2015年职称英语卫生B真题及答案汇总.docx

2015年全国职称英语等级考试试卷 卫生类B级第一部分 词汇选项缺第二部分 阅读判断缺第三部分 概括大意 Ebola Outbreak1 You are likely aware that several countries in West Africa are battling an Ebola outbreak. Ebola is a dangerous and often lethal viral infection. Scientists believe that humans contracted the virus by eating the meat of rare animals. It is now believed that bats are the primary carries of the virus.2 To date, there are only three major countries in West Africa experiencing a major outbreak: Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. However, other countries such as Nigeria have reported confirmed cases of Ebola within their borders.3 Unless you recently visited one of the three affected West countries you risk of contracting the virus is virtually zero. Unlike other recent airborne virus outbreaks like SARS, the Ebola virus can only be spread through direct contact with an infected person. Specifically, Ebola is spread through contact with body fluids. Though, the virus is transmittable, only an infected person exhibiting symptoms is communicable.4 The signs and symptoms of Ebola are non-specific and patients typically exhibit them after a week of contracting the virus. Symptoms may appear as early as two days or as late as three weeks after initial infection. Symptoms include disgust, weakness and stomach pain. More uncommon symptoms include chest pain, bleeding and sore throat.5 Ebola is devastating because of its ability to attack and replicate in every organ of the body. This causes an overstimulation of the bodys inflammatory response, causing the flu-like symptoms. The virus also causes bleeding and impairs the bodys normal clotting mechanism (凝血机制), making bleeding even more severe. Loss of blood volume and decreased organ perfusion (器官灌注)ultimately lead to organ failure and death.6 The current outbreak is the deadliest viral outbreak in over 35 years. While diseases such as the malaria (疟疾) are far more communicable, Ebola is one of the worlds most fatal viral infections. Ebolas fatality rate exceeds that of SARS.23. paragraph 2_D_24. paragraph 3_A_25. paragraph 4_C_26. paragraph 5_E_A. Am I at risk of contracting the virus?B. is the current outbreak the deadliest?C. How do know if have contracted the virus?D. What areas are currently affected?E. What exactly does Ebola do to the body?F. What caused the Ebola outbreak?27. The initial Ebola outbreak was found in_E_.28. The difference between SARS and Ebola viruses lies in_C_.29. The symptoms of the patients after being infected may first appear_F_.30. The Ebola virus transmits by contact with_A_.A. infected body fluidsB. against the outbreak severityC. the mode of transmissionD. the initialdays of being infectedE. three countriesin West AfricaF. within a widerange of days第四部分 阅读理解第1篇 Dangers await babies with altitude【高海拔地区的婴儿有危险】【出自卫生教材阅读判断第5篇】Women who live in the worlds highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasnt clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1997 and 1998. The babies were bom in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. La Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high and low-income families. Even babies bom to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. “We were very surprised by this result,” says Giussani.The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of2oxygen before birth. “This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child.3 says Giussani.His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies4. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to the rest of the body5.Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary（冠状的） heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.1. What does the new study discover?a. Babies born to wealthy families are heaverb. Women living at high altitude tend to give birth to underweight babies.c. Newborns in cities are lighter than average.d. Low-altitude babies have a high risk of heart disease in later life.2. Giussani and his team are sure thata. Babies born in lance paz are on average lighter than in santa cruz.b. People living at high altitudes tend to give birth to underweight babies.c. The birthweight of babies born to wealthy families is santa cruz.d. Mothers in la paz are commonly under-nourished3. It can be inferred from what giussani says in paragraph 4 thata. The finding was unexpectedb. He was very tiredc. The study took longer than expectedd. He was surprised to find low-income families in la paz4. The results of the study indicate the reason for the underweight babies is a. Lack of certain nutritionb. Powerty of their motherc. Different family backgroundsd. Reduction of oxygen levels5. It can be learned about from the paragraph thata. High-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure in later lifeb. Under-weight babies have a shorter life spanc. Babies born to poor families lack hormones before birthd. New born wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies第2篇 New US Plan for Disease Prevention【美国疾病预防新政策】（出自综合教材阅读第40篇，跨类别、跨级别出题）Urging Americans to take responsibility for their health, Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson on Tuesday launched a $15 million program to try to encourage communities to do more to prevent chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer and diabetes.The initiative highlights the cost of chronic diseases the leading causes of death in the United States and outlines ways that people can prevent them, including better diet and increased exercise.“In the United States today, 7 of 10 deaths and the vast majority of serious illness, disability and health care costs are caused by chronic diseases.” the Health and Human Services Department said in a statement.The causes are often behavioral smoking, poor eating habits and a lack of exercise.“I am convinced that preventing disease by promoting better health is a smart policy choice for our future.” Thompson told a conference held to launch the initiative.“Our current health care system is not structured to deal with the escalating costs of treating diseases that are largely preventable through changes in our lifestyle choices.”Thompson said heart disease and strokes will cost the country more than $351 billion in 2003. “These leading causes of death for men and women are largely preventable, yet we as a nation are not taking the steps necessary for us to lead healthier, longer lives.” he said.The $15 million is slated to go to communities to promote prevention, pushing for changes as simple as building sidewalks to encourage people to walk more.Daily exercise such as walking can prevent and even reverse heart disease and diabetes, and prevent cancer and strokes.The money will also go to community organizations, clinics and nutritionists who/are being encouraged to work together to educate people at risk of diabetes about what they can do to prevent it and encourage more cancer screening.The American Cancer Society estimates that half of all cancers can be caught by screening, including Pap tests for cervical cancer, mammograms for breast cancer, colonoscopies, and prostate checks.If such cancers were all caught by early screening, the group estimates that the survival rate for cancer would rise to 95 percent.第3篇 缺第五部分 补全短文lung cancer 【肺癌】【出自卫生教材概完第8篇】1. The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in ruraldistricts. There are many possible causes, but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air (smoke particles, smog, exhaust fumes), and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.2. Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers21 to 30 cigarettes per daythe mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the deathrate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.3. Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an x-rayis taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often, however, acurrent emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation1 from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained2. Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to those over 40 years of age, that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completelyremoved.34. A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma4，so-called because the malignancy originates in5 a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked, cutting off6 the supply of air to that lung. The lung then collapses, and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected, with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes7 of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure, before secondary growths have had time to form, is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy.5. Malignant tumors of the stomach, the breast, the prostate gland8and other organs may spread to the lungs, causing secondary growths.第六部分 完形填空Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost【食用土豆能促进我们的免疫系统】【出自卫生教材阅读第17篇，押中文章】Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health, but also for the whole immune system, especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold. In a study on an animal model, researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (RPS)1 not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood. White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged.The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body.2 The reduction in leukocyte levels was about 15 percent. Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation, but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.In what was the longest study of its kind, pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on b