Celebration---Grammar教案

英语：Unit 3CelebrationGrammar（1）（北师大版必修1）一. 教学内容：Unit 3 of Module I Celebration Period Three（Grammar） 二. 本周目标与要求： 1. 主动语态和被动语态的结构和用法。2. 被动语态的一些特殊用法（主动表被动，被动表主动等）。3. 情态动词的用法。三. 本周语法讲解：动词的语态1. 语态语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 1）We use electricity to run machines. （主动语态） 2）Electricity is used to run machines. （被动语态） 2. 被动语态的时态形式被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。 歌诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。常用的被动语态有下列几种时态形式。 时间一般时进行时完成时现在am/is/are askedam/is/are being askedhave/has been done 过去was /were be askedwas /were being askedhad been done 将来will /shall be asked过去将来should /would be asked 3. 被动语态的基本用法（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道电脑是谁偷的）This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。（2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：The window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。4. 主动语态变被动语态的方法 （1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 （2）把谓语变成被动结构（be过去分词）。（根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。 （3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all the people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made（by them）in the factory. 歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。 5. 含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词be过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。 歌诀：情态动词变被动，情态加be加“过分”， 如若情态后带to，变后有to才算数。例如：We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. You ought to take it away. It ought to be taken away. 6. 被动语态的一些特殊用法1）短语动词的被动语态 短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如： So far no correct conclusion has arrived at. All the rubbish should be got rid of. 2）“get + -ed分词”的被动语态 “get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如： The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：get dressed（穿衣服）get divorced（离婚）get engaged（订婚）get confused（迷惑不解）get lost（迷路）get washed（洗脸） get married（结婚） 3）能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态 能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如：We showed the visitors our new products.（主动语态） The visitors were shown our new products.（被动语态） Our new products were shown to the visitors.（被动语态） 能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如： The teacher appointed him League secretary.（主动语态） He was appointed League secretary.（被动语态） 4）被动语态与系表结构的区别 The novel was well written.（系表结构） The novel was written by Diskens.（被动语态） 5）主动形式表示被动意义少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思wash（洗起来）, clean（擦起来）, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read（读起来）, wear, feel, draw, write（写起来）, drive 例如：The book is selling remarkably well. The song sounds very beautiful. My watch needs cleaning. （= My watch needs to be cleaned）. 能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe等。 例如: The meat is cooking. The book written by the professor is printing. blame, let （出租）, remain, keep, rent, build I was to blame for the accident. Much work remains. 在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 6）被动形式表示主动意义在这些短语结构中：be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be finished, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married 例如：He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。 He married a rich girl. He got married to a rich girl.7）习惯表达如这些：believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand It is said that据说It is reported that 据报道 It is believed that 大家相信It is hoped that 大家希望 It is well known that 众所周知 It is thought that 大家认为 It is suggested that 据建议 It is taken granted that 被视为当然 It has been decided that 大家决定 It must be remembered that务必记住的是 It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.They say she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.8）使用被动语态应受哪些限制 英语和汉语一样，其动作都有主动和被动之分，汉语中不是所有的动词都可采用被动结构；同样道理，英语中也有不少动词不能用于被动结构，即被动语态。英语中，除不及物动词不能用于被动语态外，还有下列情况不能使用被动语态的结构： 感官动词、系动词、表示状态和特征的及物动词、表示所属关系的静态动词、含有容纳、适合等意思的及物动词也不能用于被动语态。如sound，look，become，appear, belong, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit , die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。 例如：She has a nice car. The woolen coat fits her well. Miss Li became a doctor ten years ago. This plan sounds a good one. Great changes have taken place in my hometown since 1949. This car belongs to my uncle. 宾语是动词不定式、动名词。例如：They promised me to go with me. I enjoy listening to pop music. 宾语是反身代词。例如：She hurt herself this morning. They warned themselves to be careful. 宾语是人身上的一部分或器官。例如：He put his hand on his chest and began to cough. I could hardly believe my ears. 宾语是相互代词。例如：They help each other in study. We must learn from each other. 表示地点、处所、机构、团体、组织的名词作宾语。例如：She joined the Party last year. My dad reached Beijing this afternoon. 宾语表示行为、方式，在意义上相当于状语。例如：She did her best. We shall make up our minds. 宾语表示数量、重量、长度、大小等，在意义上相当于状语。例如：They walked two miles. The film lasted one and a half hours. This desk weighs 10 kilograms. 及物动词及其宾语在意义上构成不可分割的固定词组。例如：I made faces to have the baby laugh. We should never lose heart. 一些宾语从句也不能变成被动语态，否则意义就变了。例如：I knew that I was wrong then. （我认识到当时我错了。） It was known that I was wrong then. I was known to be wrong then. （人们知道当时我错了。） 当宾语是抽象名词时。例如： We showed special interest in science. 当宾语为同源宾语时。例如： We lived a hard life in the old days. 总之，能否用被动语态，除了应了解英语的一些语法规则之外，还要充分考虑汉语的说话习惯，掌握其普通规律，同时注意一些特殊情况，否则就会出现“中国式英语”，也没法学到“地道的英语”。【典型例题】1. Theres no light onthey _be at home . A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. shouldnt 思路分析：cant “不可能”，表推测，根据前句语意提示可知应选A项。mustnt 表示“禁止，不要”，neednt “不必，没有必要”；shouldnt “不应该”。答案：A2. You _be tired .Youve only been working for an hour. A. must not B. wont C. cantD. may not 思路分析：根据下文“只工作了一小时，”意为不会累，所以用can not be tired 表示推测， 不可能累。mustnt 表示“禁止，不要”；wont “将不”；may not 不可以。答案：C3. This is Teds photo. We miss him very much . He _in the earthquake.A. killed B. is killed C. was killedD. was killing思路分析：照片中的人物在地震中被夺去了生命。他被杀死，显然这种行为发生在过去，所以应该用过去时态的被动语态。答案：C4. Black holes _not be seen directly ,so determining the number of them is a rough task. A. can B. should C. must D. need 思路分析：考查情态动词的基本用法。题干表示的是“人们无法（不能）直接看到黑洞，所以确定黑洞的数量是一件很难的任务”。故选A项。can not 不能；should not “不应该”；must not “一定不要”；need not “不必，没有必要”。 答案：A5. You know he is not going to let us leave if we _get the work done . A. cant B. may not C. shouldnt D. mustnt 思路分析：can 表示能力，意思是“能够”，指有能力做某事。may 表示“可以”，may not 不可以，shouldnt 表示“不应该”, mustnt 表示“禁止，不要”。答案：A6. Must he come to sign this paper himself ? Yes , he _.A . need B. must C. may D. will思路分析：考查情态动词must 的肯定答语为：Yes, he must。must