新TOEFL阅读题型与解题方法.docx

新TOEFL阅读题型及解题方法 新托福（托福iBT） 2005 年 9 月，美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）在全球推出新托福考试，即 TOEFL iBT(Internet Based Test)。 TOEFL iBT能够反映学生在一流大专院校的教学和校园生活中的语言应用能力。TaskNumber of QuestionsTimeScoreReading3-5 passages / 12-14 questions each60-100 minutes30Listening4-6 lecture / 6 questions each2-3 conversation / 5 questions each60-90 minutes30Speakingindependent 2 questionsintegrated 4 questions20 minutes30Writingintegrated 1 questionindependent 1 question20 minutes30 minutes30Total Score 120加试出现在听力或阅读部分，也有可能阅读、听力两部分同时被加试。加试部分不算分，但考生事先并不知道哪一部分是加试。阅读和听力考试之后有 10 分钟休息时间。新TOEFL阅读部分In TOEFL test, there are usually 13 to 14 questions for each passage and the question types can be summarized as the following. 1. Factual questions(3-6 questions per set)2. Negative Factual questions(0-2 questions per set)3. Inference Questions(0-2 questions per set)4. Rhetorical Purpose Questions(0-2 questions per set)5. Sentence Insertion Questions(1 question per set)6. Sentence Reference Questions(0-2 questions per set)7. Sentence Restatement Questions(1 question per set)8. Prose Summary Questions(1 question per set)9. Fill in a Table Questions(1 question per set)10. Vocabulary Questions(0-3 questions per set)1. FQ (Factual questions)Definition: FQ ask about explicit facts and details in the passage. They often contain: who, what, when, where, why. For FQ, the information needed for an answer is directly stated somewhere in the passage.Characteristics: FQ often begin with the following1. According to the passage, 2. According to the information in paragraph 23. What does the author say aboutTips for FQ:1. Focus on one or two key words from the question, they might be DATE, NAME and other nouns so on2. Scan the passage and look only for these words as you scroll down 3. The questions usually follow the order of the passage, therefore, usually scroll down form the last questions you answered, you do not need to read the entire passage again4. Underline the sentences where contain the key words, read preceding and following sentences as well.2. Negative Factual Questions (NFQ)Definitions: NFQ ask you to determine which of the four answer choices is not given in the passage. It often contains words, NOT, EXCEPT, LEAST. They always appear in Uppercases.Characteristics: NFQ often begin with the following structures1. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?3. Which of the following is LEAST likely?Tips for NFQ1. Read the questions first, locate key words.2. Use Key Words technique to look for the information in the passage related with each answer3. Identify the answer that is not mentioned in the passagesExercise I: Locate the key words for the following sentences:1. What story is told about the first dentist in the North American colonies?2. People in which of the following occupations probably did NOT practice emergency dentistry?3. What materials did Paul Revere use to make artificial teeth?4. How many students graduated in the first class to study dentistry in the United States?5. How is the building that housed the first dental school in the United States at present?6. According to the passage, what were ”Negative spray” and “Vitalized Air”?7. In what year did William Morton demonstrated ether?8. Which of the following is NOT one of the problems that X rays can indicate?9. What were dental engines?10. How did the dental drills that were developed in the 1950s reduce heat and pain?III. Inference questionsDefinition: These questions require you to make inferences according to the information provided in the passages. The answers to these questions are not directly stated anywhere in the passage, but it can be inferred.Characteristics: The questions usually contain the words infer or imply1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?2. In paragraph., the author implies that?3. It can be concluded from the information in paragraphthat4. The author suggests that:Types of Inference:Infer in reverse direction1. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, sprouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Which of the following can be inferred about the gushers?A. They make bringing the oil to the surface easierB. They signal the presence of huge oil reservesC. They waste more oil in the pastD. They are unlikely to occur nowadays2. The story of the western movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of agriculture- of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life enter a national market economyWhat can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 18151. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.2. They were able to sell their products at high prices.3. They had not been successful in raising cattle4. They did not operate in a national market3. This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height.Which of the following can be inferred about canal building?A. Canals were built primarily in the in the south of England rather than in other regionsB. Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.C. Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the processD. Canal builders hired surveyors like smith to examine exposed rock strata4. Sediments above and below the gypsum layers contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.Which of the following can be inferred about solid gypsum layers?A. It did not contain any marine fossilB. It had formed in open-ocean conditionsC. It had once been soft, deep-sea mudD. It contained sediment from nearby desertsInfer according to the key wordsIn all probabilities, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latin who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration and a land-based society.Which of the following can be inferred about the people of Latium?A. Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.B. They held different values than the people of RomeC. Agriculture played a significant role in the societyD. They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instinctExercises I: Identify the correct inferences based on the sentence or short passage:1. If a metalworker from 3,000 years ago could somehow travel forward in time, he would recognize virtually every step of the lost-wax process that today is used to cast titanium for jet engines.A: Titanium has been forged for thousands of years.B: The lost-wax methods of casting metal is very oldC: Metalworking has changed very little in 3,000 years.2. When apple growers talk about new varieties of apples. They dont mean something developed last month, last year, or even in the last decade.A: Apple growers have not developed any new varieties of apples in recent decades.B: Some varieties of apples can be developed in a short time, but others take a long time.C: New varieties of apples take a long time to develop.3. High level of serum cholesterol used to be thought of as a problem only for adults.A: High level of serum cholesterol are no longer a problem for adults.B: Only children have a problem with high levels of serum cholesterol.C: High serum cholesterol affects both adults and children.4. Alpha Centauri, one of the closest stars to Earth, is just 4.3 light years away. It can be seen only from the southern Hemisphere. However, the closest star(other than our own Sun, of course) is a tiny red star, Proxima Centauri, which is not visible without a telescope.A: ProximaCentauri, is the closest star to Earth.B: Alpha Centauri, is invisible from earth without a telescope.C: Proxima Centauri is closer than 4.3 light years from the earth.5. Compared with the rest of its brain, the visual area of a turtles brain is quite small, since turtles, like all other reptiles, depend mainly on senses other than sight.A: No reptile uses sight as its primary sense.B: Animals that depend on sight all have larger visual areas in their brain than turtles do.C: The visual area of other reptiles brain is smaller than that of turtles.6. An old but still useful proverb says,” beware of oak, it draws the stroke.” In general, trees with deep roots that tap into groundwater attract more lightning than do trees with shallow, dry roots. Oak are fifty times more likely to be struck than beeches. Pines are not safe as beeches but are still much safer than oaks.A: The roots of oak are fifty times deeper than those of beeches.B: Pines roots are deeper than beeches, but not as deep as those of oaks.C: the deeper the root, the safer the tree.7. Illegible handwriting does not indicate weakness of character, as even a quick glance at the penmanship of Franklin D. Roosevelt or John E. Kennedy revealsA: Roosevelt and Kennedy both had handwriting that was difficult to read.B: Roosevelts handwriting was more illegible than that of Kennedy.C: The author believe both Roosevelt and Kennedy had weak characters.8. Jack London spent only a year prospecting for gold in Alaska. However, nearly half of his forty books are set there.A: London was successful in his search for gold in Alaska.B: Although London worked in Alaska for only a short time, he wrote almost twenty books while he lived there.C: Londons experiences in Alaska had a strong influence on his writing.9. Most fish take on the coloration of their natural surroundings to a certain degree. Its not surprising, therefore, that fish inhabiting the warm, shallow waters around tropical reefs are colored all the brilliant hues of the rainbow.A: Tropical fish are unlike other fish because they take on the coloration of their environment.B. Tropical reefs are brightly colored environment.C: Tropical fish are brightly colored because they inhabit warm waters.10. Although sheep herding is an older and more beloved occupation, shepherds never caught the attention of filmmakers the way cowboys did.A: There have been more films about cowboys than about shepherds.B: Films about shepherds are older and more beloved than films about cowboys.C: Cowboys are generally younger than shepherds.11. The Okefenokee Swamp is a fascinating realm that both confirms and contradicts popular notions of a swamp. Along with huge cypresses, dangerous quagmires, and dim waterways, the Okefenokee has sandy pine islands, sunlit prairies, and clear lakes.A. Although most swamps are not very interesting, the Okefenokee is an exception.B: The Okefenokee has features that are not commonly associated with swamps.C: Unlike most swamps, the Okefenokee does not have huge cypresses, dangerous quagmires, or dim waterways.12. Thomas Jefferson preferred the Roman Style of architecture, as seen in the buildings at the University of Virginia, to the English style favored by Charles Bullfinch.A: The architecture of the University of Virginia was influenced by the Roman style.B: Bullfinch was an English architect.C: Jefferson preferred to build in the English style of architecture.13. In all cultures, gestures are used as a form of communication, but the same gestures may have very different meanings in different cultures.A: No two cultures use the same gestures.B: one gesture almost never has the same meaning in two cultures.C: A person from one culture may misunderstand the gestures used by a person from another.14. Even spiders that do not build webs from silk use it for a variety of purposes. such as constructing egg sacs and nursery tents.A: All spiders build webs.B: Spiders that build webs dont builds egg sacs or nursery tents.C: Silks is used by all spiders.15. In theory, a good screwdriver should last a lifetime, but it seldom does, usually because it is used as a substitute for other tools.A: Using a screwdriver for purpose other than those for which it was intended can shorten its life.B: All screwdrivers, if they are really good, last a lifetime.C: If you want a screwdriver to last a lifetime, use other tools to substitute for it.Exercise II: Choose correct inferences for the questions according to the information in the passageThe Titus-Bode law predicted that there would be a fifth planet between Mars and Jupiter. In 1800, a group of astronomers nicknamed the “celestial police” was organized to search for the missing planet. Before the plan could be put in effect, another astronomer, G.Piazzi, discovered 1 Ceres, the largest asteroids, in this position in space on New years Day, 1801. While trying to locate Ceres again, the astronomer H.Olbers discovered 2 Pallas in 1802. J.Harding discovered 3 Juno in 1804. H.Olbers also discovered 4 Vesta, the brightest asteroid, in 1807. It was not until 1836 that a fifth asteroid, 5 Asterea, was added to the list. At first, many nineteenth-century astronomers did not find asteroids of much interest. One even called them” the vermin of the sky”. In 1891, Max Wolf pioneered the use of astrophotography to detect asteroids. Then Wolf went on to discover 248 asteroids, beginning with 323 Bruscia. At present, around 150,000 asteroids have been discovered. Most are spotted today by automated systems that pair telescopes with computers.Asteroids vary in size from Ceres, with a diameter of 570 miles, to tiny bodies that are only the size of pebbles. Only the four largest-Ceres,Palas,Vesta,and Juno-are spherical. Most are elongated irregular. Asteroids are not uniformity distributed through space. Many occur in clusters called groups, of in even tighter clusters called families. Families or asteroids with similar characteristics, indicating a common origin, are called Hiruzama asteroids.H.Olbers advanced the theory that asteroids are the remnants of a large planet that exploded. Other astronomers suggested that the asteroids were originally moons of Jupiter that broke away and then disintegrated. The most commonly accepted theory among astronomers today is that they occupy a place in the solar system where a sizable planet could have formed but was prevented from doing so by the disruptive gravity field of nearby Jupiter. Originally, perhaps, there were only a few dozen asteroids. These were eventually fragmented by mutual collisions to produce the present population of asteroids.When new asteroids are discovered, they are given a temporary six-character name. The first four numbers correspond to the year of discovery. The first of the two letters corresponds to the half-month period in which the asteroid was discovered, and the second to the sequence in which the asteroid was discovered in that half-month. For example, the asteroid 2006AC was the third asteroid(C) to be discovered in the first half of January(A)in 2006. After the orbit of an asteroid discovery(Currently from 1 Ceres to 95959 Covadonga). The first several hundred asteroids were named for female characters from mythology(Cere, for example, is the Roman goddess of the harvest) Even after these names were used up, the convention of giving asteroid may submit a name to the international Astronomical Union. Some are named for places or for things. Some are named to honor famous scientist, painters, writers, or even pop stars, such as musicians and actors. Some are named after colleagues, family members, and even pets. Discoverers may not, however, name asteroids after themselves. Of the 150,000 known asteroids, only about 10% have names.Most asteroids are found in the Main Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter. Some have highly eccentric orbits, such as 3200 phaeton, which swings close to the Sun. Some asteroids, called Near Earth Asteroids(NEAs),pass close to Earth. It is feared that one day an steroid may hit Earth and cause a great deal of damage. In fact, most scientists believed that a collision between an asteroid and the earth made dinosaur extinct.In June of 2002, without warning, a medium-sized asteroid called 2002 MN passed relatively close to Earth. It was not observed until three days after it has passed. This was the cloest an asteroid had come to Earth since 1994XM. That asteroid missed the Earth by only 64,000 miles. However, the one in 2002 was much larger than 1994XN and potentially much more destructive. Other near misses involved 1989FC and 433 Erros in 1975. While there are programs to watch for Near Earth Asteroids, 2002MN proved that these programs are not completely effective. Some people believe that there should be much larger worldwide program to detect and possibly destroy asteroids that are heading towards out planet.Questions:1. It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that the Titus-Bode law deals with which of the following?A. The size of planets.B. The position of planets around the earth.C. The speed of bodies in space D. The existence of asteroids.2. What does the author imply about G.Piazzi in paragraph 1?A. He was not trained as an astronomer.B. He worked closely with H.Olbers.C. He was not a member of the “Celestial police”D. He discovered the four largest asteroids.3. It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that H.OlbertsA. was not looking for 2 Pallas when he found it.B. discovered the largest asteroid.C. discovered many asteroids a few years after finding 4 Vesta.D. worked closely with