Planning Tools and Techniques9 .ppt

PowerPointPresentationbyCharlieCookCopyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 2 LEARNINGOUTLINEFollowthisLearningOutlineasyoureadandstudythischapter TechniquesforAssessingtheEnvironmentListthreedifferentapproachestoenvironmentalscanning Explainwhatcompetitorintelligenceisandwaysthatmanagerscandoitlegallyandethically Describehowmanagerscanimprovetheeffectivenessofforecasting TechniquesforAllocatingResourcesListthefourtechniquesforallocatingresources Describethedifferenttypesofbudgets TellwhataGanttchartdoes Explainaloadchart Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 3 LEARNINGOUTLINE cont d FollowthisLearningOutlineasyoureadandstudythischapter TechniquesforAllocatingResources cont d DescribehowaPERTnetworkanalysisworks Computebreakevenpoint Describehowmanagerscanuselinearprogramming ContemporaryPlanningTechniquesExplainwhyflexibilityissoimportanttotoday splanningtechniques Describeprojectmanagement Listthestepsintheprojectplanningprocess Discusswhyscenarioplanninghasbecomeanimportantplanningtoolformanagers Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 4 AssessingtheEnvironment EnvironmentalScanningThescreeningoflargeamountsofinformationtoanticipateandinterpretchangeintheenvironment CompetitorIntelligenceTheprocessbywhichorganizationsgatherinformationabouttheircompetitorsWhotheyare whataretheydoing Isnotspyingbutrathercarefulattentiontoreadilyaccessibleinformationfromemployees customers suppliers theInternet andcompetitorsthemselves Mayinvolvedreverseengineeringofcompetingproductstodiscovertechnicalinnovations Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 5 AssessingtheEnvironment cont d EnvironmentalScanning cont d GlobalScanningScreeningabroadscopeofinformationonglobalforcesthatmightaffecttheorganization Hasvaluetofirmswithsignificantglobalinterests Drawsinformationfromsourcesthatprovideglobalperspectivesonworld wideissuesandopportunities Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 6 AssessingtheEnvironment cont d ForecastingThepartoforganizationalplanningthatinvolvescreatingpredictionsofoutcomesbasedoninformationgatheredbyenvironmentalscanning Facilitatesmanagerialdecisionmaking Ismostaccurateinstableenvironments Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 7 AssessingtheEnvironment cont d TypesofForecastingQuantitativeforecastingApplyingasetofmathematicalrulestoaseriesofharddatatopredictoutcomes e g unitstobeproduced QualitativeforecastingUsingexpertjudgmentsandopinionstopredictlessthanpreciseoutcomes e g directionoftheeconomy Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 8 CollaborativePlanning Forecasting andReplenishment CPFR CPFRSoftwareAstandardizedwayfororganizationstousetheInternettoexchangedata Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 9 MakingForecastingMoreEffective Usesimpleforecastingmethods Compareeachforecastwithitscorresponding nochange forecast Don trelyonasingleforecastingmethod Don tassumethattheturningpointsinatrendcanbeaccuratelyidentified Shortenthetimeperiodcoveredbyaforecast Rememberthatforecastingisadevelopedmanagerialskillthatsupportsdecisionmaking Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 10 Benchmarking Thesearchforthebestpracticesamongcompetitorsandnoncompetitorsthatleadtotheirsuperiorperformance Byanalyzingandcopyingthesepractices firmscanimprovetheirperformance Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 11 TheBenchmarkingProcess Formabenchmarkingteam Identifywhatistobebenchmarked selectcomparisonorganizations andtodeterminedatacollectionmethods Collectinternalandexternaldataonworkmethods Analyzedatatoidentifyperformancegapsandthecauseofdifferences Prepareandimplementandactionplantomeetorexceedthestandardsofothers Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 12 AllocatingResources TypesofResourcesTheassetsoftheorganizationFinancial debt equity andretainedearningsPhysical buildings equipment andrawmaterialsHuman experiences skills knowledge andcompetenciesIntangible brandnames patents reputation trademarks copyrights anddatabasesStructural cultural history culture worksystems workingrelationships trust andpolicies Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 13 AllocatingResources Budgeting BudgetsNumericalplansforallocatingresources e g revenues expenses andcapitalexpenditures Usedtoimprovetime space anduseofmaterialresources Arethemostcommonlyusedandmostwidelyapplicableplanningtechniquefororganizations Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 14 AllocatingResources Scheduling SchedulesPlansthatallocateresourcesbydetailingwhatactivitieshavetobedone theorderinwhichtheyaretobecompleted whoistodoeach andwhentheyaretobecompleted Representthecoordinationofvariousactivities Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 15 AllocatingResources Charting GanttChartAbargraphwithtimeonthehorizontalaxisandactivitiestobeaccomplishedontheverticalaxis Showstheexpectedandactualprogressofvarioustasks LoadChartAmodifiedGanttchartthatlistsentiredepartmentsorspecificresourcesontheverticalaxis Allowsmanagerstoplanandcontrolcapacityutilization Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 16 AllocatingResources Analysis ProgramEvaluationandReviewTechnique PERT Aflowchartdiagramthatdepictsthesequenceofactivitiesneededtocompleteaprojectandthetimeorcostsassociatedwitheachactivity Events EndpointsforcompletionActivities timerequireforeachactivitySlacktime ThetimethatacompletedactivitywaitsforanotheractivitytofinishsothattheycanbeginjointlyonanotheractivityCriticalpath thelongestpathofactivitiesthatallowsalltaskstobecompleted Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 17 AllocatingResources Analysis cont d BreakevenAnalysisIsusedtodeterminethepointatwhichallfixedcostshavebeenrecoveredandprofitabilitybegins Fixedcost FC Variablecosts VC TotalFixedCosts TFC Price P TheBreak evenFormula Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 18 AllocatingResources Analysis cont d LinearProgrammingAtechniquethatseekstosolveresourceallocationproblemsusingtheproportionalrelationshipsbetweentwovariables Copyright 2005PrenticeHall Inc Allrightsreserved 9 19 ContemporaryPlanningTechniques Proje