难a bull in a china shop(不顾环境)笨拙莽撞的人,冒失鬼 like a bull at a gate猛烈地；凶猛地certifysE:tIFaI v.T (certifies, certifying, certified, certified) cert=sure-ify=make,动词词尾,表示“做成”“使化” 1.(1)to state that sth. is correct or true,especially after some kind of test (尤指经过某种检验)证明无误(真实)；证实：You have to get these accounts certified by auditor. (2)to state officially,especially in writing that sth. is true(尤指书面)证明,证实：He handed her a piece of paper certifying (that) she was in good health. 2.certify sb. (as sth.)( usually passive)to give an official paper to sb. which states that they have completed a course of training for a profession颁发(或授予)专业合格证；授予(某人)证书(文凭)：She was certified as a teacher in 1990.词形变换1.certificatesEtIFIKEt n.C(1)证明；证明书：a birth/marriage/death certificate (2)(毕业)文凭；结业证书；合格证书2.certificatesEtIFIKeItv.T(BrE)发给结业证书；(尤指)发给职业培训证书3.certificatedsEtIfIKeItId adj.(BrE) 持有职业培训证书的；有职业资格的；合格的：a certificated nursecivilizedsIvILaIzd adj. civil=citizen-ize动 词词尾,表示“使成状态”“使化”等意思1.well-organized socially with a very developed culture and way of life文明的；开化的：the civilized world/peoples 2.having laws and customs that are fair and morally acceptable有法制伦理的；有道德的：No civilized country should allow such terrible injustices.补充意义1.having or showing polite and reasonable bahaviour有礼貌的；有教养的；举止得体的；心平气和的：We couldnt even have a civilized conversation any more. 2.typical of a comfortable and pleasant way of life(生活)惬意的,愉快舒适的：Breakfast on the terracehow civilized!词形变换1.civilizesIvE;LaIz v.T 教化；使文明；使开化2.civilization n.(1)U文明 (2)U,C(特定时期和地区的)社会文明 (3)U文明世界;文明社会：Environmental damage threatens the whole of civilization.clientKLaIEnt n.Csomeone who pays for services or advice from a person or organization客户；顾客：meeting with an important client 补充意义n.C委托人，当事人：a well- know lawyer with many famous clientscontinuity;kOntInju:EtIn. con-=withtinu= hold -ity表示抽象名词字尾1.Uthe fact of not stopping or not changing连续性；持续性：to ensure/provide/maintain continuity of fuel supplies 2.U,Ca logical connection between the parts of sth,or between two things(逻辑上的) 连接，联接：The novel fails to achieve narrative continuity.补充意义n.U(technical)(电影的)场景串联；(电视的)节目串联词形变换1.continualkEntInjuEl adj. 持续的，一再重复2.continuouskEntInJUEs adj. 持续的；不间断 典型考题She was tired of _ trips to the grocery,school and office.A.constant B.continual C.continuous D.nonstop试题详解 本题属于词义辨析题，答案为B。句意：她已厌倦了整天食品杂货店、学校和办公室三点一线的生活。continual作“不停的,连续的”解,是一般用语,既可指连续不断,也可指有间歇性的连续,即一个接一个地进行,常用来修饰一些令人不愉快的东西。本题中她显然不喜欢三点一线的单调生活,所以continual符合题意。constant意为“不断的,经常的”,指某个行为没有变更,没有间歇的反复出现；continuous表示不间断的连续进行,中间没有任何间歇,可用于时间和空间；nonstop不断的,不停的,直达的。democratic;demEKrQtIkadj. demo=people crat=rule-ic形容词词尾1.( of a country , state , system , etc. ) controlled by representatives who are elected by the people of a country;connected with this system民主的；民主政体的；民主制度的：a democratic country 2.based on the principle that all members have an equal right to be involved in running an organization,etc.民主管理： a democratic management style 3.based on the principle that all members of society are equal rather than divided by money or social class有民主精神的；平等的：democratic values/reforms补充意义Democratic(美国)民主党的：the Democratic Party民主党(美国两大政党之一,通常被视为社会改革的支持者)词形变换1.democracydImOkrEsi n.(1)U民主政体；民主制度 (2)C民主国家；(3)U民主作风(精神、权利)2.democratdemEkrQt n.C(1)民主主义者；民主人士 (2)Democrat美国民主党员；美国民主党支持者3.democratizedImOkrEtaIz v.T使民主化disasterdIzA:stE n.Cdis-=not;apart;away aster=star1.Can unexpected event such as a very bad accident,a flood or a fire that kills a lot of people or causes a lot of damage灾难；灾祸；灾害：a natural disaster 2.C,Ua very bad situation that causes problems不幸；祸患：Losing your job doesnt have to be such a disaster.补充意义 n.C,U(informal)a complete failure彻底失败的人(或事)：As a teacher,he is a disaster.词义辨析disaster,catastrophe,calamity的辨析：disaster着重指突然的、意外的、不可预见的“灾难”,尤指自然灾难,如地震、水灾、火灾等；catastrophe往往比disaster更为严重,还含有人为造成的“灾难”；calamity表示“可怕的、严重的事件或不幸”。calamity比disaster语气重,比catastrophe语气轻,它不如disaster和catastrophe用得普遍。词形变换disastrousdIzA:strEs adj.灾难性的；极糟糕的；以失败告终的drugstoredRVGstO: n.C(AmE)a shop/store that sells medicines and also other types of goods, for example cosmetics (兼售化妆品等的)药房enrollInrEul v.I,Ten-=inroll(名册)(使在名册中登记)to arrange for yourself or for sb. else to officially join a course,school,etc.(使)加入；注册；成为的成员；登记+on(BrE)/in(AmE)：to enroll on/in a new course词形变换enrollmentInrEulmEnt n.C,U入学;注册;登记(人数)expertise;ekspE:ti:z n.Uspecial skills or knowledge in a particular subject专门技能；专门知识：professional expertise常用短语expertise in sth.:expertise in the field of literary criticismexpertise in doing sth.:They have considerable expertise in dealing with oil spills.exposeIkspEuz v.Tex-=outpose=put(置于外面)1.to show sth. that is usually covered显露；暴露；露出：He smiled suddenly,exposing a set of amazingly white teeth. 2.to tell the truth about sth.,or show what it is really like,especially because you think it is harmful,illegal etc.揭露；揭发：a radical group that works to expose and condemn racism 3.to learn about beliefs, ideas etc., especially by seeing things or having new experiences使接触(新事物)：Travel abroad exposes children to different languages and cultures.补充意义v.1.to put someone in a harmful or unpleasant situation,position etc.,where they have no protection against sth. dangerous使暴露于险境,使置于危险之中；使遭受(危险或不快)：The report revealed that workers had been exposed to unacceptably high levels of radiation. 2.to show other people feelings that you usually hide,especially by behaving in a particular way显露(情感)：Eric broke down and wept,exposing the vulnerable side of his nature. 3.(照相机胶片)使曝光常用短语expose sth. to sth.使暴露于：Wounds that are exposed to the air heal more quickly.expose sb. as sth.揭发某人是;揭穿某人的真面目(常用被动态)：She was exposed as a liar and a fraud.expose sb. to sth.:(1)使接触新事物：We want to expose the kids to as much art and culture as possible.(2)使某人遭受：expose yourself to ridicule/criticism词形变换1.exposureIkspEuZE n.C,U(expose的名词形式)2.exposedIkspEuzd adj.(1)(of a place)无遮蔽的；不遮风挡雨的；暴露(于风雨中)的 (2)(of a person)易受攻击或批评的；无保护的 (3)(finance)风险高的；很可能遭受经济损失的典型考题As a result of these _, the government took strong measures against bribery and corruption.A. explosion B. disclosure C. uncover D. exposure试题解析 本题是词义辨析题，答案为D。句意：由于这些揭发,政府采取了强硬措施以惩治贪污和受贿。exposure 是expose的名词形式，意为：暴露，揭露（秘密等），揭穿坏人的真面目。explosion意为“爆炸”,disclosure意为“无意间暴露或泄露”,exposure“是有意揭发”,uncover意为“揭露”(动词)。facultyfQkEltI n.C1.(usually plural)any of the the physical or mental abilities that a person is born with天赋,能力；官能+of：(1)She retained her mental faculties until the day she died. (2)the faculty of sight 视觉 2.(singular)a particular skill that sb. has才能；技能+for/of：She has a great faculty for absorbing information. 补充意义n.1.a department within a university(大学的)系部,院：the Faculty of Law/the Arts Faculty 2.the faculty(AmE):all the teachers in a university(大学的)全体教师常用短语in full possession of all you faculties心智健全的;拥有一切官能的(能够说、听、视、理解等)fragmentFRQGMEntn.Ca small part of sth. that has broken off or comes from sth larger 碎片；片段：1.Police found fragments of glass near the scene.2.I overheard a fragment of their conversation.补充意义 fragmentfrQGMentv.I,T(often passive) (written) to break or made sth. break into small pieces or parts（使）碎裂，破裂，分裂：His day was fragmented by interruptions and phone calls.词形变换1.fragmentation;frQGMEnteISEn n.U分裂：the fragmentation of the country into small independent states 2.fragmentedfrQgmEntId adj.分裂的：a fragmented society 3.fragmentaryfrQgmEntEri adj.碎片的；片段的；不完整的；残缺不全的：There is only fragmentary evidence to support this theory.典型考题She dropped the bowl and it broke into tiny _.A.fractions B.fragmentsC.sections D.fragrances试题详解 本题是词义相近、词形相近词辨析题典型考题，答案为B。句意:她把碗掉在地上,摔成了许多碎片。A、B、C词义相近,D与B词形相近。fractionfrQkSEn意为“微不足道的一部分”；fragment主要指碎片,破片；ection意为“从整体中切开或分开的明显的一部分”；fragrancefreIgrEns意为“芳香,香气”。generatedZenEReIt v.T gener=produce -ate动词词尾,最常作动词词尾to produce or create sth.产生；引起：The program would generate a lot of new jobs.补充意义v.1.to produce heat,electricity,or another form of energy产生(热能、电能或其他能量) 2.generate excitement/interest (在一大群人之中)引起兴奋/兴趣词义辨析1.degeneratedIdZenEreItv.I恶化；退化；堕落+into2.degeneratedIdZenErIt adj.(formal)(性格或品质)没落的,衰退的；(道德)败坏的,腐败的3.regeneraterIdZenEreItv.T(formal) 使再生，使恢复grindGRaIndv.(ground,ground)Tgrind sth. (down/up) / grind sth. (to/into sth.)to break or crush sth. into very small pieces between two hard surfaces or using a special machine磨碎；碾碎；把磨成粉：to grind coffee/corn补充意义v.1.Tto produce sth. such as flour by crushing磨（粉）：The flour is ground using traditional methods. 2.Tgrind sth. into sth./grind sth. in:to press or rub sth. into a surface用力挤压，用力擦(入表层)：He ground his cigarette into the ashtray. 3.Tto make sth. sharp or smooth by rubbing it against a hard surface 使磨利；磨光：a stone for grinding knives and scissors 4Tto rub together, or to make hard objects rub together,often producing an unpleasant noise摩擦（发出刺耳的声音）： She grinds her teeth when she is asleep. 5.Tto turn the handle of a machine that grinds sth.摇动手柄(操纵机器)：to grind a pepper milln.1.(singular)(informal)an activity that is tiring or boring and takes a lot of time令人疲(或厌倦的)工作；苦差事：the daily grind 2.(singular)the harsh noise made by machines 3.C(AmE informal)埋头学习的学生；死读书的学生常用短语/习语grind sb. down(长期) 虐待，压榨，折磨(某人)：Do not let them grind you down.grind onI令人厌烦地继续下去：Winter grinds on until March. grind sth. out大量生产，(尤指)粗制滥造 ；大量撰写,大量提供(信息、文字或音乐作品等)：She grinds out romantic novels at the rate of five a year.grind to a halt / come to a grinding halt慢慢停下来：Production ground to a halt during the strike.bring sth. to a grinding halt 使渐渐停下来grind the faces of the poor压榨穷人hiphIp n.Cthe area at either side of the body between the top of the leg and the waist ; the joint at the top of the leg臀部；髋：She stood with her hands on her hips. 补充意义n.(usually plural)rose hip(红色的)野蔷薇果adj.(hipper,hippest) (informal) following or knowing what is fashionable in clothes, music etc. (衣服、音乐等方面) 时髦的，赶时髦的interjection:Hip,hip,hurray!加油!万岁!(表示赞许的喊声)humanityHJU:MQnEtI n.U1.people in general (统称)人；人类：crimes against humanity 2.the state of being human and having qualities and rights that all people have人性,普遍人具有的特性：We must never forget our common humanity. 3.kindness, respect and sympathy towards other people 仁慈，人道，博爱，同情心： The judge was praised for his courage and humanity.补充意义(the) humanities人文学科(如文学、历史、哲学等)词形变换1.humanizehJU:MEnaIz v.T 使更适合人；使更人道；使人性化2.humanehju:meIn adj.人道的，仁慈的；善良的3.humanismhju:mEnIzEm n.U(1)人道主义；人文主义 (2)(文艺复兴时期)对古希腊古罗马思想的研究；人文主义4.humanitarian hju:;mQnIteEriEn adj. (usually before n.)博爱的；人道主义的(主张减轻人类痛苦,改善人类生活)；慈善的词义辨析humane,human,compassionate,以及humanitarian四个形容词的辨析：1.humanehju:meIn主要指人类对动物及孤苦伶仃的人的怜悯或同情之心或行为。2.humanhju:mEn有同情心的,有人情味的,尤指人类之感情，如：Hes quite human when you get to know passionatekEmpQSEnIt指对个人的痛苦和不幸怀有更强烈和直接的同情4.humanitarianhju:;mQnIteEriEn指从哲学角度而不是出于多愁善感来体现对人类的关心，具体指提供人类更好的居住条件来改善人们的生活以及修改法律,尤其是那些太严厉的惩罚。 implicitlyImplIsItlI adv.im-=inplic=fold in an implied way含蓄地：It reinforces,implicitly or explicitly,the idea that money is all-important.词形变换implicitImplIsIt adj.1.含蓄的；不直接言明的：implicit criticism 2.be implicit in(formal)隐含其中；不言明；成为一部分的；内含的：The ability to listen is implicit in the teachers role. 3.完全的；无疑问的：She had the implicit trust of her staff.inevitableInevItEBLadj.in-=notevitare (拉丁文)=avoid-able形容词词尾1.certain to happen and impossible to avoid 必然发生的,难以避免的：A further escalation of the crisis now seems inevitable. 2.(only before n.)happening so regularly that you know it will happen again照例必有的,惯常的：the English and their inevitable cups of tea补充意义 the inevitable (singular):sth. that is